Digital Filter Design Techniques and its Applications

Ripal Patel
Assistant Professor,
Electronics & Telecommunication
Department,
BVM Engineering College,
Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120.

September 23, 2015

Introduction to Digital Filter

Most powerful tool of DSP

Analog Filter: component fluctuation over time and temperature

Digital Filter: software control

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Application of Digital Filter

Noise Cancellation

Echo Cancellation in modem

Speech Recognition

Tuning Radio (Band-pass Filter)

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Digital Filter Design

Same as Analog Filter

Design of Analog Filter?

Filter coefficient value instead of filter parameters

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Digital Filter
High Accuracy
Linear Phase (FIR Filters)
No Drift Due to Component Variations
Flexible, Adaptive Filtering Possible
Easy to Simulate and Design
Computation Must be Completed in Sampling Period Limits Real Time Operation
Requires High Performance ADC, DAC & DSP

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Analog Filter
Less Accuracy
Non-Linear Phase
Drift Due to Component Variations
Adaptive Filters Difficult
Difficult to Simulate and Design
Analog Filters Required at High Frequencies and
for Anti-Aliasing Filters
No ADC, DAC, or DSP required

Digital Filtering

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Types of Digital Filters

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter

Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter

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FIR Filter

Impulse response finite

Linear Phase

Always stable

Computational cost high as order of the filter increase.

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FIR Filter Design

Three commonly used approaches to FIR filter design:

1. Windowing Techniques
2. Frequency sampling approach
3. Computer-based optimization methods

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FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques

1. Start with ideal infinite duration h(n)

2. Truncate to finite length. (This produces unwanted ripples
increasing in height near discontinuity.)
3. Modify to hw (n) = h(n)w (n) Where, w (n) is the window function

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FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques

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Commonly used windows

Drawback between main lobe width and relative sidelobe level



Rectangular

Bartlett

Hann

Hamming

Blackman

Kaiser

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EXAMPLE - FIR Filter Design: Windowing Techniques

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IIR FIlter

Impulse response extends for an infinite period of time

Recursive i.e., they utilize feedback

Nonlinear phase

Potentially Unstable

Usually Designed to Duplicate Analog Filter Response

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IIR Filter Design Techniques:

Approximation by derivatives

Impulse Invariant Transformation Method

Bilinear Transformation Method

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Approximation of derivatives


Analog filter with system function H(s)

PM
k
k=0 k s
H(s) = PN
k
k=0 k s

Time domain equivalent of given system function:

M
X
k=0

d k y (t) X d k x(t)
=
k
dt k
dt k
k=0

Approximate a derivative by backward difference:

y (nt0 ) y (nt0 t0 )
dy (t)
|t=nt0
=
dt
t0
=


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y [n] y [n 1]
t0

Approximation of derivatives

Mapping function:
s=
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1 z 1
t0

Relation between s-plane and z-plane

One to one mapping

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Impulse Invariant Transformation Method

hc (t) - impulse response of continuous time filter

hc (nTd ) - equally spaced samples of hc (t) (ALIASING)

hd (n) = Td hc (nTd )

Frequency response:
Hd () =

X
k

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Hc (f k/Td ) |f = 2T

Example: Impulse Invariant Transformation Method

Partial fraction Analog transfer function:

Ha (s) =

N
X
Ak
s sk
k=1

Inverse Laplace transform:

ha (t) =

N
X
k=1

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Ak e sk t u(t)

Example: Impulse Invariant Transformation Method

(Cont...)


Sample Impulse response:

hd (n) = Td hc (nTd )
= Td

N
X

Ak e sk nTd u(nTd )

k=1

= Td

N
X

Ak pkn u(nTd )

k=1

pkn

e sk nTd

Where,
=
Take z transform:

Hd (z) =

N
X
k=1

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TAk
1 pkn z 1

Relation between s-plane and z-plane



One to many mapping

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Impulse Invariant Transformation Method (Cont...)

PRO:linear translation between analog frequency and digital

frequency preserve shape of filter

CON: not suitable as highpass filter due to aliasing

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Bilinear Transformation Method

Most efficient and popular method

algebraic transform between the variables s and z

s=c

1 z 1
1 + z 1

H(z) = Ha (s) |s=(c(1z 1 )/(1+z 1 )



One to one mapping between s-plane and z-plane

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Relation between s-plane and z-plane

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Table: Summary of Analog to Digital Transformation

Technique
Impulse Invariance
Approximation of Derivatives
Bilinear Transform

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Mapping
z = e st0
s=

1z 1
t0
1

s = c 1z
1+z 1

+/+ Preserves shape of filter;

- Aliasing
+ No aliasing;
- Restricted pole location, shape distortion
+ No aliasing;
- Shape distortion

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