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Abstract
In general, graphs are associated with different types of matrices to study their structural properties. As a result, the study of
spectrum of graphs become an important area of research in graph theory. Various types of energies have been discussed
according to the type of matrix under consideration. In semigraphs, the adjacency between vertices is defined in many ways. This
opens a broad scope to study the different energies of semigraphs. In this paper, two types of adjacency matrices, namely e adjacency matrix and n -adjacency matrix are considered to study the respective energies of the most fundamental semigraph
known as linear semigraph.
2. PREREQUISITIES
A semigraph S is a pair (V , X ) where
V is a nonempty set
whose elements are called vertices of S and X is a set of
ordered n-tuples n 2 , called edges of S satisfying the
following conditions:
i. The components of an edge E in X are distinct vertices
from V .
ii. Any two edges have at most one vertex in common.
iii.
Two
edges
E1 (u1 , u 2 ,......u m ) and
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3.
e ADJACENCY
MATRIX
OF
SEMIGRAPH
3.1 Definition
Let
set V
S (V , X )
be
semigraph
with
vertex
0
A4 I
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4 2
0
V.
( Ln , )
for
n 2,3,...,9.
A of S (V , X ) is defined as
A (aij ) nxn
so
Table 1
b9
b8
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
0
-1
1
0
-1
0
1
0
-1
0
0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
that
1,
aij
0,
matrix A3 is as follows:
Also, we have
0 0 1
A3 0 0 0 and
1 0 0
0
A3 I 0
1
0
i.e.,
Therefore,
1
0 ( 2 ) 3
3.4 Proposition
The characteristic polynomial
For the semigraph with single edge having two end vertices
and two middle vertices, then its e adjacency matrix is
0
0
0
0
1
0
and
0
( Ln , )
of a linear
( Ln , ) 0 n 1 n1 2 n2 ... n
0 (1) n ; 2 (1) n 1
1 3 ...... n 0
n2 n2
ii. ( Ln , ) (1) ( L2 , ) for n 2
2
with ( L2 , ) 1 .
where
0
0
0
0
( Ln , ) ( ) ( Ln1 , )
( L3 , ) 3 .
0
0
A4
0
and
Proof
We use mathematical induction to prove the proposition.
When n 2
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0 1
A
1 0
( L2 , ) A I 2 1 .
( L2 , ) 0 2 1 2 where
0 1 ; 1 0 ; 2 1 .
i.
e.,
n 2.
E ( Ln ) i
i 1
( Ln1 , ) 0 n1 1 n2 2 n3 ... n1
0 (1) n 1 ; 2 (1) n 2
1 3 ...... n1 0 .
\where
When n = 2,
0 n1 1n2 2 n3 ... n1
0 1
n
n 1
n 1
( L2 , ) 2 1 are
n2
n2
( Ln , ) (1)n n (1)n1 n2
and
( Ln , ) ( Ln1 , )
... n
0 (1) n ; 2 (1) n 1
1 3 ...... n 0 .
where
Similarly
the
eigen
( Ln , ) (1) (1)
n
and
.
n 1
0
0
A5 0
0
1
( Ln1 , ) (1)n3 n3 ( L2 , )
0
0
0
0
0
( Ln , ) ( ) ( Ln1 , )
( )(1)n3 n3 ( L2 , ) (1)n2 n2 L2 , .
0
0
0
0
0
of
We have
values
n 2
0
0
0
0
0
n 5 , its
1
0
0
0
0
L5 is 5 3 0 and the
following theorem.
Thus (ii) is true for all values of n .
3.6 Theorem
The e energy of a linear semigraph Ln is the number of
end vertices in Ln .
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A of L (V , X ) is defined as
A (aij ) nxn so
4.3 Proposition
The characteristic polynomial
( Ln , )
of a linear
that
A3 is
( Ln , ) 0 n 1 n1 2 n2 ... n
0 (1) n ; 1 n(1) n1
2 3 ...... n 0
where
and
Proof
We use mathematical induction to prove the proposition.
When n 2
1 1 1
A3 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
A
1 1
( L2 , ) A I 2 2 .
( L3 , ) 3 3 2 .
then
Ie., ( L2 , ) 0 1 2
2
Similarly
( L4 , ) 4 4 3
where
0 1 ; 1 2 ; 2 0 .
( Ln , )
for
n 2,3,...,9.
n 2.
b9
b8
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-1
1
9
-1
-8
0
1
7
0
0
-1
-6
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
-1
-4
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
( Ln1 , ) 0 n1 1 n2 2 n3 ... n1
\where
0 (1) n1 ; 1 (n 1)(1) n2
and
2 3 ...... n1 0 .
( Ln , ) ( Ln1 , ) ( )n1
0 n1 1n2 2 n3 ... n1 ( ) n1
(1) n1 n1 (n 1)(1) n2 n2 ( ) n1
Also, we have
(1) n n n(1) n1 n1
( Ln , ) ( ) ( Ln1 , ) ( )n1
0 n 1n1 2 n2 ... n
where 0 (1) ; 1
n(1) n1
2 3 ...... n 0 .
n
and
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( Ln , ) (1)n n n(1)n1 n1
( L2 , ) 2 2
( L3 , ) 3 3 2 are 0,0,3
3.
the
eigen
( Ln , ) (1) n(1)
n
n 1
values
of
n 1
4.5 Theorem
The energy of a linear semigraph Ln is the number of
vertices in
Ln .
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, e adjacency matrix and n adjacency
matrix are defined and the respective energies have been
discussed considering the most fundamental semigraph. This
work can be generalized to an arbitrary semigraph.
REFERENCES
[1]. N. S. Bhave, C. M. Deshpande and B. Y. Bam,
Characterization of Potentially Hamiltonian Graph in terms
of dual Semigraph ,
Proceedings of 3 rd National
conference, Mathematical Techniques : Emerging
Paradigms for Electronic and IT Industries, March
2010,Vol. 4, pp.10.1-10.2.
[2]. C. M. Deshpande and Y. S. Gaidhani, About
Adjacency Matrix of Semigraphs, International Journal of
Applied Physics and Mathematics, Vol. 2, No. 4, July 2012,
pp.250-252.
[3]. S. Gomathi, Studies in Semigraphs and Domination,
Ph.D Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, 2008.
[4]. N. Murugesan and D. Narmatha, Some Properties of
Semigraph and its Associated Graphs, International Journal
of Engineering Research and Technology,Vol. 3, Issue 5,
May 2014, pp.898-903.
[5]. E. Sampathkumar, Semigraphs and their Applications,
Report on the DST project, submitted to DST, India, May
2000.
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