Mathematics Formulas For High School and Engineering Examinations (IIT-JEE) by (Charm-Quark) PDF

MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK
QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION

1.

4.
Conjugate roots :
Irrational roots and complex roots occur in conjugate pairs
i.e.
Quadratic expression :
A polynomial of degree two of the form ax2 + bx + c, a 0 is
called a quadratic expression in x.
if one root + i, then other root i

if one root +
2.
, then other root
Quadratic equation :
An equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0, a, b, c R has two and
only two roots, given by
=
3.
b + b2 4ac
2a
and
5.
Sum of roots :
b b2 4ac
2a
S=+=
Coefficient of x
b
=
Coefficient of x2
a
Product of roots :
Nature of roots :
Nature of the roots of the given equation depends upon the
nature of its discriminant D i.e. b2 4ac.
P = =
cons tant term

c
=
Coefficient of x2
a
Suppose a, b, c R, a 0 then
(i)
If D > 0
roots are real and distinct (unequal)
(ii)
If D = 0
roots are real and equal (Coincident)
(iii)
If D < 0
Formation of an equation with given roots :

x2 Sx + P = 0
roots are imaginary and unequal i.e.
non real complex numbers.

Suppose a, b, c Q a 0 then
If D > 0 and D is a perfect square roots are rational
(i)
6.
7.
Roots under particular cases :

For the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
& unequal
(ii)
(i)
If D > 0 and D is not a perfect square roots are
For a quadratic equation their will exist exactly 2 roots real

or imaginary. If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied for
more than 2 distinct values of x, then it will be an identity &
will be satisfied by all x. Also in this case a = b = c = 0.
, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

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If b = 0 roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite

sign.
irrational and unequal.
x2 (Sum of roots) x + Product of roots = 0
(ii)
If c = 0 one root is zero and other is b/a
(iii)
If b = c = 0 both roots are zero
(iv) If a = c roots are reciprocal to each other.
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(v)

(vi) 4 + 4 = (2 + 2)2 222
If a > 0, c < 0 or a < 0, c > 0 roots are of opposite

signs
(vi) If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 or a < 0, b < 0, c < 0 both
={( + )2 2}2 222
roots are ve
(vii) If a > 0, b < 0 , c > 0 or a < 0, b > 0, c < 0
If roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c, a 0 are and ,

then
( ) =
(ii)
2 + 2 = ( + )2 2 =
(iii)
2 2 = ( + )
( + ) 4 =
b2 4ac
a
b2 2ac
a2
( + ) 4 =
b b2 4ac
a2
9.
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2c2
a2
b(b2 2ac) b2 4ac

a4
(viii) 2 + + 2 = ( + )2 =
b2 + ac
a2
(ix)
2 + 2
( + )2 2
+
=
=
(x)
FG IJ
H K
FG IJ
H K
4 + 4
[(b2 2ac)2 2a2c2 ]
=
2 2
a2c 2
b1c2 b2c1
c1a2 c2a1
c1a2 c2a1 = a1b2 a2b1
(i)
One common root if
(ii)
a1
b1
c1
Both roots common if a = b = c
2
2
2
( + )2 4 [2+ 2 ]
(b2 ac) b2 4ac
a3

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The equations a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0

have
3 3 = ( ) [2+ 2 ]
=
Condition for common roots :
b(b2 3ac)
(iv) 3 + 3 = ( + )3 3( + ) =
a3
(v)
I
JK
(vii) 4 4 =(2 + 2) (2 2) =
Symmetric function of the roots :
(i)
2ac
a2
both
roots are +ve.

8.
Fb
=G
H
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10. Maximum and Minimum value of quadratic expression :
In a quadratic expression ax
LF b I
+ bx + c = a MGH x + 2a JK
MN
(v)
OP
PQ
D
4a2 ,
D 0, a.f(k1) > 0, a.f(k2) > 0, k1 <
If a > 0, quadratic
a.f(k1) < 0, a.f(k2) < 0
expression has minimum value
b
4ac b2
at x =
and there is no maximum value.
2a
4a
(ii)
(vii) will be the repeated root of f(x) = 0 if

f() = 0 and f'() = 0
If a < 0, quadratic expression has maximum value

b
4ac b2
at x =
and there is no minimum value.
2a
4a
12. For cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 :

We have + + =
11. Location of roots :

(i)
If k lies between the roots then a.f(k) < 0

(necessary & sufficient)
(ii)
If between k1 & k2 their is exactly one root of k1, k2

themselves are not roots
f(k1) . f(k2) < 0
13. For biquadratic equation ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0 :

We have + + + =
d
b
, + + + =
a
a
If both the roots are less than a number k

D 0, a.f(k) > 0,
b
c
d
, + + =
and =
a
a
a
where , , are its roots.
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a 0 then w.r.to f(x) = 0
(iii)
b
< k2
2a
(vi) If k1, k2 lies between the roots
Where D = b2 4ac
(i)
If both the roots lies in the interval (k1, k2)
b
<k
2a
+ + + + + =
c
e
and =
a
a
(iv) If both the roots are greater than k

D 0, a.f(k) > 0,
b
>k
2a

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COMPLEX NUMBER
1.
Complex Number :
A number of the form z = x + iy (x, y R, i =
1 ) is called
a complex number, where x is called a real part i.e. x = Re(z)
and y is called an imaginary part i.e. y = Im(z).
Modulus |z| =
y
.
x
Polar representation :
x = r cos, y = r sin, r = |z| =
(ii)
z z = 2i Im(z) = purely imaginary
z z = |z|2
z1 + z2 +....+zn = z 1 + z 2 + .......... + z n
z1 z2 = z 1 z 2
z1z2 = z 1 z 2
FG z IJ
Hz K
ez j
= ( z )n
c zh
= z
If = f(z), then = f( z )
x2 + y2 ,
amplitude or amp(z) = arg(z) = = tan1

(i)
x2 + y2
Exponential form :
z = rei , where r = |z|, = amp.(z)
1
2
P(x, y) then its vector representation is z = OP
4.
2
3
4
1 , i = 1, i = i , i = 1
(provided z2 0)
z + z = 0 or z = z z = 0 or z is purely imaginary
z= z
z is purely real
Modulus of a complex number :

Magnitude of a complex number z is denoted as |z| and is
defined as
Hence i4n+1 = i, i4n+2 = 1, i4n+3 = i, i4n or i4(n+1) = 1

3.
|z| =
Complex conjugate of z :
A T
(Re(z))2 + (Im(z))2 , |z| 0
If z = x + iy, then z = x iy is called complex conjugate

of z
(i)
z z = |z|2 = | z |2
z is the mirror image of z in the real axis.
(ii)
z1 =
|z| = | z |
z + z = 2Re(z) = purely real
(iii)
|z1 z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 2 Re (z1 z2 )

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Integral Power of lota :

i=
Where = f(z) is a function in a complex variable

with real coefficients.
(iii) Vector representation :
2.
FG z IJ
Hz K
I O
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z
|z|2

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PAGE # 8
6.
(iv) |z1 + z2|2 + |z1 z2|2 = 2 [|z1|2 + |z2|2]

(v)

Square root of a complex no.
|z1 z2| |z1| + |z2|

a + ib =
(vi) |z1 z2| |z1| |z2|

5.
Argument of a complex number :

=
Argument of a complex number z is the made by its radius

vector with +ve direction of real axis.
arg z
= ,
z 1st quad.
7.
= , z 2nd quad.
= ,
arg (any real ve no.) =
(iii)
arg (z z ) = /2
and (cos + isin)n = cos n i sin n

8.
Euler's formulae as z = rei, where

ei = cos + isin and ei = cos i sin
(iv) arg (z1.z2) = arg z1 + arg z2 + 2 k

(v)
arg
FG z IJ
Hz K
1
2
FG 1 IJ
H zK
9.
nth roots of complex number z1/n
LM FG 2m + IJ + i sinFG 2m + IJ OP
N H n K H n KQ ,
= r1/n cos
, if z is non real
where m = 0, 1, 2, ......(n 1)
= arg z, if z is real
(vii) arg ( z) = arg z + , arg z ( , 0]
= arg z , arg z (0, ]
(viii) arg (zn) = n arg z + 2 k
(ix)
ei + ei = 2cos and ei ei = 2 isin
= arg z1 arg z2 + 2 k
(vi) arg ( z ) = arg z = arg
(i)
Sum of all roots of z1/n is always equal to zero
(ii)
Product of all roots of z1/n = (1)n1 z
10. Cube root of unity :
arg z + arg z = 0
cube roots of unity are 1, , 2 where
argument function behaves like log function.

=

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OP
PQ
|z|+a
|z|a
i
, for b < 0
2
2
(cos + isin)n = cos + isin n
= , z 4 quad.
(ii)
LM
MN
It states that if n is rational number, then
th
arg (any real + ve no.) = 0
OP
PQ
|z|+a
|z|a
+i
, for b > 0
2
2
De-Moiver's Theorem :
z 3rd quad.
(i)
LM
MN
PAGE # 9
1 + i 3
and 1 + + 2 = 0, 3 = 1
2

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11. Some important result :

If z = cos + isin
(i)
z+
1
= 2cos
z
(ii)
1
= 2 isin
z
(iii)
zn +
or
z1 + z 2
2
|z1 z 2 |
2
|z z1|2 + |z z2|2 = |z1 z2|2
Where z1, z2 are end points of diameter and z is any

point on circle.
1
= 2cosn
zn
(a)
1
1
1
+
+
=0
y
x
z
(b) yz + zx + xy = 0
(c)
x +y +z =0
(d) x + y + z = 3xyz
z z1
z z1
z z2 + z z2 = 0
or
(iv) If x = cos + isin , y = cos + i sin & z = cos + isin

and given x + y + z = 0, then
or
13. Some important points :

(i)
Distance formula PQ = |z2 z1|
(ii)
Section formula
For internal division =
m1z2 + m2 z1
m1 + m2
MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - P

12. Equation of Circle :
*
|z z1| = r represents a circle with centre z1 and

radius r.
|z| = r represents circle with centre at origin.
|z z1| < r and |z z1| > r represents interior and

exterior of circle |z z1| = r.
z z + a z + a z + b = 0 represents a general circle

where a c and b R.
Let |z| = r be the given circle, then equation of

tangent at the point z1 is z z 1 + z z1 = 2r2
diametric form of circle :

arg
FG z z IJ
Hz z K
1
2
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(iii)
m1z2 m2 z1
m1 m2
Equation of straight line.

* Parametric form z = tz1 + (1 t)z2 where t R
* Non parametric form
z
z1
z2
z 1
z1 1
z2 1
= 0.
* Three points z1, z2, z3 are collinear if
=
,
2

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For external division =
z1
z2
z3
z1 1
z2 1 = 0
z3 1
or slope of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC.

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z z1
(iv) The complex equation z z
2

(xii) If z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of a triangle, then the
triangle is equilateral
= k represents a circle
iff (z1 z2)2 + (z2 z3)2 + (z3 z1)2 = 0.
if k 1 and a straight line if k = 1.

(v)
(xiii) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an isosceles triangle,

right angled at z2,
The triangle whose vertices are the points represented

by complex numbers z1, z2, z3 is equilateral if
then z12 + z22 + z32 = 2z2 (z1 + z3).

(xiv) z1, z2, z3. z4 are vertices of a parallelogram then
1
1
1
z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 = 0
z1+ z3 = z2 + z4
i.e. if z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z1z3.

(vi) |z z1| = |z z2| = , represents an ellipse if
|z1 z2| < , having the points z1 and z2 as its foci
and if |z1 z2| = , then z lies on a line segment
connecting z1 & z2
(vii) |z z1| ~ |z z2| = represents a hyperbola if
|z1 z2| > , having the points z1 and z2 as its foci,
and if |z1 z2| = , then z lies on the line passing
through z1 and z2 excluding the points between z1 & z2.
(viii) If four points z1, z2, z3, z4 are concyclic,
then
FG z
Hz
z2
z4
IJ FG z
K Hz
3
3
z4
z2
IJ
K
is purely real.
(ix)
If three complex numbers are in A.P., then they lie on

a straight line in the complex plane.
(x)
If z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle

and z0 be the circumcentre,
then z12 + z22 + z32 = 3z02.
(xi)
If z1, z3, z3 ....... zn be the vertices of a regular

polygon of n sides & z0 be its centroid, then
z12 + z22 + ......... + zn2 = nz02.

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PERMUTATION & COMBINATION

1.
(iv) If out of n objects, 'a' are alike of one kind, 'b' are alike
of second kind and 'c' are alike of third kind and the
rest distinct, then the number of ways of permuting
Factorial notation The continuous product of first n natural numbers is called

factorial
i.e. n or n! = 1. 2. 3........(n 1).n
n! = n(n 1)! = n(n 1)(n 2)! & so on
the n objects is
4.
Restricted Permutations -
n!
n (n 1)......... (n r + 1) =
(n r)!
or
Here 0! = 1 and (n)! = meaningless.

2.
Fundamental principle of counting (i)

Addition rule : If there are two operations such that
they can be done independently in m and n ways
respectively, then either (any one) of these two
operations can be done by (m + n) ways.
Addition OR (or) Option
(ii) Multiplication rule : Let there are two tasks of an
operation and if these two tasks can be performed in m
and n different number of ways respectively, then the
two tasks together can be done in m n ways.
Multiplication And (or) Condition
(iii)
3.
(iii)
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The number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken

r at a time, when m particular things always occupy
definite places = nmprm
(ii)
The number of permutations of n different things taken

r at a time, when m particular things are always to be
excluded (included)
nm
Pr (nmCrm r!)
Circular Permutations When clockwise & anticlockwise orders are treated as

different.
(i)
The number of circular permutations of n different things

taken r at a time
(ii)
Pr
r

taken altogether
Pn
= (n 1)!
n
When clockwise & anticlockwise orders are treated

as same.
(i)
n!
(n r)!
taken r at a time
The number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken

all at a time is npn = n!
The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken
r at a time, when repetition of objects is allowed is nr.

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5.
Permutations (Arrangement of objects) (i)

The number of permutations of n different things taken
(ii)
(i)
Bijection Rule : Number of favourable cases

= Total number of cases
Unfavourable number of cases.
r at a time is npr =
n!
a! b! c!
(ii)

taken all together
PAGE # 15
Pr
2r
n
1
Pn
=
(n 1)!
2
2n

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PAGE # 16

6.
Combination (selection of objects) -
(iv) Total number of selections of zero or more objects

from n identical objects is n + 1.
The number of combinations of n different things taken r at

a time is denoted by nCr or C (n, r)
Cr =
7.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
n!
r !(n r)!
(v)
Pr
r!
Cr + nCr1 = n+1Cr
r = s or r + s = n
C0 = Cn = 1
n
n
r
Cr =
1
(n r + 1) nCr1
r
n1
(vii) The number of selections taking atleast one out of

a1 + a2 + a3 + ....... + an + k objects when a1 are
alike (of one kind), a2 are alike (of second kind),
........ an are alike (of kth kind) and k are distinct is
Cr1
[(a1 + 1) (a2 + 1) (a3 + 1) .......... (an + 1)] 2k 1

9.
Restricted combinations -
Division and distribution (i)
The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at

a time, when k particular objects are always to be
(i)
included is nkCrk
(ii)
excluded is nkCr
(iii)
included and s particular things are to be excluded is

nks
8.
n, & p different objects respectively is
(i)
The number of selections of n identical objects, taken

at least one = n
(ii)
The number of selections from n different objects, taken

at least one
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(m + n + p)!
m! n! p!
The total number of ways in which n different objects

are to be divided into r groups of group sizes n1, n2, n3,
............. nr respectively such that size of no two groups
n!
is same is n ! n !............n ! .
1
2
r
(iii)
Cn = 2n 1
The total number of ways in which n different objects

are to be divided into groups such that k1 groups have
group size n1, k2 groups have group size n2 and so on,
kr groups have group size nr, is given as
n!
The number of selections of r objects out of n identical objects is 1.

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(ii)
Total number of combinations in different cases -
(iii)
The number of ways in which (m + n + p) different

objects can be divided into there groups containing m,
Crk
= nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + ....... +
Cn = 2n
[(a1 + 1) (a2 + 1) (a3 + 1) + ...... + (an + 1)] 1
C1 = nCn1 = n
Cr =
C0 + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + ....... +
(vi) The total number of selections of at least one out of

a1 + a2 + ...... + an objects where a1 are alike (of
one kind), a2 are alike (of second kind), ......... an are
alike (of nth kind) is
Cr = nCnr
Cr = nCs
Total number of selections of zero or more objects

out of n different objects
k1
(n1 !) (n2 !) .............(nr !)k r k1 ! k 2 !............ k r !
PAGE # 17
k2

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PAGE # 18
(iv) The total number of ways in which n different objects

are divided into k groups of fixed group size and are
distributed among k persons (one group to each) is
given as
(b)
C3
(c)
(number of ways of group formation) k!
The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 xr) is

equal to n + r 1Cr 1
(ii)
The number of solution of the equation x1 + x2 + ..........

+ xr = n, n N under the condition n1 x1 n'1,
If m parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a

family of other n parallel lines. Then total number of
parallelogram so formed is mC2 nC2.
(e)
Given n points on the circumference of a circle, then

number of straight lines nC2
number of triangles nC3
number of quadrilaterals nC4
where all x'is are integers is given as

Coefficient of xn is
n1 +1
+...+x
n'1
j ex
n2
+x
n2 +1
+...+x
n'2
j...ex
nr
+x
nr +1
+...+ x
n'r
jOQP
11. Derangement Theorem (i)
Number of diagonals in a polygon of n sides is
(d)
n2 x2 n'2 , ................ nr xr n'r
+x
C3.
C2 n.
(i)
n1
10. Selection of light objects and multinomial theorem -
LMex
N
Number of total triangles formed by joining the n

points on a plane of which m(< n) are collinear is
(f)
If n straight lines are drawn in the plane such that

no two lines are parallel and no three lines are
concurrent. Then the number of part into which these
lines divide the plane is = 1 + n
(g)
Number of rectangles of any size in a square of n n
If n things are arranged in a row, then the number of

ways in which they can be rearranged so that no one
of them occupies the place assigned to it is
is
L 1 + 1 1 + 1 ....+(1) 1 OP
= n! M1
n!Q
N 1! 2! 3! 4!
(h)
r3
r =1
and number of squares of any size is
r2 .
r =1
Number of rectangles of any size in a rectangle of
(ii)
n p is
If n things are arranged at n places then the number of

ways to rearrange exactly r things at right places is
n!
=
r
LM1 1 + 1 1 + 1 +....+(1)
N 1! 2! 3! 4!
n r
1
(n r)!
np
(n + 1) (p + 1) and number of squares
4
n
of any size is
OP
Q
r =1
(n + 1 r) (p + 1 r).
12. Some Important results (a)
Number of total different straight lines formed by joining

the n points on a plane of which m(<n) are collinear is
n
C2 mC2 + 1.

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PROBABILITY
1.
(vi) P(AB) P(A) P(B) P(A + B) P(A) + P(B)

(vii) P(Exactly one event) = P(A B ) + P( A B)
Mathematical definition of probability :

Probability of an event
=
= P(A + B) P(AB)
No. of favourable cases to event A

Total no. of cases
Note :
2.
(viii) P( A + B ) = 1 P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) 2P(AB)
(i)
(ii)
0 P (A) 1
Probability of an impossible event is zero
(iii)
Probability of a sure event is one.
(iv)
P(A) + P(Not A) = 1 i.e. P(A) + P( A ) = 1
(ix)
P(neither A nor B) = P ( A B ) = 1 P(A + B)
(x)
When a coin is tossed n times or n coins are tossed

once, the probability of each simple event is
(xi)
Odds for an event :

If P(A) =
When a dice is rolled n times or n dice are rolled once,

the probability of each simple event is
m
nm
and P( A ) =
n
n
Then odds in favour of A =
P(A)
m
=
P(A)
nm
and odds in against of A =
P(A)
nm
=
P(A)
m
1
.
6n
(xii) When n cards are drawn (1 n 52) from well shuffled

deck of 52 cards, the probability of each simple event
is
1
.
Cn
52
(xiii) If n cards are drawn one after the other with replacement, the probability of each simple event is
3.
Set theoretical notation of probability and some important results :
(xiv) P(none) = 1 P (atleast one)
(i)
P(A + B) = 1 P( A B )
(xv) Playing cards :
(ii)
P(AB)
P(A/B) =
P(B)
(iii)
P(A + B) = P(AB) + P( A B) + P(A B )
(iv) A B P(A) P(B)

(v)
P( AB ) = P(B) P(AB)

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1
.
2n
PAGE # 21
(a)
Total cards : 52 (26 red, 26 black)
(b)
Four suits : Heart, diamond, spade, club (13 cards

each)
(c)
Court (face) cards : 12 (4 kings, 4 queens, 4

jacks)
(d)
Honour cards : 16 (4 Aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4

Jacks)

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1
.
(52)n
PAGE # 22

5.
(xvi) Probability regarding n letters and their envelopes :
Conditional probability :
P(A/B) = Probability of occurrence of A, given that B has
If n letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in

the envelopes at random, then
(a)
Probability that all the letters are in right envelopes =
(b)
already happened =
Probability that all letters are not in right enve-
Note :
1
n!
Probability that no letters are in right envelope
4.
LM 1 1 + 1 +.....+(1)
N2! 3! 4!
n r
1
(n r)!
OP
Q
i.e. n (A B) = 0
= P(E1) P(E2/E1) P(E3/E1 E2) P(E4/E1 E2 E3) .........

If events are independent, then
P(A B) = 0
P(E1 E2 E3 ....... En) = P(E1) P(E2) ....... P(En)

6.
Probability of at least one of the n Independent events :

If P1, P2, ....... Pn are the probabilities of n independent
events A, A2, .... An then the probability of happening of at
least one of these event is.
P(A B) 0
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
or
P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
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1 [(1 P1) (1 P2)......(1 Pn)]
When events are independent i.e. P(A B) = P(A) P (B)
or
P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A) P(B)

E
P(A B) = P(B/A) P(A), P(A) 0
P(E1 E2 E3 ............... En)
When events are not mutually exclusive i.e.
Multiplication Theorem :
Generalized :
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)
(iii)
(ii)
or
When events are mutually exclusive
(ii)
If A and B are independent event, then P(A/B) = P(A)

and P(B/A) = P(B)
P(A B) = P(A/B). P(B), P(B) 0
Addition Theorem of Probability :

(i)
No. of sample pts. in A B

.
No. of pts. in B
(i)
Probability that exactly r letters are in right
1
envelopes =
r!
P(A B)
P(A)
If the outcomes of the experiment are equally
likely, then P(A/B) =
1
1
1
1
=
+
.... + (1)n
2!
3!
4!
n!
(d)
P(A B)
P(B)
P(B/A) = Probability of occurrence of B, given that A has
1
n!
lopes = 1
(c)
already happened =
P(A1 + A2 + ... + An) = 1 P ( A 1 ) P ( A 2 ) .... P( A n )
PAGE # 23

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PAGE # 24

7.
Total Probability :
(a)
Let A1, A2, ............. An are n mutually exclusive & set of

exhaustive events and event A can occur through any one
of these events, then probability of occurence of A
(c)
Variance E(x2) (E(x))2 = npq
(d)
Standard deviation = npq
P(A) = P(A A1) + P(A A2) + ............. + P(A An)

n
8.
r =1
(b)
(i)
P(Ar) P(A/Ar)
If two persons A and B speaks truth with the probability p1 & p2 respectively and if they agree on a statement, then the probability that they are speaking truth
will be given by
p1p2
p1p2 + (1 p1 ) (1 p2 ) .
Let A1, A2, A3 be any three mutually exclusive & exhaustive

events (i.e. A1 A2 A3 = sample space & A1 A2 A3 = )
an sample space S and B is any other event on sample space
then,
(ii)
P(B / A i)P(A i )
P(Ai/B) = P(B / A )P(A ) + P(B / A )P(A ) + P(B / A )P(A ) ,
1
1
2
2
3
3
p1p2
p1p2 + (1 ) (1 p1) (1 p2 )
Probability distribution :
(iii)
If a random variable x assumes values x1, x2, ......xn

with probabilities P1, P2, ..... Pn respectively then
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
If A and B both assert that an event has occurred,

probability of occurrence of which is then the probability that event has occurred.
Given that the probability of A & B speaking truth is p1, p2.
i = 1, 2, 3
(i)
E (x2) = npq + n2 p2
10. Truth of the statement :
Baye's Rule :
9.
mean E(x) = np
(jhuth) coincides is then from above case required

probability will be
P1 + P2 + P3 + ..... + Pn = 1
p1p2
+
p1p2 (1 ) (1 p1) (1 p2 ) .
mean E(x) = Pixi
Variance = x Pi (mean) = (x ) (E(x))

2
If in the second part the probability that their lies
Binomial distribution : If an experiment is repeated n

times, the successive trials being independent of one
another, then the probability of r success is nCr Pr qnr
n
atleast r success is
k =r
Ck Pk qnk
where p is probability of success in a single trial, q = 1 p

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PAGE # 25

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PAGE # 26
PROGRESSION AND SERIES

1.
(iv) If A1, A2,...... An are n A.M's between a and b,

then A1 = a + d, A2 = a + 2d,...... An = a + nd,
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) :

(a)
where d =
General A.P. a, a + d, a + 2d, ...... , a + (n 1) d

where a is the first term and d is the common difference
(b)
General (nth) term of an A.P.
(v)
Tn = a + (n 1)d [nth term from the beginning]

= a + (m n)d
term i.e. an =
Sum of n terms of an A.P.

Sn
n
n
[2a + (n 1)d] = [a + Tn]
2
2
2.
where Sn1 is sum of (n 1) terms.
(e)
Supposition of terms in A.P.

(i)
Three terms as a - d, a, a + d
(ii)
Four terms as a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d
(iii)
Five terms as a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d

A.M. of n numbers A1, A2, ................ An is defined
as
A.M. =
(ii)
(iii)
For an A.P., A.M. of the terms taken symmetrically

from the beginning and from the end will always
be constant and will be equal to middle term or
A.M. of middle term.
a+b
i.e.
2
A T
I O
1
(a + an+r), r < n
2 nr
a Tnr
a(1 r n )
=
, r<1
1r
1r
Tnr a
a(r n 1)
=
,r>1
r 1
r 1
(d)
Sum of an infinite G.P. S =
(e)
Supposition of terms in G.P.
If A is the A.M. between two given nos. a and b,

then
2A = a + b

D U
=
=
A1 + A 2 +.........+ A n
A i
Sum of numbers
=
=
n
n
n
A=
Sn
Arithmetic mean (A.M.) :

(i)
n
(a + b)
2
Geometric Progression (G.P.)

(a) General G.P.
a, ar, ar2 , ......
where a is the first term and r is the common ratio
(b) General (nth) term of a G.P. Tn = arn1
If a G.P. having m terms then nth term from end = armn
(c) Sum of n terms of a G.P.
Note : If sum of n terms i.e. Sn is given then Tn = Sn Sn1

(d)
Sum of n A.M's inserted between a and b is
(vi) Any term of an A.P. (except first term) is equal to

the half of the sum of term equidistant from the
If an A.P. having m terms, then nth term from end

(c)
ba
n+1
PAGE # 27
a
,
1r
a
, a, ar
r
(i)
Three terms as
(ii)
Four terms as
a a
, , ar, ar3
r3 r
(iii)
Five terms as
a a
, , a, ar, ar2
r2 r

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|r|<1
PAGE # 28

(f)
Geometric Mean (G.M.)

(i)
Geometrical mean of n numbers x1, x2, .......... xn

is defined as
G.M. = (x1 x2 ............... xn)1/n.
(i)
If G is the G.M. between two given numbers a

and b, then
G2 = ab G =
(ii)
ab
If G1, G2, .............. Gn are n G.M's between a

and b, then
G1 = ar, G2 = ar ,..... Gn
2
(iii)
3.
F bI
= ar , where r = G J
H aK
(d)
a = a + a + .... + (n times) = na
(e)
(2n 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + .... (2n 1) = n2
(f)
2n = 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 2n = n (n + 1)
(b)
General (nth) term Tn = [a + (n 1) d] rn1
(c)
Sum of n terms of an A.G.P Sn =
(d)
Sum of infinite terms of an A.G.P.
=
(c)
A T
I O
2ab
a+b
(i)
If H is the H.M. between a and b, then H =
(ii)
If H1, H2,......,Hn are n H.M's between a and b,
ab(n + 1)
ab(n + 1)
, ....., Hn =
bn + a
na + b
1
1
&
, then their
a
b
reciprocal will be required H.M's.

Relation Between A.M., G.M. and H.M.
(i)
AH = G2
(ii)
A G H
If A and G are A.M. and G.M. respectively between two
+ve numbers, then these numbers are
(iii)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

C
Harmonic Mean (H.M.)
or first find n A.M.'s between
n(n + 1)
2
n2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ..... + n2 =
1
1
= th
n term coresponding to A.P.
a + (n 1)d
then H1 =
6.
(b)
1
1
1
,
,
+......
a a + d a + 2d
General (nth term) of a H.P. Tn
d(1 r n1)
a
+ r.
(1 r)2
1r
Sum standard results :

n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n =
(b)
dr
a
+
(1 r)2
1r
(a)
General H.P.
(a + 2d) r2, .............
General form a, (a + d)r,
(a)
Arithmetico - Geometric Progression (A.G.P.) :
4.
D U
1/n+1
(a)
n = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n
3
Harmonic Progression (H.P)
Product of the n G.M.'s inserted between a & b is

(ab)n/2
S =
5.
Ln(n + 1) OP
= M
N 2 Q
(c)
PAGE # 29
A 2 G2

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PAGE # 30
BINOMIAL THEOREM
1.

3.
Properties of Binomial coefficients :
(x + a) n = nC0 xn + nC1 xn1 a + nC2 xn2 a2 + .......

+ nCr xnr ar + .... + nCn an
Cr xnr ar
r=0
(i)
General term - Tr+1 = nCr xnr ar is the (r + 1)th term from

beginning.
(ii)
(m + 1) term from the end = (n m + 1) from beginning = Tnm+1
(iii)
middle term
th
(b) If n is odd then middle term =
FG n + 1IJ
H 2K
term
and
term
To determine a particular term in the given expasion :
1
x
IJ
K
C0 + C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn = 2n
C0 C 1 + C2 C3 + ..... + C n = 0
C0 + C 2 + C4 + ..... = C1 + C 3 + C5 + .... = 2n1
2n
C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ... + nCn = n.2n1
C1 2C2 + 3C3 ......... = 0
C0 + 2C 1 + 3C2 + ......+ (n + 1)Cn = (n + 2)2n1
C02 + C 12 + C22 + ..... + Cn2 =
, if xn occurs in
C02 C 12 + C22 C32 + .....
Tr+1 (r + 1)th term then r is given by n r ( + ) = m

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Cr =
n n 1
nn1
Cr 1 =
r
r r 1
Cn + r =
n2
Cr 2 and so on ...
Cr +
2n!
nr ! n+r !
hc
Cr 1 =
n+1
Cr
and for x0, n r ( + ) = 0
Cr ..... n Cn are usually denoted by C0, C1 ,.....
th
th
F
Let the given expansion be G x
H
C1 ,
th
Binomial coefficient of middle term is the greatest binomial coefficient.

2.
th
Fn I
(a) If n is even then middle term = G + 1J
H2 K
FG n + 3IJ
H 2 K
C2 .....
C0 ,
C r .......... Cn respectively.
For the sake of convenience the coefficients
Binomial Theorem for any +ve integral index :
PAGE # 31
|RS
T|c1h
c2nh!
cn!h
2
0,
n/2 n
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2n
Cn
if n is odd
Cn/2 , if n is even

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PAGE # 32
Note :
2n + 1
4.
2n + 1
2n + 1
C0 +
2n + 1
Cn + 2 + .....
C1 + .... +
C2n + 1 = 2
2n + 1
Cn =
2n + 1
Cn + 1 +
(ii)
2n
(x + y + z)n =
r + s + t =n
n!
xr ys z t
s! r !t !
Generalized (x1 + x2 +..... xk)n
C0 +
C1
C2
Cn
2n+1 1
+
+ ..... +
=
2
3
n+1
n+1
C0
C1
C2
C3
(1)n C n
+
.... +
2
3
4
n+1
=
1
n+1
6.
r1 +r2 +...rk =n
n!
r1 r2
rk
r1 ! r2 !....rk ! x1 x2 ..... xk
Total no. of terms in the expansion (x1 + x2 +... xn)m is

m+n1
C n1
Greatest term :
(i)
If
(n + 1)a
Z (integer) then the expansion has two
x+a
greatest terms. These are kth and (k + 1)th where x & a

are +ve real nos.
(ii)
If
(n + 1)a
Z then the expansion has only one greatx+a
est term. This is (k + 1)th term k =
LM(n + 1)aOP ,
N x+a Q
{[.] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x}

5.
Multinomial Theorem :
n
(x + a)n =
(i)
r =0
r =0
Cr xnr ar, n N
n!
n!
xnr ar = r +
x s ar ,
s =n s ! r !
(n r)! r !
where s = n r
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PAGE # 34
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO AND IDENTITIES

1.
Trigonometric identities :
(i)
sin2 + cos2 = 1
(ii) cosec2 cot2 = 1
(iii) sec2 tan2 = 1
4.
Sign convention :
Arc length AB = r
Area of circular sector =
(ii)
1 2
r
2
(a)
Internal angle of polygon = (n 2)
(b)
Sum of all internal angles = (n 2)
(c)
Radius of incircle of this polygon r =
(d)
Radius of circumcircle of this polygon R
1
na2 cot
4
(e)
Area of the polygon =
(f)
Area of triangle =
(g)
F a I
Area of incircle = G cot J
H 2 nK
(h)
2.
II quadrant
sin & cosec
are +ve
For a regular polygon of side a and number of sides n
x'
III quadrant
tan & cot
are +ve
5.
FG IJ
H nK
6.
A T
I O
sin
cos
cos
cos
tan
tan
m sin
m cot
cot
cot
m sin
cos
tan
cos
sin
sin
cos
m cot
m tan
tan
cot
cot
m tan
sec
cosec sec
m cosec sec
cosec sec
cosec
m cosec sec
Sum & differences of angles of t-ratios :

(i)
sin(A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB
(ii) cos(A B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
& radian = 1800

C
sin
sec
cosec
Relation between system of measurement of angles :
D
G
2C
=
=
90
100
IV quadrant
cos & sec
are +ve
T-ratios of allied angles : The signs of trigonometrical ratio

in different quadrant.
Allied of ()
900 1800 2700 3600
T-ratios
FG a cos ec IJ
H2
nK
y'
1 2
a cos
4
n
Area of circumcircle =
I quadrant
All +ve
O
a
cot
2
n
=
cosec
2
n
D U
3.
Some important results :

(i)
(iii)
PAGE # 35
tan (A B) =
tan A tanB
1 m tan A tan B

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PAGE # 36

(iv) cot (A B) =

7.
cot A cot B m 1
cot B cot A
Formulaes for product into sum or difference and viceversa :
(v) sin(A + B) sin(A B) = sin2A sin2B = cos2 B cos2 A

(vi) cos(A + B) cos (A B) = cos2A sin2B = cos2B sin2A
(vii) tan(A + B + C)
=
S1 S3 + S5 S7 +......
= 1 S + S S + S ......
2
4
6
8
S1 = tan A
S2 = tan A tan B,
S3 = tan A tan B tan C & so on
(viii) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C sin A
= cos A (Numerator of tan (A + B + C))
cos (A + B + C) = cos A sin A sin B cos C
= cos A (Denominator of tan (A + B + C))
for a triangle A + B + C =
8.
tan A = tan A
sin A = sin A cos B cos C
1 + cos A = sin A sin B cos C
(viii) sin75 =
0
= cos15
2 2
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3 1
(x)
tan75 = 2 +
3 = cot15
(xi)
cot750 = 2
0
3 = tan15
sinC + sinD = 2sin
(ix)
tanA + tanB =
sin(A + B)
cos A cos B
T-ratios of multiple and submultiple angles :

(i)
sin2A = 2sinA cosA =
(ii)
cos750 =
I O
(v)
2 tan A
1 + tan2 A
sinA = 2sinA/2 cosA/2 =

= sin150
PAGE # 37
2 tan A / 2
1 + tan2 A / 2
cos2A = cos2A sin2A = 2cos2A 1

= 1 2sin2A =

E
2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A B)
(ix)
(iii)
= (sin A + cos A)2 1 = 1 (sin A cos A)2
3 +1
2 2
2cosA sinB = sin(A + B) sin(A B)
FG C + D IJ cos FG C D IJ
H 2 K H 2 K
F C + D I F C DI
(vi) sinC sinD = 2cos GH 2 JK sin GH 2 JK
F C + D IJ cos FG C D IJ
(vii) cosC + cosD = 2cos GH
H 2 K
2 K
F C + D IJ sin FG D C IJ
(viii) cosC cosD = 2sin GH
H 2 K
2 K
Generalized tan (A + B + C + ......... )
(ix)
2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A B)
(ii)
(iv) 2sinA sinB = cos(A B) cos(A + B)
S1 S3
tan A + tanB + tan C tan A tan B tan C
= 1S
1 tan A tan B tanB tan C tan C tan A
2
Where
(i)
1 tan2 A
1 + tan2 A

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PAGE # 38
(iii)
2 tan A
tan2A =
1 tan2 A
2 tan A / 2
tanA =
1 tan2 A / 2
(iii)
sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cosA/2 cosB/2 cosC/2
(v)
= sin (2 cos 1) (2 cos + 1)
(vii) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
= 4cos(60 ) cos(60 + ) cos
(viii) cotB cotC + cotC cotA + cotA cotB = 1
= cos (1 2 sin ) (1 + 2 sin )
(ix)
3 tan A tan3 A
(vi) tan3A =
1 3 tan2 A
= tan(600 A) tan(600 + A)tanA
(vii) sinA/2 =
(xi)
cot A/2 = cot A/2
sin + sin( + ) + sin( + 2) + .... + to nterms
(i)
1 cos A
2
LM FG n 1IJOP sinLn O
N H 2 K Q MN 2 PQ , 2n
sin +
1 + cos A
2
(ix)
1 cos A
1 cos A
=
, A (2n + 1)
sin A
1 + cos A
tanA/2 =
(x)
tan A/2 tan B/2 = 1

cot A cot B = 1
11. Some useful series :
(viii) cosA/2 =
(ii)
sin
cos + cos( + ) + cos( + 2) + .... + to nterms
LM FG n 1IJ OP sin n
N H 2 K Q 2 2n
cos +
Maximum and minimum value of the expression :

acos + bsin
Maximum (greatest) Value = a2 + b2

Minimum (Least) value = a2 + b2
(iii)
sin
cos .cos2 . cos22 ....cos(2n1 ) =
sin 2n
, n
2n sin
= 1 , = 2k
10. Conditional trigonometric identities :
= 1 , = (2k+1)
If A, B, C are angles of triangle i.e. A + B + C = , then

(i)
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 1 2sinA sinB cosC
(vi) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 2cosA cosB cosC
cos3 = 4cos3 3cos

0
9.
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 4cosA cosB cosC
(iv) cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4 sinA/2 sinB/2 sinC/2
(iv) sin3 = 3sin 4sin3 = 4sin(600 ) sin(600 + ) sin

(v)
(ii)
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC

i.e. sin 2A = 4 (sin A)

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PAGE # 39

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PAGE # 40
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1.
Thus the equation reduces to form

cos( ) =
General solution of the equations of the form
2.
(i)
sin = 0
= n,
nI
(ii)
cos = 0
= (2n + 1)
(iii)
tan = 0
= n,
(iv) sin = 1
= 2n +
(v)
cos = 1
= 2n
(vi) sin = 1
= 2n
(vii) cos = 1
= (2n + 1)
(viii) sin = sin
= n + (1)n
c
2
a + b2
= cos(say)
now solve using above formula
, nI
2
3.
Some important points :
nI
(i)
If while solving an equation, we have to square it, then

the roots found after squaring must be checked
wheather they satisfy the original equation or not.
(ii)
If two equations are given then find the common values of between 0 & 2 and then add 2n to this
common solution (value).
3
or 2n +
2
2
= 2n
(ix)
cos = cos
(x)
tan = tan
= n +
(xi)
sin2 = sin2
= n
(xii) cos2 = cos2
= n
(xiii) tan2 = tan2
= n
For general solution of the equation of the form

a cos + bsin = c, where c
a2 + b2 , divide both side by
a2 + b2
and put
a
2
a +b
= cos,
b
2
a + b2
= sin.

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PAGE # 41

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PAGE # 42
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1.
If y = sin x, then x = sin1 y, similarly for other inverse Tfunctions.
2.
(ii)
Range (R)
1 x 1
cos1 x
1 x 1
tan1 x
< x <
cot1 x
< x <
0 < <
sec1 x
x 1, x 1
0 ,
x 1, x 1
, 0

2
2
sin
cosec1 x
sin (sin1 x) = x provided 1 x 1

cos (cos1 x) = x provided 1 x 1
Domain (D)
< 0
or 0 <
Domain and Range of Inverse T-functions :

Function
cosec1 (cosec ) = provided
tan (tan1 x) = x provided < x <
cot (cot1 x) = x provided < x <

sec (sec1 x) = x provided < x 1 or 1 x <
cosec (cosec1 x) = x provided < x 1
< <
2
2
or 1 x <
(iii)
sin1 ( x) = sin1 x,
cos1 ( x) = cos1 x
tan1 ( x) = tan1 x
cot1 ( x) = cot1 x
cosec1 ( x) = cosec1 x
3.
Properties of Inverse T-functions :

sin1 (sin ) = provided
(i)
sec1 ( x) = sec1 x
cos1 (cos ) = provided

tan1 (tan ) = provided
cot
A T
I O
x [ 1, 1]
tan1 x + cot1 x =
,
2
x R
(cot ) = provided 0 < <
or
<
2
2

D U
,
2
< <
2
2
sec1 (sec ) = provided 0 <
(iv) sin1 x + cos1 x =
sec1 x + cosec1 x =
PAGE # 43
,
x ( , 1] [1, )
2

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PAGE # 44

4.
Value of one inverse function in terms of another

inverse function :
(i)
sin1 x = cos1
= sec1
(ii)
1x
1x
= tan1
(iii)
tan1 x = sin1
= sec1
(iv) sin1
(v)
cos1
(vi) tan1
1
= cosec1
x
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1 IJ
H xK
1 x2
x
1 + x2
1 x2
1 x2
= cot1
x
1
1 + x2
D U
A T
I O
1 x2
x
(i)
(iii)
1 x2
(iv)
= cot1
(v)
1
x
FG x + y IJ ; if x > 0, y > 0, xy < 1

H 1 xy K
F x + y IJ ; if x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1
tan x + tan y = + tan G
H 1 xy K
F xyI
tan x tan y = tan GH 1 + xy JK ; if xy > 1
F x y IJ ; if x > 0, y < 0, xy < 1
tan x tan y = + tan G
H 1 + xy K
F x + y + z xyz IJ
tan x + tan y + tan z = tan G
H 1 xy yz zx K
L
O
sin x sin y = sin Mx 1 y y 1 x P ;
N
Q
tan1x + tan1y = tan1
(ii)
(vi)
1 + x2
, x 0
x
if x,y 0 & x2 + y2 1
LM
N
OP
Q
2
2
(vii) sin1x sin1y = sin1 x 1 y y 1 x ;
= cosec1 x , x ( , 1] [1, )
if x,y 0 & x2 + y2 > 1
RS cot x
|T + cot x
1
LM
N
OP
Q
2
2
(viii) cos1x cos1y = cos1 xy m 1 x 1 y ;
= sec1 x, x ( , 1] [1, )
if x,y > 0 & x2 + y2 1
LM
N
OP
Q
2
2
(ix) cos1x cos1y = cos1 xy m 1 x 1 y ;
for x > 0
for x < 0

E
Formulae for sum and difference of inverse trigonometric function :
, 0 x 1
= cos1
1
1 + x2 = cosec
= cot1
5.
1
, 0 x 1
x
= cosec1
cos1 x = sin1 1 x2 = tan1
= sec1
if x,y > 0 & x2 + y2 > 1
PAGE # 45

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PAGE # 46

6.
PROPERTIES & SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
Inverse trigonometric ratios of multiple angles

(i)
2sin1x = sin1(2x
(ii)
2cos1x = cos1(2x2 1), if 1 x 1
1 x2 ), if 1 x 1
Properties of triangle :
FG 2x IJ = sin FG 2x IJ = cos FG 1 x IJ
H1 x K
H1 + x K
H1 + x K
1.
A triangle has three sides and three angles.

In any ABC, we write BC = a, AB = c, AC = b
(iii)
2tan1x = tan1
(iv) 3sin1x = sin1(3x 4x3)

(v)
3cos x = cos (4x 3x)

1
F 3x x I
GH 1 3x JK
(vi) 3tan1x = tan1
C
a
and BAC = A, ABC = B, ACB = C
In ABC :
(i)
A + B + C =
(ii) a + b > c, b +c > a, c + a > b
2.
(iii)
3.
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
Sine formula :
a
b
c
=
=
= k(say)
sin A
sinB
sin C
sin A
sinB
sinC
=
=
= k (say)
a
b
c
or
4.

E
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I O
Cosine formula :
cos A =
b2 + c2 a2
2bc
cos B =
c2 + a2 b2
2ac
cos C =
a2 + b2 c2
2ab
PAGE # 47

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PAGE # 48

5.
Projection formula :
a = b cos C + c cos B
b = c cos A + a cos C
c = a cos B + b cos A
6.
(c)
Napier's Analogies :
A B
ab
=
cot
2
a+b
C
2
tan
BC
bc
=
cot
2
b+c
A
2
tan
CA
ca
=
cot
2
c+a
B
2
tan
(a)
sin
sin
sin
(b)
A
=
2
B
=
2
C
=
2
(s a) (s b)
ab
A
=
2
s (s a)
bc
B
cos
=
2
s (s b)
ca
C
=
2
s (s c)
ab
cos
cos
9.
A T
I O
(s b) (s c)
s (s a)
tan
B
=
2
(s c) (s a)
s (s b)
tan
C
=
2
(s b) (s a)
s (s c)
1
1
1
= 2 ab sin C = 2 bc sin A = 2 ca sin B
(ii)
s(s a) (s b) (s c)
tan
A
B
s c
tan
=
2
2
s
tan
B
C
s a
tan
=
2
2
s
tan
C
tan
2
where 2s = a + b + c

D U
A
=
2
(i)
(s b) (s c)
bc
(s c) (s a)
ca
tan
, Area of triangle :
8.
Half angled formula - In any ABC :
7.
A
s b
=
2
s
10. Circumcircle of triangle and its radius :

(i)
R=
a
b
c
=
=
2sin A
2sinB
2sin C
(ii)
R=
abc
4
PAGE # 49
Where R is circumradius

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PAGE # 50
11. Incircle of a triangle and its radius :
(iii)
r=
(iv)
r = (s a) tan
(v)
(iv) r1 + r2 + r3 r = 4R
(v)
r = 4R sin
A
B
C
= (s b) tan
= (s c) tan
2
2
2
(vi)
A
B
C
sin
sin
2
2
2
(vii)
(vi) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 +
r
R
1
1
1
1
r1 + r2 + r3 = r
1
r12
(ix)
A
B
, r2 = s tan
, r3 = s tan
2
2
r1 = s tan
(iii)
r1 = 4R sin
A
B
C
cos
cos
,
2
2
2
r2 = 4R cos
A
B
C
sin
cos
,
2
2
2
r3 = 4R cos
A
B
cos
sin
2
2
D U
A T
I O
1
r2
a2 + b2 + c2
2
= 2R2 sin A sin B sin C = 4Rr cos
A
B
C
cos
cos
2
2
2
B
C
C
A
b cos cos
cos
2
2
2
2
, r2 =
,
A
B
cos
cos
2
2
(x)
r1 =
A
B
cos
2
2
C
cos
2
c cos
r3 =
C
2
C
2

E
r32
a cos
, r2 =
, r3 =
sa
s b
sc
(ii)
1
1
1
1
+
+
=
2Rr
bc
ca
ab
12. The radii of the escribed circles are given by :

r1 =
r22
(viii) r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2
B
C
A
C
B
A
a sin sin
b sin sin
c sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
(vii) r =
=
=
A
B
C
cos
cos
cos
2
2
2
(i)
PAGE # 51

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PAGE # 52
HEIGHT AND DISTANCE

1.
(ii)
d = h (cot cot)
Angle of elevation and depression :
If an observer is at O and object is at P then XOP is

called angle of elevation of P as seen from O.
If an observer is at P and object is at O, then QPO is

called angle of depression of O as seen from P.
2.
Some useful result :

(i)
In any triangle ABC if AD : DB = m : n
ACD = , BCD = & BDC =

then (m + n) cot = m cot ncot
A
A
B
n
= ncotA mcotB [m n Theorem]

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PAGE # 53

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PAGE # 54

(C)
POINT
1.
Distance formula :
Distance between two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is
given by d(P, Q) = PQ
=
=
(x 2 x1)2 + (y2 y1 )2
(Difference of x coordinate)2 + (Difference of y coordinate)2
Note :
(i) d(P, Q) 0
(ii) d(P, Q) = 0 P = Q
(iii) d(P, Q) = d(Q, P)
(iv) Distance of a point (x, y) from origin
(0, 0) =
2.
x2 + y2
AP
m
=
= , Here > 0
BP
n
A T
I O
m
A(x 1 , y1 )
P
(ii)
FG mx + nx
H m+n
2
B(x 2 , y2 )
my 2 + ny1
m+n
IJ
K
Externally :
m
AP
m
=
=
BP
n
In Parallelogram :
Calculate AB, BC, CD and AD.
(i)
If AB = CD, AD = BC, then ABCD is a parallelogram.
(ii) If AB = CD, AD = BC and AC = BD, then ABCD
is a rectangle.
(iii) If AB = BC = CD = AD, then ABCD is a rhombus.
(iv) If AB = BC = CD = AD and AC = BD, then ABCD
is a square.

D U
Section formula :
(i)
Internally :
Use of Distance Formula :

(a) In Triangle :
Calculate AB, BC, CA
(i)
If AB = BC = CA, then is equilateral.
(ii) If any two sides are equal then is isosceles.
(iii) If sum of square of any two sides is equal to
the third, then is right triangle.
(iv) Sum of any two equal to left third they do not
form a triangle
i.e. AB = BC + CA or BC = AC + AB
or AC = AB + BC. Here points are collinear.
(b)
3.
For circumcentre of a triangle :

Circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant from vertices
i.e. PA = PB = PC.
Here P is circumcentre and PA is radius.
(i)
Circumcentre of an acute angled triangle is inside the triangle.
(ii) Circumcentre of a right triangle is mid point of
the hypotenuse.
(iii) Circumcentre of an obtuse angled triangle is
outside the triangle.
(iii)
FG mx nx
H mn
2
n
P
B(x 2, y 2 )
A(x 1, y 1 )
my 2 ny1
mn
IJ
K
Coordinates of mid point of PQ are
FG x
H
+ x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
IJ
K
(iv) The line ax + by + c = 0 divides the line joining the

points
(ax1 + by + c)
(x1, y1) & (x2, y2) in the ratio = (ax + by + c)
2
2
PAGE # 55

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PAGE # 56

(v)
For parallelogram midpoint of diagonal AC = mid point

of diagonal BD
(vi) Coordinates of centroid G
FG x
H
+ x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
,
3
3
(vii) Coordinates of incentre I
FG ax + bx + cx
H a+b+c
1
ay + by 2 + cy 3
, 1
a+b+c

5.
Area of Polygon :
Area of polygon having vertices (x 1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)
........ (xn, yn) is given by area
IJ
K
IJ
K
=
(viii) Coordinates of orthocentre are obtained by solving the

equation of any two altitudes.
4.
Area of Triangle :
The area of triangle ABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2)
and C(x3, y3).
1
2
x1
y1 1
x2
y2 1
x3
y3 1
x1
y1
x2
1
2 x3
y2
x1
y1
y3
6.
1
[x y + x2y3 + x3y1 x2y1 x3y2 x1y3]
2 1 2

C
A T
I O
y2
x3
y3
xn
yn
x1
y1
. Points must be taken in order.
x' cos
sin
y' sin
cos
Some important points :

(i)
Three pts. A, B, C are collinear, if area of triangle is
zero
(ii) Centroid G of ABC divides the median AD or BE or CF in
the ratio 2 : 1
(iii) In an equilateral triangle, orthocentre, centroid,
circumcentre, incentre coincide.
(iv) Orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are always
collinear and centroid divides the line joining orthocentre
and circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1
(v) Area of triangle formed by coordinate axes & the line
Note :
(i)
Three points A, B, C are collinear if area of triangle
is zero.
(ii) If in a triangle point arrange in anticlockwise then
value of be +ve and if in clockwise then will be
ve.
D U
x2
(Determinant method)
[Stair method]
y1
Rotational Transformation :
If coordinates of any point P(x, y) with reference to new
axis will be (x', y') then
7.
=
1
2
x1
ax + by + c = 0 is
PAGE # 57
c2
.
2ab

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PAGE # 58

(ix)
STRAIGHT LINE
1.
(x)
making an angle , 0 ,
a
b
(xi)
(vi) Slope of two parallel lines are equal.

(vii) If m1 & m2 are slopes of two lines then m1m2 = 1.
2.
Standard form of the equation of a line :

(i)
Equation of x-axis is y = 0
(ii) Equation of y-axis is x = 0
(iii) Equation of a straight line || to x-axis at a distance
b from it is y = b
(iv) Equation of a straight line || to y-axis at a distance
a from it is x = a
(v) Slope form : Equation of a line through the origin and
having slope m is y = mx.
(vi) Slope Intercept form : Equation of a line with slope m
and making an intercept c on the y-axis is y = mx + c.
(vii) Point slope form : Equation of a line with slope m
and passing through the point (x1, y1) is
y y1 = m(x x1)
(viii) Two point form : Equation of a line passing through
the points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) is
3.

D U
A T
I O
x x1
y y1
=
= r
cos
sin
x = x1 + r cos , y = y1 + r sin
Where r is the distance of any point P(x, y) on the

line from the point (x1, y1)
Normal or perpendicular form : Equation of a line
such that the length of the perpendicular from the
origin on it is p and the angle which the perpendicular
makes with the +ve direction of x-axis is , is
x cos + y sin = p.
Angle between two lines :

(i)
Two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
y y1
x x1
y2 y1 = x2 x1
with the
2
+ve direction of x-axis is
y2 y1
B(x2, y2) is x x .
2
1
Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0, b 0 is
x
y
+
= 1.
a
b
Parametric or distance or symmetrical form of the
line : Equation of a line passing through (x1, y1) and
and b respectively on x-axis and y-axis is
Slope of a Line : The tangent of the angle that a line

makes with +ve direction of the x-axis in the anticlockwise
sense is called slope or gradient of the line and is generally
denoted by m. Thus m = tan .
(i)
Slope of line || to x-axis is m = 0
(ii) Slope of line || to y-axis is m = (not defined)
(iii) Slope of the line equally inclined with the axes is 1
or 1
(iv) Slope of the line through the points A(x1, y1) and
(v)
Intercept form : Equation of a line making intercepts a
(a)
a1
b1
c1
Parallel if a = b c
2
2
2
(b)
Perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
(c)
a1
b1
c1
Identical or coincident if a = b = c
2
2
2
(d)
a2b1 a1b2
If not above three, then = tan1 a a b b
1 2
1 2
(ii)
(a)
(b)
Two lines y = m1 x + c and y = m2 x + c are

Parallel if m1 = m2
Perpendicular if m1m2 = 1
(c)
m1 m2
If not above two, then = tan1 1 + m m
1 2
PAGE # 59

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PAGE # 60

4.
Position of a point with respect to a straight line :

The line L(xi, yi) i = 1, 2 will be of same sign or of opposite
sign according to the point A(x1, y1) & B (x2, y2) lie on same
side or on opposite side of L (x, y) respectively.
5.
Equation of a line parallel (or perpendicular) to the line

ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + c' = 0 (or bx ay + = 0)
6.
Equation of st. lines through (x1,y1) making an angle

with y = mx + c is

12. Homogeneous equation : If y = m1x and y = m2x be the
two equations
represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 , then m1 + m2 = 2h/b
and m1m2 = a/b
13. General equation of second degree :
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
represent a pair of
a h g
h
b f =0
straight line if
g f c
m tan
(x x1)
1 m m tan
y y1 =
If y = m1x + c & y = m2x + c represents two straight lines
length of perpendicular from (x1, y1) on ax + by + c = 0
7.
|ax1 + by1 + c|
is
8.
then m1 + m2 =
a2 + b2
Distance between two parallel lines ax + by + ci = 0,

i = 1, 2 is
9.
|c1 c 2|
a2 + b2
14. Angle between pair of straight lines :

The angle between the lines represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 or ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
2 h2 ab
is tan =
(a + b)
Condition of concurrency for three straight lines

Li ai x + bi y + ci = 0, i = 1, 2, 3 is
a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
(i)
c1
c2 = 0
c3
(ii)
10. Equation of bisectors of angles between two lines :

a1x + b1y + c1
2
1
2
1
a +b
a2 x + b2 y + c 2
a22 + b22
11. Family of straight lines :

The general equation of family of straight line will be written
in one parameter
The equation of straight line which passes through point of
intersection of two given lines L1 and L2 can be taken as
L1 + L2 = 0
E
D U
A T
I O
2h
a
, m1m2 = .
b
b
The two lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 are

(a) Parallel and coincident iff h2 ab = 0
(b) Perpendicular iff a + b = 0
The two line given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
= 0 are
(a) Parallel if h2 ab = 0 & af2 = bg2
(b) Perpendicular iff a + b = 0
(c) Coincident iff g2 ac = 0
13. Combined equation of angle bisector of the angle between

the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
2
x y
ab
PAGE # 61
xy
h

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PAGE # 62
CIRCLE
1.
General equation of a circle : x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

where g, f and c are constants
(i)
Centre of the cirle is (g, f)
i.e.
(ii)
2.
4.
5.
Concentric circles : Two circles having same centre C(h, k)

but different radii r1 & r2 respectively are called concentric
circles.
6.
Position of a point w.r.t. a circle : A point (x1, y1 ) lies

outside, on or inside a circle
FG 1 coeff. of x, 1 coeff. of yIJ

H 2
K
2
Radius is
S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 according as

S1 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c is +ve, zero or ve
g2 + f 2 c
Central (Centre radius) form of a circle :

(i)
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 , where (h, k) is circle centre and
r is the radius.
(ii) x2 + y2 = r2 , where (0, 0) origin is circle centre and r is
the radius.
3.
7.
Chord length (length of intercept) = 2 r2 p2
8.
Intercepts made on coordinate axes by the circle :

(i)
x axis = 2 g2 c
(ii)
y axis = 2 f 2 c
Diameter form : If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are end pts. of a
diameter of a circle, then its equation is
(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) = 0
9.
Parametric equations :
(i)
The parametric equations of the circle x2 + y2 = r2 are
x = rcos, y = r sin ,
10. Length of the intercept made by line : y = mx + c with the

circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
Length of tangent = S1
where point (r cos , r sin )

(ii)
(iii)
The parametric equations of the circle

(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 are x = h + rcos, y = k + rsin
The parametric equations of the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are
x = g +
(iv)
g2 + f 2 c cos, y = f +
D U
A T
I O
(1 + m2) |x1 x2|
where |x1 x2| = difference of roots i.e.
D
a
11. Condition of Tangency : Circle x2 + y2 = a2 will touch the

line y = mx + c if c = a
1 + 2
+ 2
2
+ y sin 1
= r cos 1
.
2
2
2

E
or
g2 + f 2 c sin
For circle x2 + y2 = a2, equation of chord joining 1 & 2 is
x cos
a2 (1 + m2 ) c2
1 + m2
PAGE # 63
1 + m2

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PAGE # 64

12. Equation of tangent, T = 0 :
(i)

15. The point of intersection of tangents drawn to the circle x2
+ y2 = r2 at point 1 & 2 is given as
Equation of tangent to the circle
F r cos +
GG
2

GH cos 2
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point (x1, y1) is
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0

(ii)
Equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at any

point (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2
(iii)
In slope form : From the condition of tangency for

every value of m.
The line y = mx a 1 + m2 is a tangent to the circle
am
1 + m2
a
1 + m2
I
JK
(iv) Equation of tangent at (a cos
16. Equation of the chord of contact of the tangents drawn

from point P outside the circle is T = 0
radius is
, a sin
2 times the radius of the given circle.
) to the
19.
Equation of polar of point (x1, y1) w.r.t. the circle S = 0 is T = 0
20. Coordinates of pole : Coordinates of pole of the line
13. Equation of normal :
F a l a mI
are G n , n J
H
K
2
Equation of normal to the circle
lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the circle x + y = a

2
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point P(x1, y1) is
y1 + f
y y1 = x + g (x x1)
1
(ii)
I
JJ
JK
18. Director circle : Equation of director circle for x2 + y2 = a2 is

x2 + y2 = 2a2. Director circle is a concentric circle whose
circle x2 + y2 = a2 is x cos + y sin = a.
(i)
1 + 2
2
,
1 2
cos
2
r sin
17. Equation of a chord whose middle pt. is given by T = S1
x2 + y2 = a2 and its point of contact is
F
GH
21. Family of Circles :

S + S' = 0 represents a family of circles passing through
the pts. of intersection of
(i)
Equation of normal to the circle x + y = a

point (x1, y1) is xy1 x1y = 0
2
at any
S = 0 & S' = 0 if 1
14. Equation of pair of tangents SS1 = T2
(ii)
S + L = 0 represent a family of circles passing through

the point of intersection of S = 0 & L = 0
(iii)
Equation of circle which touches the given straight line

L = 0 at the given point (x1, y1) is given as
(x x1)2 + (y y1)2 + L = 0.

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PAGE # 66

(iv) Equation of circle passing through two points A(x1, y1)
& B(x2, y2) is given as
(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) +
x1
y1 1
x2

25. Equation of tangent at point of contact of circle is
S 1 S2 = 0
26. Radical axis and radical centre :
= 0.
y2 1
22. Equation of Common Chord is S S1 = 0.
(i)
Equation of radical axis is S S1 = 0
(ii)
The point of concurrency of the three radical axis of

three circles taken in pairs is called radical centre of
three circles.
27. Orthogonality condition :

If two circles S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
23. The angle of intersection of two circles with centres C1

& C2 and radii r1 & r2 is given by
and S' = x2 + y2 + 2g'x + 2f'y + c' = 0 intersect each other

orthogonally, then 2gg' + 2ff' = c + c'.
r12 + r12 d2
cos =
, where d = C1C2
2r1r2
24. Position of two circles : Let two circles with centres C1, C2
and radii r1, r2 .
Then following cases arise as
(i)
C1 C2 > r1 + r2 do not intersect or one outside the

other, 4 common tangents.
(ii)
C1 C2 = r1 + r2 Circles touch externally, 3 common

tangents.
(iii)
|r1 r2| < C1 C2 < r1 + r2 Intersection at two real

points, 2 common tangents.
(iv) C1 C2 = |r1 r2| internal touch, 1 common tangent.

(v)
C1 C2 < |r1 + r2| one inside the other, no tangent.
Note : Point of contact divides C1 C2 in the ratio r1 : r2

internally or externally as the case may be
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PAGE # 68
PARABOLA
1.
Standard Parabola :
Imp. Terms
y2 = 4ax y2 = 4ax x2 = 4ay
x2 = 4ay
Vertex (v)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
Focus (f)
(a, 0)
(a, 0)
(0, a)
(0, a)
Directrix (D)
x = a
x = a
y = a
y = a
Axis
y = 0
y = 0
x = 0
x = 0
L.R.
4a
4a
4a
4a
Focal
x + a
a x
y + a
a y
(at2, 2at) ( at2, 2at)
(2at, at2)
(2at, at2)
Parametric
x = at2
x = at2
x = 2at
x = 2at
Equations
y = 2at
y = 2at
y = 2at2
y = at2
y2 = 4ax
distance
Parametric
Coordinates
x2 = 4ay
y2 = 4ax
x2 = 4ay
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PAGE # 70

2.
Special Form of Parabola

*
Parabola which has vertex at (h, k), latus rectum l
and axis parallel to x-axis is
(y k)2 = l (x h)
axis is y = k and focus at

4.
Equations of tangent in different forms :

(i)
Equations of tangent of all other standard parabolas

at (x1, y1) / at t (parameter)
FGh + l , kIJ
H 4 K
Equation
Parabola which has vertex at (h, k), latus rectum l and

axis parallel to y-axis is
(x h)2 = l (y k)
axis is x = h and focus at
FGh, k + l IJ
H
4K
i.e.
FG
H
F b , 4ac b I
GH 2a 4a JK
IJ
K
y 2=4ax
yy 1 =2a(x+x1 )
(at2, 2at)
y 2 =4ax
yy 1=2a(x+x 1 ) (at2, 2at)
ty=x+at2
x =4ay
xx 1 =2a(y+y1 )
tx=y + at2
x 2 =4ay
xx 1=2a(y+y 1 ) (2at, at2)
Equation
of
parabolas
,with vertex
and axes parallel to y-axis

A T
I O
(2at, at )
2
tx =y+at2
Point of
Equations
Condition of
contact in
terms of
of tangent
in terms of
Tangency
slope(m)
y2 = 4ax
Position of a point (x1, y1) and a line w.r.t. parabola

y2 = 4ax.
*
The point (x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside the
parabola y2 = 4ax
according as y12 4ax1 >, = or < 0
*
The line y = mx + c does not intersect, touches,
intersect a parabola y2 = 4ax according as
c > = < a/m
ty=x+at2
Equations of tangent of all other parabolas in slope

form
y2 = 4ax
x2 = 4ay
x
5.
= 4ay
FG a
Hm
FG a
H m
2a
m
slope (m)
IJ
K
2a
m
IJ
K
y = mx +
a
m
y = mx
a
m
c =
a
m
c =
a
m
(2am, am2)
y = mx am2
c = am2
(2am, am )
y = mx + am
c = am2
Point of intersection of tangents at any two points

P(at12, 2at1) and Q(at22, 2at2) on the parabola y2 = 4ax
is (at1t2, a(t1 + t2)) i.e. (a(G.M.)2, a(2A.M.))
6.
Combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from a

point to a parabola is SS' = T2, where S = y2 4ax,
Note : Condition of tangency for parabola y2 = 4ax, we

have c = a/m and for other parabolas check disc. D = 0.
D U
Tangent of 't'
(ii) Slope form
Note : Parametric equation of parabola (y k)2

= 4a(x h) are x = h + at2, y = k + 2at
Parametric
coordinates't'
3.
Tangent at
of parabola (x 1, y1)
Equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = y represents

parabola.
b
4ac b2
y
= a x+
2a
4a
Point Form / Parametric form
S' = y12 4ax1 and T = yy1 2a(x + x1)
PAGE # 71

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7.

Note :
(i)
In circle normal is radius itself.
(ii) Sum of ordinates (y coordinate) of foot of normals
through a point is zero.
(iii) The centroid of the triangle formed by taking the foot
of normals as a vertices of concurrent normals of
y2 = 4ax lies on x-axis.
Equations of normal in different forms

(i)
Point Form / Parametric form

Equations of normals of all other standard parabolas
at (x1, y1) / at t (parameter)
Eqn. of
Normal
Point
Normals
parabola
at (x1, y1)
't'
at 't'
y2 = 4ax
yy1 =
y1
(xx1) (at2, 2at)
2a
y+tx = 2at+at3
y2 = 4ax
yy1 =
y1
(xx1)
2a
ytx = 2at+at3
x2 = 4ay
x2 = 4ay
(ii)
yy1 =
yy1 =
2a
x1
2a
x1
(xx1)
(at2, 2at)
(2at, at2)
x+ty = 2at+at3
(xx1)
(2at, at2)
Eqn. of
Point of
Equations
Condition of
parabola
contact
of normal
Normality
y2 = 4ax
(am2, 2am) y = mx2amam3 c = 2amam3
x2 = 4ay
FG 2a , a IJ
H m mK
2
FG 2a , a IJ
Hm m K
2
y = mx+2a+
a
2
A T
I O
(iii)
We get one normal if h 2a.

If point lies on x-axis, then one normal will be x-axis
itself.
(i)
If normal of y2 = 4ax at t1 meet the parabola again
c = 2a+
y = mx2a
a
2
The normals to y2 = 4ax at t1 and t2 intersect each

other at the same parabola at t3, then
t1t2 = 2 and t3 = t1 t2
10. (i)
Equation of focal chord of parabola y2 = 4ax at t1 is

y =
(ii)
2t1
t12
a
m2
PAGE # 73
(x a)
If focal chord of y2 = 4ax cut (intersect) at t1 and

t2 then t1t2 = 1 (t1 must not be zero)
Angle formed by focal chord at vertex of parabola is
tan =
c = 2a
2
t1
(ii)
(iii)

D U
9.
= 4ax (am2, 2am) y = mx+2am+am3 c = am+am3
x2 = 4ay
(ii)
xty = 2at+at3
Equations of normal, point of contact, and condition

of normality in terms of slope (m)
Condition for three normals from a point (h, 0) on x-axis

to parabola y2 = 4ax
(i)
We get 3 normals if h > 2a
at t2 then t2 = t1
Slope form
8.
2
|t2 t1|
3
Intersecting point of normals at t1 and t2 on the

parabola y2 = 4ax is
(2a + a(t12 + t22 + t1t2), at1t2 (t1 + t2))

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PAGE # 74
11. Equation of chord of parabola y2 = 4ax which is bisected

at (x1, y1) is given by T = S1
(v)
12. The locus of the mid point of a system of parallel chords
Angle included between focal radius of a point and

perpendicular from a point to directrix will be bisected
of tangent at that point also the external angle will
be bisected by normal.
2a
.
m
(vi) Intercepted portion of a tangent between the point

of tangency and directrix will make right angle at
focus.
13. Equation of polar at the point (x1, y1) with respect to

parabola y2 = 4ax is same as chord of contact and is given
by
(vii) Circle drawn on any focal radius as diameter will

touch tangent at vertex.
of a parabola is called its diameter. Its equation is y =
(viii) Circle drawn on any focal chord as diameter will touch

directrix.
T = 0 i.e. yy1 = 2a(x + x1)

Coordinates of pole of the line l x + my + n = 0 w.r.t. the
parabola y2 = 4ax is
FG n , 2amIJ
Hl l K
14. Diameter : It is locus of mid point of set of parallel chords

and equation is given by T = S1
15. Important results for Tangent :
(i)
Angle made by focal radius of a point will be twice

the angle made by tangent of the point with axis of
parabola
(ii)
The locus of foot of perpendicular drop from focus to

any tangent will be tangent at vertex.
(iii)
If tangents drawn at ends point of a focal chord are

mutually perpendicular then their point of intersection
will lie on directrix.
(iv) Any light ray travelling parallel to axis of the parabola

will pass through focus after reflection through
parabola.

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PAGE # 76

Note : If P is any point on ellipse and length of perpendiculars
from to minor axis and major axis are p1 & p2, then |xp|
= p1 , |yp| = p2
ELLIPSE
1.
Standard Ellipse (e < 1)
R|S x
T| a
Ellipse
Imp. terms
b2
U|
= 1V
W|
For a > b
For b > a
Centre
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
Vertices
(a, 0)
(0, b)
Length of major axis
2a
2b
Length of minor axis
2b
2a
Foci
(ae, 0)
(0, be)
Equation of directrices
x = a/e
y = b/e
Relation in a, b and e
b2 = a2(1 e2)
a2 = b2(1 e2)
Length of latus rectum
2b2/a
2a2/b
F ae, b I
GH
a JK
2
Ends of latus rectum
Parametric coordinates
p12
a2
p22
b2
= 1
a > b
F a , beI
GH b
JK
2
(a cos , b sin ) (a cos , b sin )

0 < 2
Focal radii
SP = a ex1
SP = b ey1
S'P = a + ex1
S'P = b + ey1
Sum of focal radii
SP + S'P =
2a 2b
Distance bt
2ae
2be
Distance btn directrices
2a/e
2b/e
Tangents at the vertices
x = a, x = a
y = b, y = b
foci

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b > a
PAGE # 77

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PAGE # 78

2.
Special form of ellipse :
(ii)
If the centre of an ellipse is at point (h, k) and the

directions of the axes are parallel to the coordinate axes,
cx hh
then its equation is
3.
a2
(y k)2
b2
ellipse
= 1.
If
a2
y2
x2
a2
(iii)
The point lies outside, on or inside the ellipse if

S1 =
y12
2
5.
xx1
a2
a2
x2
a2
7.
yy1
b2
(i)
A T
I O
b2
a2m2 + b2
I
JK .
Parametric form : The equation of tangent at any
y2
b2
= 1 is given by SS1 = T2
Point form : The equation of the normal at (x1, y1)

to the ellipse
= 1 at the point (x1, y1) is
x2
2
y2
b2
= 1 is
a2 x
b2x
= a2 b2.
y1
x1
= 1.

C
a2m2 + b2
Equation of normal in different forms :
b2
= 1 at
a2m
Equation of pair of tangents from (x1, y1) to an ellipse
Point form : The equation of the tangent to the

ellipse
D U
6.
Equation of tangent in different forms :

2
b2
F
GH
x
y
cos +
sin = 1.
a
b
The line y = mx + c does not intersect, touches,

intersect, the ellipse if
(i)
y2
a2m2 + b2 touches the ellipse
point (a cos , b sin ) is
1 > , = or < 0
a2m2 + b2 < = > c2
Position of a point and a line w.r.t. an ellipse :

x12
2
= 1, then c2 = a2m2 + b2. Hence, the
b2
Line y = mx
Note : Ellipse is locus of a point which moves in such a

way that it divides the normal of a point on diameter of
a point of circle in fixed ratio.
Point of contact :
x2 + y2 = a2.
4.
a2
y2
a2m2 + b2 always represents

the tangents to the ellipse.
= 1 is an ellipse then its auxillary circle is
b2
x2
straight line y = mx
Auxillary Circle : The circle described by taking centre of

an ellipse as centre and major axis as a diameter is called
an auxillary circle of the ellipse.
x2
Slope form : If the line y = mx + c touches the
PAGE # 79

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PAGE # 80

(ii)

(v)
Parametric form : The equation of the normal to the

ellipse
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 at (a cos , b sin ) is
(vi) If a light ray originates from one of focii, then it will

pass through the other focus after reflection from
ellipse.
ax sec by cosec = a b .
2
(iii)
Slope form : If m is the slope of the normal to the

ellipse
x2
a2
is y = mx
y2
b2
= 1, then the equation of normal
m (a2 b2 )
a2 + b2m2
Sum of square of intercept made by auxillary circle on

any two perpendicular tangents of an ellipse will be
constant.
9.
Equation of chord of contact of the tangents drawn from

the external point (x1, y1) to an ellipse is given by
xx1
yy1
b2
= 0 i.e. T = 0.
The co-ordinates of the point of contact are
F
GH
a2
a2 + b2m2
mb2
a2 + b2m2
I
JK .
(x1, y1) to an ellipse
a2
y2
b2
Properties of tangents & normals :

(i)
Product of length of perpendicular from either focii to

any tangent to the ellipse will be equal to square of
semi minor axis.
x
cos
a
(ii)
The locus of foot of perpendicular drawn from either

focii to any tangent lies on auxillary circle.
(i)
(iii)
The circle drawn on any focal radius as diameter will

touch auxillary circle.

D U
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I O
+
y
+
sin
b
2
b2
= 1 whose
x2
a2
+
= cos
2
(ii)
PAGE # 81
C
A T
I O
= 1 is
tan
1
, tan
2
2
e 1
=
2
1e
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = (2n + 1) .

D U
b2
Sum of feet of eccentric angles is odd .

i.e.
y2
Relation between eccentric angles of focal chord
(iv) The protion of the tangent intercepted between the

point and directrix makes right angle at corresponding
focus.
E
y2
11. Equation of chord joining the points (a cos , b sin ) and
= 1.
(a cos , b sin ) on the ellipse

8.
a2
mid point is (x1, y1) is T = S1.
Note : In general three normals can be drawn from a point
x2
x2
10. The equation of a chord of an ellipse
PAGE # 82
12. Equation of polar of the point (x1, y1) w.r.t. the ellipse
x2
a2
y2
= 1 is given by
b2
xx1
yy1
a2
b2
(c)
= 0 i.e. T = 0.
the ellipse
a2
F a l , b nI
GH n n JK .
2
y2
= 1 is
b2
(d)
13. Eccentric angles of the extremities of latus rectum of the

ellipse
14. (i)
x2
y2
2
FG b IJ .
H aeK
= 1 are tan1
Equation of the diameter bisecting the chords of

slope in the ellipse
y =
(ii)
b2
a2m
x2
a2
y2
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 and S, S' be two foci
of the ellipse, then SP.S'P = CQ2
The pole of the line l x + my + n = 0 w.r.t. the ellipse

x2
If CP, CQ be two conjugate semi-diameters of
The tangents at the ends of a pair of conjugate

diameters of an ellipse form a parallelogram.
15. The area of the parallelogram formed by the tangents at

the ends of conjugate diameters of an ellipse is constant
and is equal to the product of the axis i.e. 4ab.
16. Length of subtangent and subnormal at p(x1, y1) to the
ellipse
x2
= 1 is
a2
y2
b2
a2
= 1 is
x1 & (1 e2) x1
x1
Conjugate Diameters : The straight lines y = m1x,

y = m2x are conjugate diameters of the ellipse
x2
a2
(iii)
y2
b2
= 1 if m1m2 =
b2
a2
Properties of conjugate diameters :

(a) If CP and CQ be two conjugate semi-diameters
x2
of the ellipse
a2
y2
b2
= 1, then
CP2 + CQ2 = a2 + b2
(b)
If and are the eccentric angles of the

extremities of two conjugate diameters, then

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HYPERBOLA
1.
Standard Hyperbola :
Hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1
Imp. terms
x2
a2
or
(0, 0)
2a
2b
2b
(ae, 0)
2a
(0, be)
x = a/e
y = b/e
= 1
e =
Length of L.R.
Parametric
2b2/a
2a2/b
co-ordinates
(a sec , b tan )
(b sec , a tan )
0 < 2
0 < 2
SP = ex1 a
S'P = ex1 + a
2a
SP = ey1 b
S'P = ey1 + b
2b
Fa + b I
GH a JK
2
I O
Hyperbola
Fa + b I
GH b JK
2
e =
y = b, y = b
x = 0
Conjugate Hyperbola
y = 0

A T
b2
(0, 0)
S'P SP
Tangents at
the vertices
x = a, x = a
Equation of the y = 0
transverse axis
Equation of the x = 0
conjugate axis
y2
Eccentricity
Focal radii
D U
a2
= 1
b2
Centre
Length of
transverse axis
Length of
conjugate axis
Foci
Equation of
directrices
x2
y2
PAGE # 85

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PAGE # 86

2.
Special form of hyperbola :
(b)
If the centre of hyperbola is (h, k) and axes are parallel

to the co-ordinate axes, then its equation is
(x h)2
a2
3.
(y k)2
b2
x2
a2
= 1.
(c)
The equations x = a sec and y = b tan are known

as the parametric equations of hyperbola
x2
2
y2
2
x2
a2
a2
b2
F
GH
= 1
according as
x12
a2
y12
b2
6.
according as c2 <, =, > a2m2 b2.
x2
a2
at (x1, y1) is
y2
b2
7.
xx1
2
yy1
2
A T
I O
y2
b2
= 1 are y = mx
a2m2 b2 and the
a2m
a2m2 b2
b2
a2m2 b2
I
JK .
y2
= 1 is given by SS1 = T2
b2
Equations of normals in different forms :

(a)
Point form : The equation of normal to the hyperbola

x2
a2
(b)
= 1
y2
b2
= 1 at (x1, y1) is
a2 x
b2y
+
= a2 + b2.
y1
x1
Parametric form : The equation of normal at

(a sec , b tan ) to the hyperbola
x2
= 1.

D U
a2
Point form : The equation of the tangent to the

hyperbola
x2
Equations of tangents in different forms :

(a)
= 1 at (a sec , b tan ) is
Equation of pair of tangents from (x1, y1) to the hyperbola
1 is +ve, zero or ve.
The line y = mx + c does not intersect, touches, intersect

the hyperbola
5.
b2
co-ordinates of points of contacts are
The point (x1, y1) lies inside, on or outside the hyperbola

y2
y2
Slope form : The equations of tangents of slope m

to the hyperbola
= 1
Position of a point and a line w.r.t. a hyperbola :

x2
x
y
sec
tan = 1.
b
a
Parametric equations of hyperbola :
4.
Parametric form : The equation of tangent to the

hyperbola
a2
PAGE # 87
y2
b2
= 1 is ax cos + by cot = a2 + b2

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PAGE # 88

(c)
Slope form : The equation of the normal to the

hyperbola
x2
2
y2
b
a2
y2
b2
F
GH
a2 b2m2
a2
a2 b2m2
or c2 =
m(a2 + b2 )2
a2
9.
y2
b2
(a2 m2b2)
, which
,m
mb2
a2 b2m2
I
JK .
a2
yy1
b2
a2
A T
I O
IJ
K
y
sin
b
FG
H
+ 2
2
IJ
K
= cos
FG
H
IJ
K
+ 2
.
2
y2
= 1 is y =
b2
b2
a2m
x.
y2
b2
b2
a2
The equations of asymptotes of the hyperbola
a2
a2
= 1 is
b2
x2
x2
F a l , b mI
GH n n JK
2
y2
15. Asymptotes of a hyperbola :
= 1.

C
m1m2 =
y2
b2
= 1 are y =
b
x.
a
Asymptote to a curve touches the curve at infinity.

= 1
The asymptote of a hyperbola passes through the

centre of the hyperbola.
whose mid point is (x1, y1) is T = S1.
D U
2
2
14. The diameters y = m1x and y = m2x are conjugate if
10. The equation of chord of the hyperbola
13. The equation of a diameter of the hyperbola

x2
Equation of chord of contact of the tangents drawn from

the external point (x1, y1) to the hyperbola is given by
xx1
a2
= 1 is x + y = a b .
2
FG
H
12. Equation of polar of the point (x1, y1) w.r.t. the hyperbola
is given by T = 0.
x2
The equation of director circle of hyperbola

x2
2, b tan 2) is
The pole of the line l x + my + n = 0 w.r.t.
is condition of normality.
Points of contact : Co-ordinates of points of contact
are
8.
a2 b2m2
= 1,
m (a2 + b2 )
then c = m
(e)
x
cos
a
Condition for normality : If y = mx + c is the normal

x2
and Q(a sec
m (a + b )
the normal is y = mx m
of
11. Equation of chord joining the points P(a sec 1, b tan 1)
= 1 in terms of the slope m of
(d)
PAGE # 89

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*
The combined equation of the asymptotes of the

hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
x2
= 1 is
a2
y2
b2
Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) to xy
= 0.
x
y
= c2 is x + y = 2.
1
1
The angle between the asymptotes of
a
*
= 1 is 2 tan1
Equation of tangent at t is x + yt2 = 2ct
b2
or 2 sec1 e.
xx1 yy1 = x12 y12
A hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola have the

same asymptotes.
The bisector of the angles between the asymptotes

are the coordinate axes.
Equation of hyperbola Equation of asymptotes =

Equation of asymptotes Equation of conjugate
hyperbola = constant.
Equation of normal at (x1, y1) to xy = c2 is
Equation of normal at t on xy = c2 is
xt3 yt ct4 + c = 0.
(This results shows that four normal can be drawn
from a point to the hyperbola xy = c2)
If a triangle is inscribed in a rectangular hyperbola

then its orthocentre lies on the hyperbola.
16. Rectangular or Equilateral Hyperbola :

*
A hyperbola for which a = b is said to be rectangular

hyperbola, its equation is x2 y2 = a2
Equation of chord of the hyperbola xy = c2 whose

middle point is given is T = S1
xy = c2 represents a rectangular hyperbola with

asymptotes x = 0, y = 0.
Point of intersection of tangents at t1 & t2 to the
Eccentricity of rectangular hyperbola is
Parametric equation of the hyperbola xy = c2 are
hyperbola xy = c2 is
2 and angle
between asymptotes of rectangular hyperbola is 90.
x = ct, y =
*
F 2c t t
GH t + t
1 2
2c
t1 + t 2
I
JK
c
, where t is a parameter.
t
Equation of chord joining t1, t2 on xy = c2 is

x + y t1t2 = c(t1 + t2)

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PAGE # 92
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

AND DISPERSION
1.

3.
Geometric Mean :
(i)
For ungrouped data
G.M. = (x1 x2 x3 .....xn)1/n
Arithmetic mean :
(i)
For ungrouped data (individual series)
or
x =
(ii)
x1 + x2 +......+ xn
xi
= i=1
n(no. of terms)
n
(ii)
Direct method x =
i =1
n
fi
For grouped data
1
N
, where N =
i= 1
F f log x I
GG
JJ
= antilog G
GH f JJK
fixi
i =1
G.M. = x1f1 x2f2 .... xnfn
For grouped data (continuous series)
(a)
F1
I
G.M. = antilog G n log x J
H
K
, where xi , i = 1 .... n
i =1
i=1
be n observations and fi be their corresponding

frequencies
(b)
fidi
short cut method : x = A + f ,
i
i= 1
4.
Harmonic Mean - Harmonic Mean is reciprocal of arithmetic mean of reciprocals.
where A = assumed mean, di = xi A = deviation

for each term
2.
(i)
If x is the mean of x1, x2, ...... xn. The mean of ax1, ax2
.....axn is a x where a is any number different from
zero.

A T
I O
(ii)
For grouped data H.M. =
Ff I
i= 1
GH x JK
i
i =1
5.
Relation between A.M., G.M and H.M.
(iv) Arithmetic mean is independent of origin i.e. it is x

effected by any change in origin.
If each of the n given observation be doubled, then

their mean is doubled
(iii)
x
i=1
In a statistical data, the sum of the deviation of items

from A.M. is always zero.
(ii)
D U
Properties of A.M.
(i)
For ungrouped data H.M. =
A.M. G.M. H.M.

Equality holds only when all the observations in the series
are same.
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6.

(ii)
Median :
(a) Individual series (ungrouped data) : If data is raw,
arrange in ascending or descending order and n be
the no. of observations.
If n is odd, Median = Value of
FG n + 1IJ
H 2 K
Median = u -
th
th
7.
Discrete series : First find cumulative frequencies of

the variables arranged in ascending or descending
order and
Median =
(c)
FG n + 1IJ
H 2 K
(i)
For individual series : In the case of individual series,

the value which is repeated maximum number of times
is the mode of the series.
(ii)
For discrete frequency distribution series : In the case

of discrete frequency distribution, mode is the value of
the variate corresponding to the maximum frequency.
(iii)
For continuous frequency distribution : first find the

model class i.e. the class which has maximum frequency.
observation, where n is cumulative
Where
A T
I O
LM f f OP
N2f f f Q
1
Where l 1 = Lower limit of the model class.

f1 = Frequency of the model class.
class.
l = Lower limit of the median class.

f = Frequency of the median class.
N = Sum of all frequencies.
i = The width of the median class
C = Cumulative frequency of the
class preceding to median class.

D U
Mode = l 1 +
frequency.
Continuous distribution (grouped data)
(i)
For series in ascending order
Median = l +
For continuous series
th
FG N CIJ
H2 K
Mode :
th
(b)
FG N CIJ
H2 K
where u = upper limit of median class.
observation
FG nIJ + value of
H 2K
FG n + 1IJ ] observation.
H2 K
1
If n is even, Median =
[Value of
2
For series in descending order
class.
f0 = Frequency of the class preceding model

f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding model
i = Size of the model class.
8.
Relation between Mean, Mode & Median :

(i)
In symmetrical distribution : Mean = Mode = Median
(ii)
In Moderately symmetrical distribution : Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean
PAGE # 95

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Measure of Dispersion :
The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about
an average value is called variation or dispersion.
Popular methods of measure of dispersion.
1.
fi = Frequency of the corresponding xi

(ii)
Mean deviation : The arithmetic average of deviations

from the mean, median or mode is known as mean deviation.
(a) Individual series (ungrouped data)
Mean deviation =
(b)
|x S|
n
or
FG IJ
H K
d2
d
N
N
Variance Square of standard direction

i.e. variance = (S.D.)2 = ()2
Coefficient of variance = Coefficient of S.D. 100
f | x s|
f |x s|
=
f
N
Note : Mean deviation is the least when measured from the

median.
2.
FG IJ
H K
fd2
fd
N
N
Where d = x A = Derivation from assumed mean A

f = Frequency of item (term)
N = f = Total frequency.
Where n = number of terms, S = deviation of variate

from mean mode, median.
Continuous series (grouped data).
Mean deviation =
N = f = Total frequency
Short cut method
100
x
Standard Deviation :
S.D. () is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the
squares of the deviations of the terms from their A.M.
(a) For individual series (ungrouped data)
=
(x x)2
N
where x = Arithmetic mean of
the series
(b)
N = Total frequency
For continuous series (grouped data)
(i)
Direct method =
Where
fi (xi x)2
N
x = Arithmetic mean of series

xi = Mid value of the class

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PAGE # 98
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
1.
2.

4.
Trace of a matrix : Sum of the elements in the principal

diagonal is called the trace of a matrix.
MATRICES :
trace (A B) = trace A trace B
Matrix - A system or set of elements arranged in a rectangular form of array is called a matrix.
trace kA = k trace A
trace A = trace AT
trace In = n when In is identity matrix.
Order of matrix : If a matrix A has m rows & n columns then

A is of order m n.
trace On = O
The number of rows is written first and then number of columns. Horizontal line is row & vertical line is column
3.
Types of matrices : A matrix A = (aij)mn

A matrix A = (aij)mxn over the field of complex numbers is
said to be
trace AB trace A trace B.

5.
Addition & subtraction of matrices : If A and B are two

matrices each of order same, then A + B (or A B) is defined
and is obtained by adding (or subtracting) each element of B
from corresponding element of A
6.
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar :
Name
Properties
A row matrix
if m = 1
A column matrix
if n = 1
A rectangular matrix
if m n
A square matrix
if m = n
Properties :
A null or zero matrix
if aij = 0 i j. It is denoted by O.
A diagonal matrix
if m = n and aij = 0 for i j.
(i)
K(A + B) = KA + KB
A scalar matrix
if m = n and aij = 0 for i j
(ii)
(K1 K2)A = K1(K2 A) = K2(K1A)
(iii)
(K1 + K2)A = K1A + K2A
KA = K (aij)mn
= k for i = j
i.e. a11 = a22 ....... = ann = k (cons.)
Identity or unit matrix
if m = n and aij = 0 for i j
7.
Upper Triangular matrix
if m = n and aij = 0 for i > j
Lower Triangular matrix
if m = n and aij = 0 for i < j
Properties :
Symmetric matrix
if m = n and aij = aji for all i, j

or AT = A
(i)
Skew symmetric matrix
if m = n and aij = aji i, j

C
A T
I O
In general matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e.

AB BA.
(ii)
or AT = A
D U
= (Ka)mn where K is constant.
Multiplication of Matrices : Two matrices A & B can be

multiplied only if the number of columns in A is same as the
number of rows in B.
= 1 for i = j
On is null matrix.
PAGE # 99
A(BC) = (AB)C
[Associative law]

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(iii)
A.(B + C) = AB + AC
[Distributive law]
DETERMINANT :
1.
/ B=C
(iv) If AB = AC
(v)
Minor & cofactor : If A = (aij)33, then minor of a11 is
If AB = 0, then it is not necessary A = 0 or B = 0
a22
M11 = a
32
(vi) AI = A = IA
(vii) Matrix multiplication is commutative for +ve integral
i.e. Am+1 = Am A = AAm
8.
cofactor of an element aij is denoted by Cij or Fij and is equal

to (1)i+j Mij
or
Transpose of a matrix :
A' or A T is obtained by interchanging rows into columns or
columns into rows
Properties :
(AT)T = A
(ii)
(A B)T = AT BT
(iii)
(AB) = B A
T
9.
expansion of determinant of order 3 3
a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
IT = I
or
AAT = In = ATA
(i)
Orthogonal matrix : if
(ii)
Idempotent matrix : if A2 = A
(iii)
Involutory matrix : if A = I
A T
c1
c2
c3
b1
= a2 b
3
b2
= a1 b
3
c2
a2
b
1
c3
a3
c1
a1
+
b
2
c3
a3
c2
a2 b2
+
c
1
c3
a3 b3
c1
a1 b1
c3 c2 a3 b3
Properties :
(i)
|AT| = |A|
(iv) Nilpotent matrix : if p N such that Ap = 0
(ii)
Hermitian matrix : if A = A i.e. aij = a ji
By interchanging two rows (or columns), value of determinant differ by ve sign.
(iii)
If two rows (or columns) are identical then |A| = 0
or A
=A

C
if i j
(vi) Skew - Hermitian matrix : if A = A
D U
= Mij,
Determinant : if A is a square matrix then determinant of

matrix is denoted by det A or |A|.
Some special cases of square matrices : A square matrix

is called
(v)
if i = j
and a11 F21 + a12 F22 + a13 F23 = 0
(iv) (KA)T = KAT

(v)
Cij = Mij,
Note : |A| = a11F11 + a12 F12 + a13 F13

2.
(i)
a23
a33 and so.
I O
(iv) |KA| = Kn det A, A is matrix of order n n
PAGE # 101

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PAGE # 102

(v)

Properties :
If same multiple of elements of any row (or column) of

a determinant are added to the corresponding elements
of any other row (or column), then the value of the
new determinant remain unchanged.
(vi) Determinant of :
3.
(a)
A nilpotent matrix is 0.
(b)
An orthogonal matrix is 1 or 1
(c)
A unitary matrix is of modulus unity.
(d)
A Hermitian matrix is purely real.
(e)
An identity matrix is one i.e. |In| = 1, where In is a

unit matrix of order n.
(f)
A zero matrix is zero i.e. |0n| = 0, where 0n is a zero

matrix of order n
(g)
A diagonal matrix = product of its diagonal elements.
(h)
Skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
2.
(adj AT) = (adjA)T

(adj KA) = Kn1(adj A)
(i)
A1 exists if A is non singular i.e. |A| 0
(ii)
A1 =
(iii)
A1A = In = A A1
adjA
, |A| 0
| A|
(A1)1 = A
1
| A|
(vii) If A & B are invertible square matrices then
a1m1 + b1m2
a2m1 + b2m2

I O
(iii)
(vi) |A1| = |A|1 =
(AB)1 = B1 A1
3.
Rank of a matrix :
A non zero matrix A is said to have rank r, if
adj A = (Cij)T , where Cij is cofactor of aij
A T
(adjAB) = (adjB) (adjA)
(iv) (AT)1 = (A1)T
Adjoint of a matrix :
(iii)
Inverse of a matrix :
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS :
D U
|adj A| = |A|n1
(v)
If order is different then for their multiplication, express them

firstly in the same order.
(ii)
(v)
Multiplication of two second order determinants is defined as

follows.
1.
A(adj A) = (adjA) A = |A|In
(iv) adj(adjA) = |A|n2
Multiplication of two determinants :
a1 b1
l1 m1
a1l1 + b1l2
a2 b2
l2 m2 = a2 l1 + b2 l2
(i)
(i)
Every square sub matrix of order (r + 1) or more is

singular
(ii)
There exists at least one square submatrix of order r

which is non singular.
PAGE # 103

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4.
Homogeneous & non homogeneous system of linear

equations :
(b) Solution of homogeneous system of linear equations :
A system of equations Ax = B is called a homogeneous system if B = 0. If B 0, then it is called non homogeneous

system equations.
The homogeneous system Ax = B, B = 0 of n equations

in n variables is
(i)
5.
(a) Solution of non homogeneous system of linear

equations :
(i)
Consistent (with unique solution) if |A| 0 and

for each i = 1, 2, ......... n
xi = 0 is called trivial solution.
Cramer's rule : Determinant method
(ii)
The non homogeneous system Ax = B, B 0 of n

equations in n variables is -
Consistent (with infinitely many solution),

if |A| = 0
(a) |A| = |Ai| = 0
Consistent (with unique solution) if |A| 0 and

for each i = 1, 2, ........ n,
(for determinant method)
(b) |A| = 0, (adj A) B = 0
(for matrix method)
NOTE : A homogeneous system of equations is never

inconsistent.
det A i
xi =
, where Ai is the matrix obtained
det A
from A by replacing ith column with B.
Inconsistent (with no solution) if |A| = 0 and
at least one of the det (Ai) is non zero.
Consistent (With infinite many solution), if
|A| = 0 and all det (Ai) are zero.
(ii)
Matrix method :
The non homogeneous system Ax = B, B 0 of
n equations in n variables is Consistent (with unique solution) if |A| 0 i.e.
if A is non singular, x = A1 B.
Inconsistent (with no solution), if |A| = 0 and
(adj A) B is a non null matrix.
Consistent (with infinitely many solutions), if
|A| = 0 and (adj A) B is a null matrix.

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Properties :
FUNCTION
1.
Modulus function :
R|x, x > 0
|x| = Sx, x < 0
|T0, x = 0
(i)
loga 1 = 0
(ii)
loga a = 1
(iii)
aloga b = b
if k > 0,
Properties :
|x| x
|xy| = |x||y|
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) loga b1 + loga b2 + ...... + loga bn = loga (b1 b2 ........bn)

(v)
x
|x|
=
y
|y|
|x| = a
x=a
|x| = a
no solution
|x| > a
x < a or x > a
|x| a
|x| < a
a x a
No solution.
|x| > a
xR
logb a to be defined a > 0, b > 0, b 1
(ii)
loga b = c
(iii)
loga b > c
b=a
b > ac,
or
b < ac,
(iv) loga b > loga c
b > c,
a>1
or
b < c,
D U
A T
I O
= loga b loga c
FG IJ
H K
1
(viii) loga b
3.
or
1
loga b = log a
b
n
loga b
m
(vii) logam bn =
= loga b = log1/a b
FG bIJ
H cK
(ix)
log1/a
= loga
(x)
alogb c = clogb a
FG c IJ
H bK
Greatest Integer function :
0<a<1
f(x) = [x], where [.]denotes greatest integer function equal

or less than x.
if a > 1
i.e., defined as [4.2] = 4, [4.2] = 5
if 0 < a < 1
Period of [x] = 1

E
FG bIJ
H cK
logc b
loga b = log a
c
Logarithmic Function :
(i)
loga
(vi) Base change formulae
(iv) |x + y| |x| + |y|

(v) |x y| |x| |y| or |x| + |y|
(vi) ||a| |b|| |a b| for equality a.b 0.
(vii) If a > 0
2.
k = blogb k
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6.
Properties :
(i)
x 1 < [x] x
(ii) [x + I] = [x] + I
[x + y] [x] + [y]
(iii) [x] + [x] = 0, x I
= 1, x I
(iv) [x] = I, where I is an integer x [I, I + 1)
(v) [x] I, x [I, )
Definition :
Let A and B be two given sets and if each element a A is
associated with a unique element b B under a rule f, then
this relation (mapping) is called a function.
Graphically - no vertical line should intersect the graph of
the function more than once.
Here set A is called domain and set of all f images of the
elements of A is called range.
(vi) [x] I, x ( , I + 1]
(vii) [x] > I, [x] I + 1, x [I + 1, )
(viii) [x] < I, [x] I 1, x ( , I)
4.
Table : Domain and Range of some standard functions -
or
f(x)
|x|
,
x
= 0,
A T
I O
Domain
Range
Polynomial function
Identity function x
Constant function K
(K)
R0
R0
x2, |x| (modulus function)
R+ {x}
x3, x|x|
{-1, 0, 1}
Signum function
1
x
|x|
x
, x R
x +|x|
R+ {x}
x=0
x -|x|
R- {x}
[x] (greatest integer function)
x - {x}
[0, 1]
[0, )
[0, ]
ax (exponential function)
R+
log x (logarithmic function)
R+
, x R+
x 0
x=0

C
Functions
Reciprocal function
Signum function :
R|1
|S 0
f(x) = sgn (x) = |
|T 1
D U
Range = For all values of x, all possible values of f(x).
Fractional part function :

f(x) = {x} = difference between number & its integral part
= x [x].
Properties :
(i)
{x}, x [0, 1)
(ii) {x + I} = {x}
{x + y} {x} + {y}
(iii) {x} + {x} = 0, x I
= 1, x I
(iv) [{x}] = 0, {{x}} = {x}, {[x]} = 0
5.
i.e., Domain = All possible values of x for which f(x) exists.
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PAGE # 110

Trigonometric

7.
Domain
Range
sin x
[-1, 1]
cos x
[-1, 1]
tan x
R-
RS , 3 ,...UV
T2 2 W
cot x
R- {0, , 2 ,...}
sec x
R -
RS , 3 ,...UV
T2 2 W
R - (-1,1)
cosec x
R- {0, , 2 }
R - (-1,1)
Inverse
Domain
Range
Kinds of functions :
or
-1
(-1, 1]
Graphically-no horizontal line intersects with the graph

of the function more than once.
(ii)
(iii)
Graphically - atleast one horizontal line intersects with

the graph of the function more than once.
D U
A T
8.
FG , IJ
H 2 2K
cot-1 x
(0, )
sec-1 x
R -(-1,1)
[0, ]2

E
LM , OP
N 2 2Q
R - (-1,1)
I O
Many one function : f : A B is a many one function

if there exist x, y A s.t. x y
but f(x) = f(y)
(v)
tan-1 x
cosec-1 x
i.e. if to each y B x A s.t. f(x) = y
(iv) Into function : f is said to be into function if R(f) < B
[0, ]
Onto function (surjection) - f : A B is onto if

R (f) = B
[-1,1]
cos
-1
ab
f(a) f(b), a, b A
Trigo Functions
sin
One-one (injection) function - f : A B is one-one if

f(a) = f(b) a = b
(i)
Functions
One-one-onto function (Bijective) - A function which

is both one-one and onto is called bijective function.
Inverse function : f1 exists iff f is one-one & onto both

f1 : B A, f1(b) = a
9.
f(a) = b
Transformation of curves :
(i)
Replacing x by (x a) entire graph will be shifted parallel

to x-axis with |a| units.
RS UV
TW
If
a is +ve it moves towards right.

a is ve it moves toward left.
Similarly if y is replace by (y a), the graph will be

shifted parallel to y-axis,
LM , OP- {0}
N 2 2Q
upward if a is +ve
downward if a is ve.
PAGE # 111

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PAGE # 112

(ii)
(iii)
Replacing x by x, take reflection of entire curve is yaxis.
(g)
Zero function i.e. f(x) = 0 is the only function which

is even and odd both.
Similarly if y is replaced by y then take reflection of

entire curve in x-axis.
(h)
If f(x) is odd (even) function then f'(x) is even (odd)

function provided f(x) is differentiable on R.
Replacing x by |x|, remove the portion of the curve

corresponding to ve x (on left hand side of y-axis)
and take reflection of right hand side on LHS.
(i)
A given function can be expressed as sum of even

& odd function.
i.e.
(iv) Replace f(x) by |f(x)|, if on L.H.S. y is present and

mode is taken on R.H.S. then portion of the curve below
x-axis will be reflected above x-axis.
(v)
Replace x by ax (a > 0), then divide all the value on xaxis by a.

Similarly if y is replaced by ay (a > 0) then divide all the
values of y-axis by a.
Even function if f(x) = f(x) and
(ii)
Odd function if f(x) = f(x).
= even function + odd function.

12. Increasing function : A function f(x) is an increasing function
in the domain D if the value of the function does not decrease
by increasing the value of x.
14. Periodic function: Function f(x) will be periodic if a +ve real

number T exist such that
x Domain.
There may be infinitely many such T which satisfy the above
equality. Such a least +ve no. T is called period of f(x).
11. Properties of even & odd function :

The graph of an even function is always symmetric
about y-axis.
(b)
The graph of an odd function is always symmetric

about origin.
D U
A T
(d)
Sum & difference of two even (odd) function is an

even (odd) function.
(e)
Product of an even or odd function is an odd function.
(f)
Sum of even and odd function is neither even nor

odd function.
I O
(i)
If a function f(x) has period T, then

Period of f(xn + a) = T/n and
Period of (x/n + a) = nT
Product of two even or odd function is an even

function.

E
f(x + T) = f(x),
(a)
(c)
1
1
[f(x) + f(x)] +
[f(x) f(x)]
2
2
13. Decreasing function : A function f(x) is a decreasing function

in the domain D if the value of function does not increase by
increasing the value of x.
10. Even and odd function : A function is said to be

(i)
f(x) =
(ii)
If the period of f(x) is T1 & g(x) has T2 then the period

of f(x) g(x) will be L.C.M. of T1 & T2 provided it
satisfies definition of periodic function.
(iii)
If period of f(x) & g(x) are same T, then the period of

af(x) + bg(x) will also be T.
PAGE # 113

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PAGE # 114

Function
Period
sin x, cos x

15. Composite function :
If f : X Y and g : Y Z are two function, then the
composite function of f and g, gof : X Z will be defined as
sec x, cosec x
gof(x) = g(f(x)), x X
tan x, cot x
In general gof fog
sin (x/3)
6
/4
If both f and g are bijective function, then so is gof.
tan 4x
cos 2x
|cos x|
sin x + cos x
4
2 cos
FG x IJ
H 3 K
/2
6
sin3 x + cos3 x
2/3
sin x + cos x
sin x
sin5x
tan2 x cot2 x
x [x]
[x]
NON PERIODIC FUNCTIONS :

2
3
x, x , x , 5
cos x2
x + sin x
x cos x
cos x
E
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PAGE # 115

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PAGE # 116
LIMIT
1.
Limit of a function : xlim

a f(x) = l (finite quantity)
2.
lim
lim
Existence of limit : xlim
a f(x) exists iff x a f(x) = x a+ f(x) = l
3.
Indeterminate forms :
4.
0
,
, , 0, 0 , 0 , 1
0

5.
Limit of the greatest integer function :

Let c be any real number
Case I : If c is not an integer, then xlim
c [x] = [c]
Case II: If c is an integer, then xlim
[x] = c 1, xlim
[x] = c
c
c+
[x] = does not exist
and xlim
c
6.
Methods of evaluation of limits :
f(x)
0
is of
form
g(x)
0
then factorize num. & devo. separately and cancel the
Factorisation method : If xlim
a
(i)
Theorems on limits :
lim (k f(x)) = k lim f(x),
xa
(i)
xa
(ii)
xa
(iii)
xa
(iv)
lim
(v)
k is a constant.
lim (f(x) g(x)) = lim f(x) Lim g(x)

xa
xa
(ii)
lim f(x).g(x) = lim f(x). Lim g(x)

xa
xa
(iii)
xa
lim f(x)
xa
f(x)
= lim g(x) , provided xlim
a g(x) 0
g(x)
xa
FH
the indeterminate form, replace
IK
(iv)
lim f(g(x)) = f lim g(x) , provided value of

xa
xa
0
form.
0
Rationalization method : If we have fractional powers
on the expression in num, deno or in both, we rationalize
the factor and simplify.
When x : Divide num. & deno. by the highest power
of x present in the expression and then after removing
common factor which is participating in making
(v)
n
n
lim x a = nan1
xa
x a
By using standard results (limits) :
g(x) function f(x) is continuous.

(vi)
lim [f(x) + k] = lim f(x) + k

xa
FH
IK
g(x)
(viii) xlim
=
a (f(x))
LM lim f(x)OP
N
Q
D U
A T
I O
x0
(b)
x0
(c)
x0
(d)
x0
x
lim tan x = 1 = lim
x0
x
tan x
lim sinx = 0
lim g(x)
xa
xa

E
lim
x
lim sinx = 1 = x 0
x
sin x
(a)
xa
lim f(x)
(vii) xlim
a log(f(x)) = log x a
1 1
, 2 ,.. by 0.
x x
PAGE # 117
lim cosx = lim

x0
1
=1
cos x

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PAGE # 118
(e)
0
lim sin x =
x0
180
x
(f)
1
x
lim sin x = 1 = lim
1
x0
x0
sin
x
x
(g)
1
x
lim tan x = 1 = lim
x0
x0
tan1 x
x

(vi) By substitution :
(a) If x a, then we can substitute
x=a+t t=xa
If x a, t 0.
(b) When x substitute x = t t
(c)
When x substitute t =
(vii) By using some expansion :
(h)
lim a 1 = log a
x0
e
x
ex = 1 + x +
x2
x3
+
+ .....
2!
3!
(i)
x
lim e 1 = 1
x0
x
ex = 1 x +
x2
x3
+ .....
2!
3!
(j)
lim log(1 + x) = 1
x0
x
log(1 + x) = x
x2
x3
+
......
2
3
(k)
1
lim loga (1 + x) =
x0
loga
x
log(1 x) = x
x2
x3
.....
2
3
ex ln a = ax = 1 + xlogea +
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
(p)
lim (1 + x) 1 = n
x
x0
lim sinx = lim cos x = 0

x
x
x
lim
1
x
1
x
=1
FG1 + 1 IJ
H xK
F aI
= lim G1 + J
H xK
lim (1 + x)1/x = e = lim

x
x0
1/x
lim
= ea
x 0 (1 + ax)
D U
A T
I O
(x loge a)2
(x loge a)3
+
+ ......
2!
3!
x3
x5
+
.......
3!
5!
cosx = 1
x2
x4
+
......
2!
4!
tanx = x +
2
x3
+
x5 + .....
15
3
n(n 1) 2
x + .....
2!
Sandwich Theorem : In the neighbour hood of x = a
f(x) < g(x) < h(x)
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
7.
lim f(x) = lim h(x) = l, then lim g(x) = l.

x a
x a
x a

E
sinx = x
sin
1
t 0+
x
PAGE # 119
l < lim
g(x) < l.
x a

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PAGE # 120
DIFFERENTIATION
1.

2.
FUNDAMENTAL RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION :
SOME STANDARD DIFFERENTIATION :

Function
(i)
d
f(x) = 0 if and only if f(x) = constant
dx
Derivative
Function
Derivative
xn
nxn 1
(ii)
d
dx
ccf(x)h
1
x loge a
loge x
1
x
(iii)
d
dx
cf(x) g(x)h
ax loge a
ex
ex
sin x
cos x
cos x
sin x
(iv)
d
dv
du
(uv) = u
+ v
, where u & v are functions
dx
dx
dx
tan x
sec2 x
cot x
cosec2 x
cosec x cot x
sec x
sec x tan x
A cons. (k)
loga x
ax
cosec x
sin1 x
1
1x
,1<x<1
cos1x
1 x2
tan1 x
1
|x| 1 x
1
1+x
,|x|>1
,x R
0, x I
[x]
cosec1 x
1
|x| 1 x2
cot1 x
|x|
1
1 + x2
,1|x|>|
D U
A T
I O
d
g(x)
dx
If
d
d
f(x) = (x), then
f (ax + b)
dx
dx
= a (ax + b)
, x R
(vi)
x
, x 0
| x|
d
dx
FG u IJ
H vK
du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v
(quotient rule)
(vii) If y = f(u), u = g(x) [chain rule or differential coefficient of a function of a function]
d
[x] does not exist at any integral Point.
dx

E
d
f(x)
dx
d
du
dv
dw
(uvw) = vw
+ uw
+ uv
.
dx
dx
dx
dx
then
NOTE :
,1<x<1
(v)
sec1 x
d
f(x), where c is a constant.
dx
of x. (Product rule)
or
= c
dy
dy
du
=
dx
dx
du
llly If y = f(u), u = g(v), v = h(x), then
PAGE # 121

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PAGE # 122

(xii) Differentiation of implicit function : If f (x, y) = 0,
differentiate w.r.t. x and collect the terms containing
dy
dy
du
dv
=
dx
du
dv
dx
i.e if y = un
dy
at one side and find
dx
dy
du
= nun1
dx
dx
OR
[The relation f(x, y) = 0 in which y is not expressible

explicitly in terms of x are called implicit functions]
(viii) Differentiation of composite functions

Suppose a function is given in form of fog(x) or
f[g(x)], then differentiate applying chain rule
(xiii) Differentiation of parametric functions : If x = f(t)

and y = g(t), where t is a parameter, then
d
f[g(x)] = f'g(x) . g'(x)
i.e.,
dx
FG 1IJ
H uK
dy
g'(t)
dy
dt
=
=
f'(t)
dx
dx
dt
(ix)
d
dx
(x)
u du
d
|u| =
,
|
u| dx
dx
(xi)
Logarithmic Differentiation : If a function is in the
u2
du
, u 0
dx
u 0
(xiv) Differentiation of a function w.r.t. another function : Let y = f(x) and z = g(x), then differentiation
of y w.r.t. z is
f1 ( x ) f2 ( x )....
form (f(x))g(x) or g ( x ) g ( x ).... We first take log on
1
2
dy / dx
f'(x)
dy
=
=
g'(x)
dz / dx
dz
both sides and then differentiate.

(a)
loge (mn) = logem + logen
(b)
loge
(c)
loge (m)n = nlogem
(xv) Differentiation of inverse Trigonometric functions
m
= logm logen
n
m
(e) logan xm = loga x
n
(g) loge e = 1
(h)
(d)
logn m
(f)
aloga
D U
A T
I O
using Trigonometrical Transformation : To solve

the problems involving inverse trigonometric functions
logm n = 1
first try for a suitable substitution to simplify it and

then differentiate. If no such substitution is found
= x
then differentiate directly by using trigonometrical

formula frequently.
loge m
logn m = log n
e

E
dy
.
dx
PAGE # 123

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PAGE # 124

3.
Important Trigonometrical Formula :

(i)
sin2x = 2sinx. cosx =
(ii) cos2x =
(viii) tan2x =
(iii)
1 tan2 x
1 + tan2 x
(xvi) sin1 sin (x) = x, for
2 tan x
1 + tan2 x
= 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x
tan1 (tan x) = x, for
1 tan2 x
cos1 (x) = cos1 x
sin3x = 3sinx 4sin3 x

(xviii) sin1
3 tan x tan3 x
(ix)
tan3x =
(x)
sin1 x + cos1 x = /2
(xi)
sec1 x + cosec1 x = /2
tan1
1 3 tan2 x
(xiii) tan1 x tan1 y = tan1
sec1
FG x y IJ
H 1 m xy K
F
H
(xv) cos1 x cos1 y = cos1
FH xy m
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1IJ
H xK
= cosec1 x, cos1
= cot1 x, cot1
1 x2
I
K
1 y2
cos1 (sin ) = cos1
IK
tan1 (cot ) = tan1

A T
I O
PAGE # 125
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1 IJ
H xK
= cos1 x, cosec1
(xix) sin1 (cos ) = sin1
(xiv) sin1 x sin1 y = sin1 x 1 y2 y 1 x2
< x <
2
2
(xvii) sin1 (x) = sin1 x, tan1 (x) = tan1 x,
2 tan x
(xii) tan1 x + cot1 x = /2
D U
cos1 (cos x) = x, for 0 x
(vi) cos3x = 4cos3 x 3cosx
= sec1 x,
= tan1 x,
FG 1IJ
H xK
Fsin FG IJ I
GH H 2 K JK
= sin1 x
Fcos FG IJ I
GH H 2 K JK
FG tan FG IJ IJ
H H 2 KK

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PAGE # 126

4.
Some Useful Substitutions :
Part B
Part A
Expression
Substitution
Formula
Result
a2 + x2
3x 4x3
x = sin
3sin 4sin3
sin3
4x3 3x
x = cos
4cos3 3cos
cos3
a x
a+ x
or
a+ x
a x
x = a tan
a2 x2
x = a sin or x = a cos
1 3x 2
2x
1+x
2x
1x
x = tan
x = tan
x = tan
3 tan tan3
1 3 tan2
2 tan
1 + tan2
2 tan
2
1 tan
2x2 1
x = cos
2cos2 1
cos2
1 x2
x = sin
1 sin2
cos2
x = cos
1 cos2
sin2
x = sec
sec 1
tan
x = cosec
cosec2 1
cot 2
x = tan
1 + tan2
sec2
x = cot
1 + cot2
cosec2

I O
ax
a+x
x = a cos
x 2 a2
a2 + x2
tan2
cos2
1 + x2
A T
sin2
1 2sin2
a+x
or
ax
x = sin
x = a tan or x = a cot
tan3
1 2x2
D U
Substitution
Expression
3x x3
a2 x2
5.
x = a sec or x=acosec
a2 x2
or
x2 = a2 cos
a2 + x2
Successive differentiations or higher order derivatives :

(a)
If y = f(x) then
dy
= f'(x) is called the first derivadx
tive of y w.r.t. x
d2 y
dx
d
dx
FG dy IJ
H dx K
d
f'(x)
dx
is called the second derivative of y w.r.t. x
PAGE # 127

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PAGE # 128
llly
d3 y
dx3
d2
dx2
cf'(x)h
etc......
Thus, This process can be continued and we can
If y = cos (ax + b), then yn = an cos
obtain derivatives of higher order

Note : To obtain higher order derivative of parametric
functions we use chain rule
6.
dn
(i)
(b)
dxn
dy
= t
dx
d2 y
dx 2
d
dx
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(ii)
=
n
2
IJ
K
FGax + b + n IJ
H
2K
nth Derivatives of Some Functions :
i.e. if x = 2t, y = t2
FG
H
If y = sin (ax + b), then yn = an sin ax + b +
(f)
d
dt
1
(t) = 1.
=
dx
dx
t
(iii)
If y = (ax + b)m m I, then
dn
dx
dn
dx
ex j
n
= n!
csin xh
FG
H
n
= sin x + 2
FG
H
IJ
K
(cos x) = cos x +
n
2
IJ
K
yn = m(m1) (m2) ..... (mn+1) (ax + b)mn .an

(c)
If m I, then
(iv)
ym = m! am and ym+1 = 0
(d)
(1)n n!
1
If y =
, then yn =
an
(ax + b)n+1
ax + b
(v)
dn
dx n
dn
dx n
NOTE :
(e)
If y = log (ax + b), then yn =

E
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I O
n1
(1)
(n 1)!
(ax + b)n
(emx ) = mn emx
(log x) = ( 1)n1 (n1)! xn

If u = g(x) is such that g'(x) = K (constant)
an
then
PAGE # 129
dn
dx
c h
f g(x)
LM d
MNdu
= Kn

E
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I O
OP
PQ
f(u)
u= g(x)
PAGE # 130

7.
Differentiation of Infinite Series : method is illustrated

9.
Differentiation of Determinant :
with the help of example

x
if y = x
then function becomes y = xy now taking log
on both sides
R1
R2
R3
= |C1 C2 C3|
i.e logy = y log x, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x

we get
dy
=
dx
8.
1
y
R'1
' = R 2
R3
dy
1
dy
= y
+ logx
dx
dx
x
y
x
FG 1 log xIJ
Hy
K
R1
'2
R
+
R3
R1
R
2
+
R'3
= |C'1 C2 C3| + |C1 C'2 C3| + |C1 C2 C'3|
y2
=
x(1 y log x)
L-hospital rule :
if as x a f(x) & g(x) either both 0 or both , then
lim
f(x)
f'(x)
= lim
x a g'(x)
g(x)
(a)
it can be applied only on 0/0 or / form
x a
(b) Numerator & denominator are differentiated separately

not
(c)
u
formulae.
v
If R.H.S. exist or d'not exist because value , then

L.H rule can be applied.
But if value fluctuate on R.H.S. then L.H. rule can't
be applied.
If it is applied continuously then at each step 0/0 or
/ should be checked.

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PAGE # 131

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PAGE # 132
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

7.
Length of intercepts made on axes by the tangent :
TANGENT AND NORMAL :

1.
Geometrically f'(a) represents the slope of the tangent to

the curve y = f(x) at the point (a, f(a))
2.
If the tangent makes an angle (say) with +ve x direction
x intercept = x1
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(x1 , y1)
FG dy IJ
H dx K
8.
(x , y )
1
1
(x1 , y1)
Length of perpendicular from origin to the tangent :
= 0.
5.
FG dy IJ
H dx K
6.
(x1 , y1)
(x1 , y1)
y y1 =
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(x1 , y1)
I O
Slope of the normal
1
Slope of the tan gent
FG dx IJ
H dy K
(x 1 , y 1 )
10. If normal makes an angle of with +ve direction of x-axis,
(x x1)

A T
9.
= 1.
Equation of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at a point

(x1, y1) is
(x1 ,y1 )
(x1 , y1 )
If the tangent line makes equal angle with the axes, then
FG dy IJ
H dx K
FG dy IJ
H dx K
F dy I
1+G J
H dx K
y1 x1
If the tangent is perpendicular to x-axis, =

2
4.
D U
FG dy IJ
H dx K
y intercept = y1 x1
= tan = slope of the tangent.
U|
|V
||
W
If the tangent is parallel to x-axis, = 0
3.
(x , y )
1
1
then
f'(x) =
R|
| y
S F dy I
|| GH dx JK
T
then
PAGE # 133
dy
= cot .
dx

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PAGE # 134
11. If the normal is parallel to x-axis
FG dy IJ
H dx K
12. If the normal is perpendicular to x-axis

17. Angle of intersection of the two curves :
= 0.
(x1 , y1)
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(x1 , y1)
tan =
= 0.
FG dy IJ
H dx K
13. If normal is equally inclined from both the axes or cuts

equal intercept then
FG dy IJ FG dy IJ
H dx K H dx K
F dy I F dy I
1G J G J
H dx K H dx K
14. The equation of the normal to the curve y = f(x) at a point

(x1, y1) is
FG dy IJ
H dx K
y intercept = y1 + x1
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(x1 ,y1 )
FG dx IJ
H dy K
(x1 ,y1 )
F dy I
+y G J
H dx K
F dy I
1+G J
H dx K
Length of normal = y
A T
I O
FG dy IJ
H dx K
dy
dx
Length of tangent =
1+
FG dy IJ
H dx K
Length of sub-tangent =
y
dy / dx
Length of sub-normal = y
dy
dx
(x1 ,y1 )
2

D U
y 1+
16. Length of perpendicular from origin to normal :
18. Length of tangent, normal, subtangent & subnormal :
(x1 , y1 )
x intercept = x1 + y1
is the slope of first
(x x1)
15. Length of intercept made on axes by the normal :
x1
y y1 =
FG dy IJ
H dx K
FG dy IJ of second. If both curves intersect orthogoH dx K

F dy I F dy I
nally then GH dx JK GH dx JK = 1
curve &
= 1.
where
PAGE # 135

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PAGE # 136
MONOTONICITY, MAXIMA & MINIMA :

1.
A function is said to be monotonic function in a domain if it is

either monotonic increasing or monotonic decreasing in that
domain
2.
At a point function f(x) is monotonic increasing if f'(a) > 0

At a point function f(x) is monotonic decreasing if f'(a) < 0
3.
(ii)
6.
Working rule for finding local maxima & Local Minima :

(i)
Find the differential coefficient of f(x) w.r.to x, i.e.
f'(x) and equate it to zero.
(ii) Solve the equation f'(x) = 0 and let its real roots
(critical points) be a, b, c ......
(iii) Now differentiate f'(x) w.r.to x and substitute the
critical points in it and get the sign of f"(x) for each
critical point.
(iv) If f"(a) < 0, then the value of f(x) is maximum at
x = 0 and if f"(a) > 0, then the value of f(x) is
minimum at x = a. Similarly by getting the sign of f"(x)
for other critical points (b, c, ......) we can find the
points of maxima and minima.
7.
Absolute (Greatest and Least) values of a function in

a given interval :
(i)
A minimum value of a function f(x) in an interval [a,
b] is not necessarily its greatest value in that interval.
Similarly a minimum value may not be the least value
of the function.
(ii) If a function f(x) is defined in an interval [a, b], then
greatest or least values of this function occurs either
at x = a or x = b or at those values of x for which
f'(x) = 0.
Thus greatest value of f(x) in interval [a, b]
= max [f(a), f(b), f(c), f(d)]
Least value of f(x) in interval [a, b]
= min. [f(a), f(b), f(c), f(d)]
Where x = c, x = d are those points for which f'(x) = 0.
In an interval [a, b], a function f(x) is

Monotonic increasing if f'(x) 0
Monotonic decreasing if f'(x) 0
constant if f'(x) = 0 x (a, b)
Strictly increasing if f'(x) > 0
Strictly decreasing if f'(x) < 0
4.
Maximum & Minimum Points :

Maxima : A function f(x) is said to be maximum at x =
a, if there exists a very small +ve number h, such that
f(x) < f(a), x (a h, a + h), x a.
Minima : A function f(x) is said to be minimum at x = b,
if there exists a very small +ve number h, such that
f(x) > f(b), x (b h, b + h), x b.
Remark :
5.
(a)
The maximum & minimum points are also known as

extreme points.
(b)
A function may have more than one maximum &

minimum points.
Conditions for Maxima & Minima of a function :

(i)
Necessary condition : A point x = a is an extreme

point of a function f(x) if f'(a) = 0, provided f'(a)
exists.
D U
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Sufficient condition :
(a) The value of the function f(x) at x = a is
maximum if f'(a) = 0 and f"(a) < 0.
(b) The value of the function f(x) at x = a is
minimum if f'(a) = 0 and f"(a) > 0.
PAGE # 137

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PAGE # 138

8.
Some Geometrical Results :

In Usual Notations
Area of equilateral
and its perimeter
Results
3
(side)2.
4
3 (side)
Area of square
(side)2
Perimeter
4(side)
Area of rectangle
l b
Perimeter
2(l b)
Area of trapezium
1
(sum of parallel sides)
2

ROLLE'S THEOREM & LAGRANGES THEOREM:
1.
Rolle's Theorem : If f(x) is such that
(a) It is continuous on [a, b]
(b) It is differentiable on (a, b) and
(c) f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one point
c (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0.
2.
Mean value theorem [Lagrange's theorem] :
(i)
If f(x) is such that
(a) It is continuous on [a, b]
(b) It is differentiable on (a, b), then
there exists at least one c (a, b) such that
f(b) f(a)
= f'(c)
ba
(distance between them)

Area of circle
r2
Perimeter
2r
Volume of sphere
4 3
r
3
Surface area of sphere
4r2
Volume of cone
1 2
r h
3
Surface area of cone
rl
Volume of cylinder
r2h
Curved surface area
2rh
Total surface area
2r(h + r)
Volume of cuboid
l b h
Surface area of cuboid
2(lb + bh + hl)
Area of four walls
2(l b) h
Volume of cube
l3
Surface area of cube
6l2
Area of four walls of cube
4l2

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(ii)
If for c in lagrange's theorem (a < c < b) we can say

that c = a + h where 0 < < 1 and h = b a
the theorem can be written as
f(a + h) = f(a) + h f'(a + h), 0 < < 1, h = b a
PAGE # 139

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PAGE # 140

Function
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1.
d
If
F(x) = f(x), then
dx
(i)
Here
zm r
z cos x
zch
f x dx = F(x) + c
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
dx is the notation of integration, f(x) is the
integrand, c is any real no. (integrating constant)
d
(ii)
dx
(iii)
(iv)
2.
f x dx = f(x)
z ch
z ch
f' x dx = f(x) + c, c R
k f x dx = k f(x) dx
(v)
zch
ch ch
(f x g x ) dx =
zch zch
f x dx g x dx
FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAE :
Function
Integration
z
zc
n+1
x
+ c, n 1
n+1
x dx
ax + b dx
z
z
z
z
1 ax + b
.
a
n+1
+ c, n 1
1
dx
x
log|x| + c
1
dx
ax + b
1
(log|ax + b|) + c
a
ex dx
ex + c
ax dx
ax
+ c
loge a
sinx dx
cos x + c

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z
z
z
n+1
dx
Integration
sin x + c
sec2 x dx
tan x + c
cos ec2x dx
cot x + c
sec x tan x dx
sec x + c
cos ec x cot xdx
cosec x + c
tanx dx
log|cos x| + c = log|sec x| + c
cot x dx
log|sin x| + c = log|cosec x| + c
sec x dx
log|sec x + tan x|+c = log tan
cos ec x dx
x
log|cosec x cot x|+c = log tan +c
2
z
z
dx
sin1 x + c = cos1x + c
1 x2
dx
2
a x
dx
1 + x2
dx
a2 + x2
dx
|x| x2 1
dx
|x| x2 a2
PAGE # 141
sin1
x
x
+ c = cos1 + c
a
a
tan1x + c = cot1x + c
x
1
x
1
tan1
+ c =
cot1 a + c
a
a
a
sec1x + c = cosec1x + c
1
x
sec1
+ c =
a
a
x
1
cosec1 a + c
a

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FG + x IJ +c
H 4 2K
PAGE # 142

3.
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION :
SOME RECOMMENDED SUBSTITUTION :
By suitable substitution, the variable x in
Function
ch
f x dx is changed
zc h
zch ch
z d c hi c h
z cc hh
f ax + b dx
f x f' x dx
fx
f' x
f x
x dx
dx
z d c hi c h
z cc hh
f x
f' x dx
Substitution
ax + b = t
Integration
(x) = t
cf(x)h
c
c
dx
f(x) = t
+ c, n 1
a x
,
a+ x
2[f(x)]1/2 + c

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x = a tan or x = a sinh
, x 2 a2
x = a sec
PAGE # 143
x = a tan2
x a x
x = a sin2
xa
,
x
x xa ,
x
,
x
, x2 + a2
a x
,
x
x
,
xa
f' x
fx
x ax ,
n+1
n+1
x2 a2
x = a sin or a cos
a+ x
,
x
x
,
a x
f(x) = t
1
x a+ x . x a+ x
f t dt
log|f(x)| + c
x + a2
x
,
a+ x
z ch
f(x) = t
1
2
, a2 x 2
or x = a cosh
+c
a2 x2
x a ,
2
1
F(ax + b) + c
a
dfcxhi
x2 + a2 ,
f(x) = t
a x ,
2
into another variable t so that the integrand f(x) is changed

into F(t) which is some standard integral. Some following
suggestions will prove useful.
Function
Substitution
x a x
a+x
ax
cx h c xh ,( > )
x = a sec2
x = a cos 2
x = cos2 + sin2

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PAGE # 144
IMPORTANT RESULTS USING STANDARD SUBSTITUTIONS :

Function
Integration
xa
1
log
x+a
2a
1
2
x a
1
2
a x
dx
INTEGRATION OF FUNCTIONS USING ABOVE STANDARD

RESULTS :
Function
z
z
+ c
x
1
coth1 a + c when x > a
a
a+ x
1
log
a x
2a
+ c
x a
log{|x +
= cosh1
dx
2
x +a
FG IJ
H K
x
a
FG x IJ + c
H aK
D U
A T
I O
ax + bx + c
dx or
px + q
ax2 + bx + c
dx or
(px + q) (ax2 + bx + c) dx
z ax
x a dx
x a |} + c
x2 + a2 dx
1
1
x x2 + a2 + a2 log {|x +
2
2
x2 + a2 |} + c
px + q
2
LMF
MNGH
a x+
b
2a
IJ
K
4ac b2
2
4a
OP
PQ
then use appropriate formula
Express : px + q
d
(ax2 + bx + c) +
dx
evaluate & by equat
constant, the integral reduces to

known form
1
1
x x2 a2 a2 log {|x +
2
2
ax2 + bx + c
dx or
+ c
1
1 2
x a2 x2 +
a sin1
2
2
Express : ax2 + bx + c =
ing coefficient of x and

E
x2 + a2 |} + c
a x dx
2
z
z
FG x IJ + c
H aK
log{|x +
= sinh1
dx or
(ax2 + bx + c) dx
z
z
x a |} + c
2
ax + bx + c
x
1
= tanh1 a + c, when x < a
a
dx
1
2
Method
P(x)
2
+ bx + c
dx ,
Apply division rule and express it
in form Q(x) +
polynomial of degree
The integral reduces to known
2 or more
form
PAGE # 145

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ch
R x
where P(x) is a
I O
ax + bx + c
PAGE # 146
1
2
a sin x + b cos2 x + c
zc
or
dx Divide numerator & denominator

by cos x,
2
1
a sin x + b cos x
dx
dx
dx
a sin x + b cos x + c
then put tanx = t & solve.
Replace sin x =
cos x =
2 tan x / 2
1 + tan2 x / 2
dx
x + kx2 + a2
1 tan2 x / 2
1 + tan2 x / 2
4.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS :
when integrand involves more than one type of functions
the formula of integration by parts is used to integrate the
product of the functions i.e.
Express : num. = (deno.) +

(i)
Express : Num. = (deno.) +

= (1st fun)
d
(deno.) + Evaluate , , .
dx
Thus integral reduces to known
form.
x 2 a2
x 4 + kx 2 + a 4
dx
(ii)
Divide numerator & denominator
Fx a I
GH x JK

D U
A T
I O
h c
du
dx
IK OP dx
Q
dx
1st fun. . 2nd fun. dx
2nd fun. dx
z LMNFGH
IJ ez 2nd fun.dxjOP dx
K
Q
d
1st fun.
dx
Rule to choose the first function : first fun. should

be choosen in the following order of preference (ILATE).
[The fun. on the left is normally chosen as first
function]
L Logarithmic function
= t, the
A Algebraic function
integral becomes one of standard

forms.
E
zc
z LMN FHz
I Inverse trigonometric function
by x2 and put
u. dx = u. dx
or
Divide num & deno. by 2a2 and
then add & sub x2. Thus the form

reduces to the known form.
d
(deno.) Evaluate & . Thus
dx
integral reduces to known form.
a sin x + b cos x + c
dx
p sin x + q cos x + r
Divide numerator & denominator

by 2 and then add & sub. a2.
Thus the form reduces as above.
dx
x + kx 2 + a 4
then put tan x/2 = t and

replace 1 + tan2 x/2 = sec2 x/2
a sin x + b cos x
dx
c sin x + d cos x
x2
4
T Trigonometric function
E Exponential function
PAGE # 147

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PAGE # 148
(iii)
z
z
z
(a)
(b)
(c)
(iv)
ch ch
5.
ex f x + f' x dx = ex f(x) + c
ch ch
mx
mf x + f' x dx = e
LM f' cxh OP dx
MN c h m PQ
emx f x +
mx
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

USING PARTIAL FRACTION :
Every Rational fun. may be represented in the form
f(x) + c
ch
emx f x
where P(x), Q(x) are polynomials.

If degree of numerator is less than that of denominator,
the rational fun. is said to be proper other wise it is
improper. If deg (num.) deg(deno.) apply division rule
+ c.
i.e.
ch ch
xf' x + f x dx = x f(x) + c.
eax sinbx dx and

e ax
a2 + b2
e
ax
eax sin bx + c dx
e ax
a +b
and
ax
cacos bx + b sinbxh
eax
a2 + b2
D U
A T
I O
hc
hc
A
B
C
+
+
xa
x b
xc
A
+
xa
px2 + qx + r
Bx + C
A
+ 2
xa
x + bx + c
he
x a x2 + bx + c , where
ex
h
cx ah
C
xb
x2 + bx + c can
not be factorised
+ k
a cos bx + c + b sin bx + c
A
B
+
xa
x b
cx ah cx bh , a
cos bx + c dx

E
px2 + qx + r
,
xa xb xc
hc
px2 + qx + r
cos bx dx and
Types of partial
fractions
a, b, c are distinct
(a sin bx b cos bx) + k and
[a sin (bx + c) b cos(bx + c)] + k1
c h , for integrating rcxh , resolve the

gcxh
gcxh
r x
px + q
xa xb , a b
a +b
= q(x) +
Types of proper
rational functions
ax
(vi)
ch
gcxh
f x
fraction into partial factors. The following table illustrate

the method.
NOTE : Breaking (iii) & (iv) integral into two integrals.

Integrate one integral by parts and keeping other integral
as it is by doing so we get the result (integral).
(v)
c h,
Qcxh
Px
px3 + qx2 + rx + s
2
je
+ ax + b x2 + cx + d ,
Ax + B
2
x + ax + b
Cx + D
2
x + cx + d
where x + ax + b,
x2 + cx + d can not
be factorised
2
+ k1.
PAGE # 149

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PAGE # 150

6.
INTEGRATION OF IRRATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS :

(i)
If integrand is a function of x & (ax + b)1/n then put

(ax + b) = tn
(ii)
If integrand is a function of x, (ax + b)1/n and
(viii) To evaluate
1
or
quadratic
where p = (L.C.M. of m & n).
(iv) To evaluate
(v) To evaluate
or
or
z
z
z
put
linear linear
dx
quad. linear
linear. quadratic
zc
linear = t
form :
put linear = t2
dx
7.
put linear = 1/t
dx
linear . quadratic
dx
pure quad. pure quad
put
pure quad = t
dx
pure quad. pure quad
then is the resulting integral, put

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FG linear IJ
H quadratic K
linear
quad. quad
dx
into partial fractions and
dx
linear quad.
1 cos 2 mx
2
(i)
sin2 mx =
(ii)
cos2 mx =
(iii)
sin mx = 2sin
(iv)
sin3 mx =
(v)
cos3 mx =
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
tan2 mx
cot2 mx
2 cos A
2 sin A
2 sin A
1 + cos 2mx
2
x dx
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITIES :

(A) To evaluate trigonometric functions transform the
function into standard integrals using trigonometric
identities as
linear . quadratic
(vii) To evaluate
quad. quad
(vi) To evaluate
or
split the integral into two, each of which is of the
dx
zc
dx
and if the quadratic not under the square root can

be resolved into real linear factors, then resolve
(ax + b)1/m then put (ax + b) = tp
(iii) To evaluate
put x =
1
and
t
pure quad = u
PAGE # 151
mx
mx
cos
2
2
3 sin mx sin 3mx

4
3 cos mx + cos 3mx
4
= sec2 mx 1
= cosec2 mx 1
cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)

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PAGE # 152
(B)
z
z
z
sinm x cosm xdx .
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
if m is odd put cos x = t

if m is even put sin x = t
if m & n both odd put sin x or cos x as t
if m & n both even use the formula of sin2x & cos2x
(v)
if m & n rational no. &
m+n2
is ve integer
2
put tan x = t
8.
z
z
z
z
z
z
cos ecnx dx
sinm x cosn x dx
xneaxdx , n N
A T
I O
xn cos x + nxn1sin x n(n 1) In2
sinn x dx
cosn x dx
n1
cosn1 x sin x
+
In2
n
n
n1
sinn1 cos x
+
In2
n
n
tann x dx
ctanxh
cotn x dx
xn1eax dx
xn sin x dx
c
cm + nh
cosn1 x sinm+1 x + n 1 Im, n2
NOTE : These formulae are specifically useful when m & n

are both even nos.
1 n ax
n
x e
I
a
a n1
where In1 =
n2
cos ecn2 x cot x
+
I
n 1 n2
n1
sinm1x cosn+1x + (m 1) Im2,n
Integration
n1
In2
n1
ccot xh
n1
n1
In2

D U
n2
secn2 x tan x
+
I
n 1 n2
n1
INTEGRATION BY SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION (REDUCTION

FORMULA) :
Function
secn x dx
PAGE # 153

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PAGE # 154
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
1.
z
b
ch
III.
ch
ch
b
a
zch zc
b
V.
{uz v.dx}
b
a
z FGH z
IJ
K
zch
f x dx =
VII.
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :
zch
b
f x dx =
z
b
D U
A T
I O
f x dx =
zc
a
f a x dx
c h
f x + f x dx
ch
, if f cxh is an odd function
, if f x is an even function
R|
S|2 fcxh dx
|T 0
c h ch
, if f c2a xh = f cxh
, if f 2a x = f x
If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, Then
zch
nT
zch
T
f x dx = n f x dx
ch
f t dt

E
2a
VI.
z ch
a
R|2 f x dx
S| z c h
T 0
du
. v. dx dx
dx
When we use method of substitution. We note that

while changing the independent variable in a definite
integral, the limits of integration must also we changed
accordingly.
I.
ch
f x dx =
zch
a
f a + b x dx or
For integration by parts in definite integral we use

following rule.
uv dx =
f x dx where a < c < b
f x dx =
IV.
To evaluate definite integral of f(x). First obtain the

indefinite integral of f(x) and then apply the upper
and lower limit.
Remarks :
zch
b
f x dx +
This property is mainly used for modulus function,

greatest integer function & breakable function
= F(b) F(a) is called definite integral
of f(x) w.r.t. x from x = a to x = b Here a is called lower

limit and b is called upper limit.
*
zch
c
ch
f x dx = F x + c
f x dx =
f x dx = F(x) + c, then
zch
a
ch
Definite Integration :
If
f x dx = f x dx
II.
and further if a R+, then

PAGE # 155

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PAGE # 156
zch
a+nT
zch zch
a
f x dx =
f x dx ,
nT
(ii)
zch
nT
f x dx = (n m) f x dx ,
mT
If the function (x) and (x) are defined on [a, b]

and differentiable at a point x (a, b), and f(x, t)
is continuous, then,
zch zch
b +nT
d
dx
f x dx =
a+ nT
f x dx
(x))
VIII. If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of

a function f(x) on an interval [a, b], then
3.
zch
b
m(b a) <
z
b
ch
f x dx
|f x dx|
z
a
2.
ch
f x dx
zch
b
A T
(x)
f (x, t) dt +
(x)
RSd (x) UV f(x,

T dx W
(x)).
/2
cosn x dx =
sinn x dx
R| n 1 . n 3 ..... 2 .1,
S|n n1 nn32 13
|T n . n 2 ...... 2 . 2 ,
if n is odd
if n is even
(ii)
For integration
sinm x cosn x dx follow the following
Leibnitz's Rule :
steps
(i)
(a)
If m is odd put cos x = t
(b)
If n is odd put sin x = t
(c)
If m and n are even use sin2x = 1 cos2x
If f(x) is continuous and u(x), v(x) are differentiable

C
OP
PQ =
/2
v(x)
f(t) dt =
or cos2x = 1 sin2x and then use
u(x)
I O
PAGE # 157
/2
/2
d
d
f{v(x)}
{v(x)} f{u(x)}
{u(x)}.
dx
dx
D U
RSd(x) UV f(x,
T dx W
g x dx
Differentiation Under Integral Sign :
d
functions in the interval [a, b], then,
dx
(x)
z ch
If f(x) < g(x) on [a, b], then
f (x, t) dt
/2
(i)
X.
f x dx < M(b a)
<
(x)
Reduction Formulae :
IX.
LM
MN
sin x dx or
cosn x dx

E
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PAGE # 158
(iii)
ax
cos bx dx =
z
z
Summation of series by Definite integral or limit as a

sum :
a2 + b2
zch
b
(i)
eax sinbx dx =
lim h[f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) +.....

f x dx = h0
a + b2
+f(a + (n 1)h]
where nh = b a.
(v)
4.
(iv)
e ax xndx =
n!
n
a +1
(ii)
lim
FI
GH JK
zch
1
r
1
f
n r =1 n
f x dx
/2
(vi)
sinn x cosm x dx
[i.e. exp. the given series in the form
LM m 1 . m 3 .... 2 . 1
MM m + n m + n 2 3 + n 1 + n
MM mm + 1n. mm+ n 3 2.... 2 1+ n. n n 1. nn 32 .... 23
MMm 1. m 3 .... 1 . n 1. n 3.... 1 .
Nm + n m + n 2 2 + n n n 2 2 2
OP
PP
PP
PP
Q
; if m is odd and n may be even or odd

; if m is enen and n is odd
; if m is even and n is even
replace
f x dx ]
/2
[(m 1) (m 3)....] [(n 1) (n 3) .....]

(m n) (m + n 2) ....
to be multiplied
zch
Key Results :
r
1
by x and
by dx and the limit of the
n
n
5.
sinm x cos n x dx
by
sum is
These formulae can be expressed as a single formula :

/2
FrI
n f GH nJK
/2
when m and n are both even

2
/2
logsin x dx =
logcos x dx =
c h
f csin xh + fccos xh dx =
f sin x
zc
/2
log2
2
c h
h c h
f cos x
f sin x + f cos x dx
integers.
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PAGE # 159

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PAGE # 160
/2
h c
zc
f cos ec x
h c
f cos ec x + f sec x
sinmx sin nx dx =
R|0
S|
T2
z
z
0
z
a
x2 a2 x2 dx =
x2
x
a x2
FG
H
2
a2 x2
dx = a3 4 3
a+ x
cos mx . cos nx dx
2a
If n N, then
a2 x2
A T
I O
xa
xa
ba
dx =
a+x
2
(i)
dx
(ii)
2
a
3a
+
6
8

D U
if a > 0
zc
a
(iii)
PAGE # 161
bx
D U
A T
I O
hc
x a b x dx = b a 2
2

E
c h
2. 4. 6...... 2n
2n+1
dx = 3.5 . 7..... 2n + 1 a
If a < b then
dx = a
dx =
a2 x2
ze
a
2
a
4
IJ
K
a2
2
2ax x2 dx =
a4
16
2a2
dx =
3/2
1
dx =
2
a2 x2
c h dx
= /4.
fctan xh + fccot xh
f cot x
if m = n
z
0
x dx
a2 + x2
if m, n are different + ve int egers
dx=
ze
a
a2 x2 dx =
c h dx
f csec xh + f ccos ecxh
f sec x
/2
dx =
/2
/2
/2
f tan x + f cot x
f tan x
PAGE # 162
z
b
(iv)
*
dx
cx ahcb xh
ab
(i)
z
z
a x
a
2
a + x dx = 2
z
z
a
(iii)
(iv)
a+ x
a x
dx =
a+ x
a x dx =
(i)
x e ax dx =
(ii)
e r
(iii)
I O
f x dx = f(c) [b a]. The no.
zch
fun. f(x) on the interval [a, b]. The above result is

called the first mean value theorem for integrals.
2 2
dx =
zd
2k
Q x [x] is a periodic function with period 1.

If f(x) is a periodic fun. with period T, then
zch
z c
a+ T
f x dx is independent of a.
FG + 1IJ a
H2 K
x x dx = k, where k I,
10 a a
3
2a a
1
f x dx is called the mean value of the
ba
a
/4
log 1 + tan x dx =
log2
8
a > 0
(r > 0)
2r
eax e bx
dx = loge(b/a) (a, b > 0)
x

A T
f(c) =
If a > 0, n N, then
point c (a, b) s.t
a
a+x
+2
dx =
2
ax
(ii)
zch
b
ab > 0
D U
If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] then there exists a
If a > 0 then
a
PAGE # 163

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PAGE # 164
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1.
(B)
dy
= f(x) g(y)
dx
This can be integrated as
the form
Order of a differential equation : The order of a differential

equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in
it.
2.
Degree of a differential equation : The degree of a

differential equation is the degree of the highest order
derivative occurring in it when the derivatives are made
free from the radical sign.
d2 y
Eg. (i)
dx
(ii)
(iii)
F d yI
GH dx JK
3
(C)
F dy I
1+G J
H dx K
FG1 + dy IJ
H dx K
+ 5y = 0
or
dy
=
f(y)
D U
Equations Reducible to Homogeneous form and

variable separable form
Form
A T
I O
ax + by + c
dy
=
Ax + By + C
dx
........... (1)
a
b
A
B
This is non Homogeneous
Put
x = X + h and y = Y + k in (1)
where
dy
dY
=
Put ah + bk + c = 0, Ah + Bk + C = 0,
dX
dx
find h, k
f(x) dx
dY
aX + bY
=
. This is homogeneous.
dX
AX + BY
Solve it and then put X = x h, Y = y k we shall
get the solution.
Then
dx to get its solution.

E
(D)
dy
= f(x) or
dx
dy =
FG IJ
H K
x
or yn f y .
Such an equation can be solved by putting y = vx or

x = vy. After substituting y = vx or x = vy. The given
equation will have variables separable in v and x.
Integrate both sides i.e.
Homogeneous Equations : It is a differential equation
FG IJ
H K
SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST

ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE :
dy
= f(y)
dx
f(x) dx + c
y
of degree n if it can be written as xn f x
(A) Differential equation of the form
f(x, y)
dy
=
, where f(x, y) and g(x,
g(x, y)
dx
y) are homogeneous functions of x and y of the same
degree. A function f(x, y) is said to be homogeneous
order of (i) 2 (ii) 1 & (iii) 3,

degree of (i) 1 (ii) 2 & (iii) 2
3.
dy
=
g(y)
of the form
dy
+ 5y = 0
dx
dy
y = x
+
dx
Variable Separable Form : Differential equation of
PAGE # 165

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PAGE # 166

*
Form
where
ax + by + c
dy
=
+ By + C
Ax
dx
..... (1),
In x :
dx
+ Rx = S, where R, S are functions of y
dy
alone or constant.
a
b
=
= k say
A
B
its solution x e
k (Ax + By) + c
dy
=
Ax + By + C
dx
where
dy
dz
A + B
=
dx
dx
Put
Ax + By = z
dz
kz + c
= A + B
dx
z+c
R.dy
R dy
S. e
R.dy
is called the integrating factor (I.F.) of
the equation.
(F) Equation reducible to linear form :
This is variable separable form and can be solved.

*
dy
Form
= f(ax + by + c)
dx
Put
ax + by = z
dz
= a + b f(z)
dx
a + b
Differential equation of the form
Linear equation :
In y :
dy
dz
=
dx
dx
yn
Put
where
P dx
P dx
Qe
P dx
dy
+ pyn
dx
yn
+ 1
+ 1
= Q
= z
Note : In general solution of differential equation we can

take integrating constant c as tan1 c, ec, log c etc.
according to our convenience.
alone or constant.
+ Py = Qyn
The given equation will be linear in z and can be

solved in the usual manner.
dy
+ Py = Q, where P, Q are function of x
dx
its solution ye
dy
dx
where P and Q are functions of x or constant is called

Bernoulli's equation. On dividing through out by yn, we
get
This is variable separable form and can be solved.

(E)
dy + c
dx + c
is called the integrating factor (I.F.) of
the equation.
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PAGE # 167

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PAGE # 168
VECTORS
1.

4.
Vectors in terms of position vectors of end points -
AB = OB OA = Position vector of B position vector of A

i.e. any vector = p.v. of terminal pt p.v. of initial pt.
Types of vectors :
(a) Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude is
zero is called zero or null vector.
r
a
Vector a
(b) Unit vector :
a$ = | | =
a
Magnitude of a
(c)
2.
5.
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar :

r
r
If a is a vector and m is a scalar, then m a is a vector and
r
magnitude of m a = m|a|
r
$
and if a = a1 $i + a2 j + a3 k$
Equal vector : Two vectors a and b are said to be

equal if |a| = |b| and they have the same direction.
Triangle law of addition : AB + BC = AC
c = a + b
c =
b
a +
r
$
then m a = (ma1) $i + (ma2) j + (ma3) k$
6.
Distance between two points :

Distance between points A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2)
= Magnitude of AB
=
7.
A
3.
Position vector of a dividing point :

r
(i)
If A( a ) & B( b ) be two distinct pts, the p.v. c of the
point C dividing [AB] in ratio m1 : m2 is given by
r
r
m1b + m2a
r
c = m +m
1
2
Parallelogram law of addition : OA + OB = OC
a + b = c
B
p.v. of the mid point of [AB] is
(iii)
If point C divides AB in the ratio m1 : m2 externally,

then p.v. of C is c =

D U
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I O
1
[p.v. of A + p.v. of B]
2
(ii)
where OC is a diagonal of the parallelogram OABC
(x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1)2 + (z2 z1 )2
PAGE # 169
m1 b m2 a
m1 m2

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PAGE # 170

(iv) p.v. of centriod of triangle formed by the points A( a ),

10. Coplanar and non coplanar vector :
(i)
r
r
a+b+c
B( b ) and C ( c ) is
3
(v)
If a , b , c be three non coplanar non zero vector

then x a + y b + z c = 0
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
p.v. of the incentre of the triangle formed by the points

r
r
r
A( ), B( ) and C( ) is
(ii)
If a , b , c be three coplanar vectors, then a vector
c can be expressed uniquely as linear combination of

a + b + c
where a = |BC|, b = |CA|, c = |AB|
a+b+c
8.
remaining two vectors i.e. c = a + b

(iii)
Some results :
(i)
b and c i.e. r = x a + y b + z c
If D, E, F are the mid points of sides BC, CA & AB

respectively, then AD + BE + CF = 0
Any vector r can be expressed uniquely as inner combination of three non coplanar & non zero vectors a ,
11. Products of vectors :
(ii)
If G is the centriod of ABC, then GA + GB + GC = 0
(I)
Scalar or dot product of two vectors :
(iii)
If O is the circumcentre of a ABC, then
(i)
a . b = |a| |b| cos
OA + OB + OC = 3 OG = OH where G is centriod and

H is orthocentre of ABC.
(ii)
Projection of a in the direction of b =
a. b
| b|
(iv) If H is orthocentre of ABC, then

a. b
& Projection of b in the direction of a =
| a|
HA + HB + HC = 3 HG = OH
9.
Collinearity of three points :

(i)
Three points A, B and C are collinear if AB = AC for

some non zero scalar .
(ii)
The necessary and sufficient condition for three points
(iii)
Component of r
with p.v. a , b , c to be collinear is that there exist

three scalars l, m, n all non zero such that
l a + m b + n c = 0, l + m + n = 0

E
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FG IJ
H Ka
F r. a IJ
to a = r G
H|a| K a
r. a
Component of r on a =
|a|2
(iv)
$i . $i = $j . $j = k$ . k$ = 1
(v)
$i . $j = $j . k$ = k$ . $i = 0
PAGE # 171

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PAGE # 172

(vii) a ( b c ) = ( a b ) c
(vi) If a and b are like vectors, then a . b = | a || b | and
(viii) a ( b + c ) = ( a b ) + ( a c )
If a and b are unlike vectors, then a . b = | a || b |

(vii) a , b are a . b = 0
(ix)
$i $i = $j $j = k$ k$ = 0 , $i $j = k$ ,
(x)
$j
$
k$ = $i , k$ $i = j
Area of triangle :
(viii) ( a . b ). b is not defined

(ix)
( a b )2 = a2 2 a . b + b2
(x)
| a + b | = | a| + | b |
a || b
(xi)
| a + b |2 = |a|2 + |b|2
a b
(xii) | a + b | = | a b |
a b
(a)
1
2
(b)
If a , b , c are p.v. of vertices of ABC,
(xiii) work done by the force :

work done = F . d ,
is displacement vector.
then =
where F is force vector and d
(xi)
(II) Vector or cross product of two vectors :
a b = |a| |b| sin n$
(ii)
if a , b are parallel
(iii)
a b = ( b a )
(iv)
n$ =
(v)
$
$
let a = a1 $i + a2 j + a3 k$ & b = b1 $i + b2 j + b3 k$ , then
(b)
= 0
D U
A T
I O
1
|a b |
2
(xii) Moment of Force :
ab
Moment of the force F acting at a point A about O is
| a b|
Moment of force = OA F = r F
a. a a. b
(xiii) Lagrange's identity : | a b |2 =
a. b b. b
(III) Scalar triple product :
r
r
(i)
If a = a1 $i + a2 $j + a3 k$ , b = b1 $i + b2 $j + b3 k$ and
r
c = c1 $i + c2 $j + c3 k$ then
a a =0

E
If a and b are two diagonals of a parallelogram,

then area =
$i
$j k$
a a2 a3
a b = 1
b1 b2 b3
(vi)
If a & b are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then area = | a b |
(i)
a b
1
|( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a )|
2
Area of parallelogram :
(a)
AB AC
PAGE # 173

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PAGE # 174
r r
r
r r r
( a b ). c = [ a b c ] =

(d)
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
c1 c 2 c 3
r r r
and [ a b c ] = volume of the parallelopiped whose
r r r
coterminus edges are formed by a , b , c
r r r
r r r
r r r
(ii) [ a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ],
r r r
r r r
r r r
but [ a b c ] = [ b a c ] = [ a c b ] etc.
r r r
r r
(iii) [ a b c ] = 0 if any two of the three vectors a , b ,
r
c are collinear or equal.
r r
r
r
r r
(iv) ( a b ). c = a .( b c ) etc.
(v)
D U
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I O
r
r
b c,
a b
c
r
Direction cosines of r = ai$ + bj$ + ck$ are r , r , r .
|r | |r | |r |
(i)
r
r
r r r
c + a ] = 2[ a b c ]
r
r
c a] = 0
r
r
r r r
c a ] = [ a b c ]2

E
(ii)
Incentre formula : The position vector of the incentre

r
r
r
aa + bb + cc
of ABC is
.
a+b+c
(iii)
Orthocentre formula : The position vector of the

r
r
r
a tan A + b tan B + c tan C
orthocentre of ABC is
tan A + tan B + tan C
[ AB AC AD ] = 0
r r
r
r
(xii) (a) [ a + b b + c
r r
r
r
(b) [ a b b c
r r
r
r
(c) [ a b b c
r
r
a b,
12. Application of Vector in Geometry :
1
| AB AC . AD |
6
r r r r
(x) Four points with p.v. a , b , c , d will be coplanar if
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
[d b c ] + [d c a] + [d a b] = [a b c ]
(xi) Four points A, B, C, D are coplanar if
(ix) Volume of tetrahedron ABCD is
r r r
a , b , c are coplanar, then so are
r r
r
c , c a and
r r
r
r r
r
r
+ b , b + c , c + a and a b ,
r
a are also coplanar.
(IV) Vector triple Product :

r
r
r r r
r
If a , b , c be any three vectors, then ( a b ) c
r
r
r
and a ( b c ) are known as vector triple product
and is defined as
r
r r r
r
r
r r r
( a b ) c = ( a . c ) b (b . c ) a
r
r
r
r r r
r r r
and a ( b c ) = ( a . c ) b ( a . b ) c
r
r
r
r
r
r
Clearly in general a ( b c ) ( a b ) c but
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
( a b ) c = a ( b c ) if and only if a , b
r
& c are collinear
[ $i $j k$ ] = 1
r r r
r r r
(vi) If is a scalar, then [ a b c ] = [ a b c ]
r r r
r r r
r
r r r
(vii) [ a + d b c ] = [ a b c ] + [ d b c ]
r r r
r r r
(viii) a , b , c are coplanar [ a b c ] = 0
If
r
b
r
a
r
c
(iv) Vector equation of a straight line passing through a

r
fixed point with position vector a and parallel to a
r
r
r r
given vector b is r = a + b .
PAGE # 175

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PAGE # 176

(v)

(viii) The equation of the plane passing through a point
r
r
r
having position vector a and parallel to b and c is
r
r r
r
rrr
rrr
r = a + b + c or [ r bc ] = [ abc ], where and are
scalars.
(ix) Vector equation of a plane passing through a point
r
r
r
r
rrr
abc is r = 1 s t a + sbt + c
r r r r r r r
rrr
or r. b c + c a + a b = [ abc ].
The vector equation of a line passing through two

r
r
points with position vectors a and b is
r r
r r
r =a+ ba .
(vi) Shortest distance between two parallel lines : Let l1

and l2 be two lines whose equations are l 1 :
r
r
r r
r r
r = a1 + b1 and l2 : r = a2 + b2 respectively.
Then, shortest distance
PQ =
cb
(x)
h c
b2 . a2 a1
|b1 b2 |
h=
b1 b2 a2 a1
|b1 b2 |
r
r r
r = a1 + b1 and
r
r r
r = a2 + b2 intersect,
n1 . n2
r r
r2 .n2 = d2 is given by cos = |n ||n | .
1
2
(xiii) The equation of the planes bisecting the angles
r r
between the planes r1 .n1 = d1
r r
r r
|r.n1 d1| |r.n2 d2|
r r
=
r
r
and r2 .n2 = d2 are
|n1|
|n2|
r r
r r
(xiv) The plane r .n = d touches the sphere | r a | = R,
r r
|a.n d|
r
if
= R.
|n|
Therefore, [ b1 b2 a2 a1 ] = 0
r
r r r
[ a2 a1 b1b2 ] = 0
car
r
r
r
a1 . b1 b2
h e
j = 0.
r
(vii) Vector equation of a plane normal to unit vector n and
at a distance d from the origin is
r
r . n$ = d.
r
If n is not a unit vector, then to reduce the equation
r r
r
r . n = d to normal form we divide both sides by | n |
r
r n
r
d
d
r = r
r
.
to obtain
or r . n$ = r .
|n|
|n|
|n|
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constant.
The perpendicular distance of a point having position
r
r r
vector a from the plane r.n = d is given by
r r
|a.n d|
r
p=
.
|n|
r r
(xii) An angle between the planes r1.n1 = d1 and
then the shortest distance between them is zero.
(xi)
r
r
r
| a2 a1 b|
r
r r
r
and r = a2 + b is given by d =
.
|b|
If the lines
The equation of any plane through the intersection

r r
r r
of planes r . n1 = d1 and r . n2 = d2 is
r r
r . n1 + n2 = d1 + d2, where is an arbitrary
shortest distance between two parallel lines : The

r
r r
shortest distance between the parallel lines r = a1 + b
(xv)
If the position vectors of the extremities of a diamr

r
eter of a sphere are a and b , then its equation is
r r r
r r
r
r r
r
( r a ).( rr b ) = 0 or | r |2 r. a b + a.b = 0.
PAGE # 177

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PAGE # 178
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1.
Coordinates of the centroid of a triangle are
FG x
H
Points in Space :
(i)
Origin is (0, 0, 0)
(ii)
Equation of x-axis is y = 0, z = 0
(iii)
Equation of y-axis is z = 0, x = 0
Equation of YOZ plane is x = 0
FG x
H
y1
1 y
2
Where x =
2 y
3
Distance formula :
Distance between two points A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2,
y2, z2) is given by
AB =
(ii)
(x 2 x1 )2 + (y 2 y1 )2 + (z 2 z1 )2
(iii)
3.
Distance of a point p(x, y, z) from coordinate axes

OX, OY, OZ is given by
z2 + x2 and
4.
Section formula :
Internally are
Externally are
FG mx + nx
H m+n
FG mx nx
H mn
my 2 + ny1 mz 2 + nz1
,
m+n
m+n
my2 ny1
mn
A T
I O
2x + 2y + 2z
and so.
1
6
x1
x2
x3
x4
y1
y2
y3
y4
z1
z2
z3
z4
1
1
1
1
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line :

*
If
, , are the angles which a directed line
segment makes with the +ve direction of the coordinate

axes, then l = cos , m = cos , n = cos are
IJ
K
mz nz I
,
J
mn K

D U
Volume of tetrahedron =
x2 + y2
The coordinates of a point which divides the join of (x1,

y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio
m : n
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
x12 + y12 + z12
y 2 + z2 ,
IJ
K
x1 x2
y1 y2
z1 z2
Condition of collinearity x x = y y = z z
2
3
2
3
2
3
Distance between origin (0, 0, 0) & point (x, y, z)

=
+ x2 + x3 + x 4 y1 + y2 + y3 + y 4 z1 + z 2 + z 3 + z 4
,
,
4
4
4
Area of triangle is given by =
(vii) Equation of XOY plane is z = 0
(i)
Note :
(vi) Equation of ZOX plane is y = 0
2.
IJ
K
Coordinates of centroid of a tetrahedron
(iv) Equation of z-axis is x = 0, y = 0

(v)
+ x 2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y 3 z1 + z 2 + z3
,
,
3
3
3
called direction cosines of the line and cos2 + cos2

+ cos2 = 1 i.e. l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1, where 0
, ,
PAGE # 179

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PAGE # 180

*
x x1
y y1
z z1
x2 x1 = y2 y1 = z2 z1
If l , m, n are direction cosines of a line and a, b,

c are proportional to l , m, n respectively, then a, b,
c are called direction ratios of the line and
m
n
l
=
=
=
a
b
c
l 2 + m2 + n2
a2 + b2 + c 2
1
2
a + b2 + c2
The angle between the lines whose d.c.'s are l 1,

m1, n1 and l 2, m2, n2 is given by
Direction cosines of x-axis are 1, 0, 0, similarly direction

cosines of y-axis and z-axis are respectively 0, 1, 0
and 0, 0, 1.
If l , m, n are d.c.s of a line OP and (x, y, z) are

coordinates of P then x = l r, y = mr and z = nr where
r = OP.
Direction cosines of PQ = r, where P is (x1, y1, z1) and
Q(x2, y2, z2) are
cos = l 1 l 2 + m1m2 + n1n2.

The lines are || if
The lines are if l 1 l 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0

*
The angle between the lines whose d.r.s are a1, b1,
c1 and a2, b2, c2 is given by
cos =
x2 x1
y2 y1
z 2 z1
,
,
r
r
r
The lines are || if
If a, b, c are direction no. of a line, then

a2 + b2 + c2 need not to be equal to 1.
A T
a1
b1
c1
=
=
a2
b2
c2 and
= (x2 x1) l + (y2 y1)m + (z2 z1)n, where

p(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2).
*
Straight line in space :

*
Equation of a straight line passing through a fixed
point and having d.r.'s a, b, c is
Two straight lines in space (not in same plane) which

are neither parallel nor intersecting are called skew
lines.
Shortest distance between two skew lines,
x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
and
m1
n1
l1
I O
x x2
y y2
z z2
=
=
is given
m2
n2
l2
form)
Equation of a line passing through two points is

C
a22 + b22 + c22
L = l (x2 x1) + m(y2 y1) + n(z2 z1)
D U
a12 + b12 + c12
l , m, n
x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
(is the symmetrical
a
c
b
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
The lines are if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

Length of the projection of PQ upon AB with d.c.,
Note : Direction cosines of a line are unique but the

direction ratios of line are not unique.
If P(x1, y1, z1) & Q(x2, y2, z2) be two points and L be a
line with d.c.'s l , m, n, then projection of [PQ] on
5.
m1
n1
l1
l2 = m2 = n2 and
PAGE # 181

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PAGE # 182
x2 x1
s.d. =
l1
l2
y2 y1 z2 z1
m1
n1
m2
n2
Normal form of the equation of plane is l x + my +

nz = p, where l , m, n are the d.c.'s of the normal
to the plane and p is the length of perpendicular from
the origin.
(m1n2 m2n1)2 + (n1 l2 l1n2 )2 + (l1m2 m1 l2 )2
ax + by + cz + k = 0 represents a plane || to the

plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 and to the line
Two straight lines are coplanar if they are intersecting

or parallel
x2 x1
condition
6.
l1
l2
y2 y1
m1
m2
x
y
z
=
=
.
a
c
b
z2 z1
n1
= 0
n2
Equation of plane through three non collinear points

is
x
x1
x2
x3
Plane : A plane is a surface such that if two points are

taken in it, straight line joining them lies wholly in the
surface.
*
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 represents a plane whose

normal has d.c.s proportional to A, B, C.
Equation of plane through origin is given by Ax + By

+ Cz = 0.
Equation of plane passing through a point (x1, y1, z1)

is A(x x1) + B(y y1) + C(z z1) = 0, where A,
B, C are d.r.'s of a normal to the plane.
Equation of plane through the intersection of two

planes
or
*

C
A T
I O
= 0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
where is the angle between the normals.
Equation of plane which cuts off intercepts a, b, c

respectively on the axes x, y and z is
plane are if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
a1
b1
c1
plane are || if a = b = c = 0.
2
2
2
x
y
z
+
+
= 1.
a
c
b
D U
= 0
y y1
z z1
y2 y1 z2 z1
y3 y1 z3 z1
cos =
Q a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is P + Q = 0.
y3
z 1
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
The angle between the two planes is given by
P a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and

*
x x1
x2 x1
x3 x1
y
y1
y2
PAGE # 183

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PAGE # 184

*
If AP be the from A to the given plane, then it

is || to the normal, so that its equation is

7.
Line and Plane :

If ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane and
x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
represents a straight line, then
m
n
l
x
y
z
=
=
= r (say)
a
c
b
Any point P on it is (ar + , br + , cr + )

Length of the from P(x1, y1, z1) to a plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by
p=
*
The line is to the plane if
The line is || to the plane if a l + bm + cn = 0.
The line lies in the plane if

a l + bm + cn = 0 and ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
a2 + b2 + c 2
The angle between the line and the plane is given

by
Distance between two parallel planes

(ax + by + cz + d1 = 0, ax + by + cz + d2 = 0) is
given by
sin =
d2 d1
a + b2 + c2
al + bm + cn
a2 + b2 + c2
l2 + m2 + n2
General equation of the plane containing the line

x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
is
n
m
l
Two points A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) lie on the
same or different sides of the plane
A(x x1) + B(y y1) + C(z z1) = 0. where
ax + by + cz + d = 0, according as the expression
A l + Bm + Cn = 0.
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d and ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d are of

same or different sign.
*
a
b
c
=
=
m
n
l
Length of the perpendicular from a point (x1, y1, z1)

to the line
Bisector of the angles between the planes

a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0
p2 = (x1 )2 + (y1 )2 + (z1 )2 [ l (x1 )
and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 are
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1

a12 + b12 + c12
x
y
z
=
=
is given by
m
n
l
+ m(y1 ) + n(z1 )]2
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2
a22 + b22 + c22
if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 is ve then origin lies in the acute

angle between the planes provided d1 and d2 are of
same sign.
E
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PAGE # 185

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PAGE # 186

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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION

MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

if one root + i, then other root i

, then other root

cons tant term

roots are real and distinct (unequal)

roots are real and equal (Coincident)

Formation of an equation with given roots :

roots are imaginary and unequal i.e.

non real complex numbers.

If D > 0 and D is a perfect square roots are rational

Roots under particular cases :

If D > 0 and D is not a perfect square roots are

For a quadratic equation their will exist exactly 2 roots real

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510

If b = 0 roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite

irrational and unequal.

x2 (Sum of roots) x + Product of roots = 0

If c = 0 one root is zero and other is b/a

If b = c = 0 both roots are zero

(iv) If a = c roots are reciprocal to each other.

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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

If a > 0, c < 0 or a < 0, c > 0 roots are of opposite

(vi) If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 or a < 0, b < 0, c < 0 both

={( + )2 2}2 222

If roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c, a 0 are and ,

b(b2 2ac) b2 4ac

One common root if

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The equations a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0

Condition for common roots :

Symmetric function of the roots :

roots are +ve.

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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

10. Maximum and Minimum value of quadratic expression :

D 0, a.f(k1) > 0, a.f(k2) > 0, k1 <

a.f(k1) < 0, a.f(k2) < 0

expression has minimum value

(vii) will be the repeated root of f(x) = 0 if

If a < 0, quadratic expression has maximum value

12. For cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 :

11. Location of roots :

If k lies between the roots then a.f(k) < 0

If between k1 & k2 their is exactly one root of k1, k2

13. For biquadratic equation ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0 :

(necessary & sufficient)

If both the roots are less than a number k

where , , are its roots.

Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a 0 then w.r.to f(x) = 0

(vi) If k1, k2 lies between the roots

If both the roots lies in the interval (k1, k2)

(necessary & sufficient)

(iv) If both the roots are greater than k

(necessary & sufficient)

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MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK