COMPUTER SCIENCEFOR 9

TH
CLASS
As per SyllabusKARACHI BOARDISLAMABAD BOARDPESHAWAR BOARDMUZAFFAR ABAD BOARD&KAR
AKURAM BOARD.
Prepared By: Hassan NasrullahKarachi.Hnn786@live.com

Computer
A Computer is an automatic electronic, calculating device which can process a gi
ven input in a prescribed manner to produce a desiredoutput, at a very high spee
d with remarkable accuracy. It can also perform all arithmetic and logical funct
ions according toinstructions given in a systematic order to solve any problem a
nd produce processed information.
Advantages of Computers
Speed
Since Computer is an electronic machine and electrical pulses travel at the rate
of passage of electric current. This speed enables thecomputer to perform milli
ons of calculations per second.
Storage
A computer has too much storage capacity. Once recorded, a piece of information
can never be forgotten.
High Accuracy
A computer can be considered as 100% accurate. Checking circuits are built dire
ctly into the computer, that computer errors thatundetected are extremely rare.
Versatility
Computer can perform any task, provided it can be reduced to a series of logica
l steps.
Diligence
Computer never gets tired. It performs most boring, repetitive and monotnous ta
sk.
Automatic Operation
Once a program is fed into computer the individual instructions are processed o
n after the other. Thus computer works automaticallywithout manual intervention.
Obedience
The ability to take in and store a sequence of instructions for the computer to
obey. Such a sequence of instruction is called aPROGRAM and it must be written
in the Computer Language.
Decision Making Capability
Computer can take simple decisions, such as less than, greater than or equal to
. It also determines whether a statement is true or false.
Hardware
the physical components and other attached input and output devices of computers
are called Hardware. All Hardware componentsmay be connected mechanically, elec
trically or electronically with each other. Hardware includes input/output devic
es, CPU, backingstorage devices and electronic circuit.

Software
Computer required a number of instructions to do any job. The set of these instr
uctions forms programs. Numbers of programs arecombined for some purposes are ca
lled software.They are designed by manufactures and programmers.
Types of Software
1. System Software2. Application Software
Ages of Computer
At the early age people used pebbles, stones, sticks, scratches, symbols and fin
ger tips to count, which were later replaced by numbers.The history of computing
is divided into three ages during which man invented and improved different typ
es of calculating machines.These ages are,
?
Dark age - 300 BC to 1890
?
Middle age - 1890 AD to 1944
?
Modern age - since 1944 AD
Dark Age (3000 BC to 1890 AD
ABACUS
About 3000 years BC, Chinese developed the first calculating machine named Abac
us or Soroban.Abacus consists of a rectangular wooden frame having rods which ca
rry round beads. Counting is done by shifting the beads from oneside to another.
OUGHTRED S SLIDE RULES
In 1632 AD William Oughtred, an English mathematician developed a slide rule. T
his device consists of two movable rules placedside by side on which number were
marked.