METRIC

TT-P-28H
June 28, 2007
SUPERSEDING
TT-P-28G
July 8, 1985
FEDERAL SPECIFICATION
PAINT, ALUMINUM, HEAT RESISTING
The General Services Administration has authorized the use of this federal specification, by all federal
agencies.
1. SCOPE AND CLASSIFICATION
1.1 Scope. This specification covers aluminum pigmented, heat resisting paint that will withstand solvents and
elevated temperatures.
1.2 Classification. The heat resisting coatings described by this specification shall be of the following types (see
6.1 and 6.2).
Type I

An ambient dry/heat cure, aluminum pigmented, heat resistant, liquid paint that will
withstand temperatures to a maximum of 650 C (1200 F) with dry times in accordance
with Table I.

Type II

A functional aluminum pigmented, heat resistant, powder coating that will withstand
elevated temperatures to a maximum of 372 C (700 F).

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
2.1 Government publications. The following documents, of the issues in effect on the date of invitation for bids or
request for proposal, form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein.
FEDERAL STANDARDS
FED-STD-141

Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Materials: Methods of Inspection,

Sampling and Testing

FED-STD-313

Material Safety Data, Transportation Data, and Disposal Data for

Hazardous Materials Furnished to Government Activities

FED-STD-595/17178

Colors Used in Government Procurement: Miscellaneous, Gloss

(Copies of these documents are available online at http://assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/ or

http://assist.daps.dla.mil or from the Standardization Document Order Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Building 4D,
Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.)

Beneficial comments, recommendations, additions, deletions, clarifications, etc. and any data that may improve this
document should be sent to: Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command, ATTN: SEA 05Q, 1333 Isaac Hull
Avenue, SE, Stop 5160, Washington Navy Yard DC 20376-5160 or emailed to CommandStandards@navy.mil, with
the subject line Document Comment. Since contact information can change, you may want to verify the currency
of this address information using the ASSIST Online database at http://assist.daps.dla.mil.
FSC 8010

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FEDERAL REGULATIONS
40 CFR 60,
Appendix A,
Method 24

Determination of Volatile Matter Content, Water Content, Density,

Volume Solids, and Weight Solids of Surface Coatings

29 CFR 1910

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor

(Copies of these documents are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington DC 20401 or online at www.gpoaccess.gov/index.html.)
EPA SW-846,
Method 1311

TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure)

(Copies of this document are available from the Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200
Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington DC 20460 or online at www.epa.gov.)
4

2.2 Other publications. The following documents form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein.
Unless a specific issue is identified, the issue in effect on date of invitation for bids or request for proposal shall
apply.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)
ANSI Z129.1

Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Precautionary Labeling (DoD adopted)

(Copies of this document are available from the American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St, 4th
Floor, New York, NY 10036 or online at http://webstore.ansi.org/.)
ASTM INTERNATIONAL
ASTM
A1008/A1008M

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural,

High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved
Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable

ASTM
A1011/A1011M

Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon,

Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with
Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength

ASTM B117

Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus (DoD

adopted)

ASTM D562

Standard Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring Krebs Unit

(KU) Viscosity Using a Stormer-Type Viscometer (DoD adopted)

ASTM D609

Standard Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing

Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating Products
(DoD adopted)

ASTM D610

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel

Surfaces (DoD adopted)

ASTM D962

Standard Specification for Aluminum Powder and Paste Pigments For

Paints

ASTM D1308

Standard Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on Clear and

Pigmented Organic Finishes (DoD adopted)

ASTM D2698

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Pigment Content of

Solvent-Reducible Paints by High-Speed Centrifuging (DoD adopted)

TT-P-28H

ASTM D3278

Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale ClosedCup Apparatus (DoD adopted)

ASTM D3924

Standard Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and

Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials (DoD adopted)

ASTM E1252

Standard Practice for General Techniques for Obtaining Infrared Spectra

for Qualitative Analysis

ASTM F718

Standard for Shipbuilders and Marine Paints and Coatings

Product/Procedure Data Sheet (DoD adopted)

(Copies of these documents are available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 or online at www.astm.org.)
SOCIETY FOR PROTECTIVE COATINGS (SSPC)
SSPC-SP 1

Solvent Cleaning (DoD adopted)

(Copies of this document are available from SSPC Publication Sales, 40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA
15222-4656 or online at www.sspc.org.)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
(OSHA)
ID-191

Polarized Light Microscopy of Asbestos

(Copies of this document are available from the U.S. Department of Labor/OSHA, OSHA Publications, PO Box
37535, Washington DC 20013-7535 or online at www.osha.gov.)
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Qualification. The paints furnished under this specification shall be a product qualified for listing on the
applicable qualified products list.
3.2 Composition.
3.2.1 Pigment. The pigment shall be a commercially pure, extra fine, leafing, aluminum pigment powder meeting
the requirements of ASTM D962, Type I, Class B at a minimum.
3.2.2 Vehicle.
3.2.2.1 Type I vehicle. The Type I vehicle shall be a silicone resin or modified silicone resin together with driers as
required to meet the requirements of this specification.
3.2.2.2 Type II vehicle. The Type II vehicle shall be a silicone or modified silicone powder dispersed in an epoxy
powder with flow control agents as required to meet the requirements of this specification.
3.2.3 Volatile organic compound content (VOC).
3.2.3.1 Type I VOC. The maximum VOC of the Type I paint shall be 250 grams of solvent per liter of paint.
3.2.3.2 Type II VOC. The maximum VOC of the Type II powder coating shall be 75 grams of solvent per liter of
coating. For planning purposes, 5.3 pounds of powder shall be considered the equivalent of one liter of liquid paint.
3.3 Quantitative requirements. When tested in accordance with 4.5, the paint shall conform to the quantitative
requirements specified in Table I. Table I requirements not applicable to Type II powder coatings are total solids
and vehicle solids (both assumed to be 100 percent), water content, flash point and consistency.

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TABLE I. Quantitative requirements.

Requirements

Requirements

Minimum

Maximum

Total solids, percent by weight of paint

40

---

Pigment, percent by weight of paint

23

27

Vehicle solids, percent by weight of paint

18

---

Silica (SiO2), percent by weight of vehicle solids

30

---

Water content, percent by weight of paint

---

0.2

Consistency (package), kreb stormer shearing rate 200 RPM (grams)

100

150

Equivalent kreb units (KU)

61

72

38(100)

---

Set to touch (ambient dry)

---

Dry hard (ambient dry)

---

Full hardness, heat cure baked at 204 C (400 F), hours

---

Full hardness (Type II), baked at 204 C (400 F), minutes

---

20

VOC, grams per liter [g/L] (pounds per gallon [lb/gal]) Type I/Type II

---

250/75
(2.08/0.62)

Asbestos, percent by weight in dry film

---

0.1

Flash point, C (F)

Drying time, hours (Type I)

3.3.1 Color. When tested in accordance with Table IV, the color of the final paint dry film shall match color 17178
of FED-STD-595.
3.3.2 Solvents and hazardous air pollutant (HAP) content. When tested in accordance with 4.5.17, the solvents and
HAPs content in the paint shall not exceed the percent by weight (%WT) values listed in Table II. Within these
limitations and the requirement that the finished paint meet all requirements of this specification, solvent selection is
the responsibility of the manufacturer.

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TABLE II. Hazardous air pollutant solvent content limits.

Hazardous solvent in total paint

Maximum, %WT

Benzene

0.05

Chlorinated solvent(s), total

[carbon tetrachloride, chloroform (trichloromethane), methylene chloride
(dichloromethane), tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), 1,1,1trichloroethylene (methyl chloroform) trichloroethylene]

0.05

Ethyl benzene

0.05

Methyl, ethyl and butyl mono-ethers of ethylene glycol or the acetates thereof, total
(also known as: methyl, ethyl and butyl cellosolves and methyl, ethyl and butyl
cellosolve acetates)

0.05

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

0.05

Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)

0.05

Toluene

0.05

Xylene (all forms), total

0.1

3.3.3 Hazardous pigments and additives of paint. When tested in accordance with 4.5.18, the content of each
soluble metal and the total content of each metal of the paint shall be less than the values listed in Table III. If the
total metal content for an individual metal is less than the allowed soluble metal content for that metal, the total
metal value may be submitted for the soluble metal value and the actual test for the soluble metal need not be
performed.
TABLE III. Hazardous metal content.
Soluble metal,
maximum, mg/L

Total metals content,

maximum, %WT

Antimony

15

0.015

Arsenic

0.005

Barium (excluding barite)

100

0.10

Beryllium

0.75

0.0002

Cadmium

0.0005

Chromium (VI) compounds

0.001

560

0.56

50

0.005

Copper

25

0.01

Fluoride salts

180

0.18

0.005

Mercury

0.2

0.0002

Molybdenum

350

0.35

Nickel

20

0.02

Selenium

0.002

Silver

0.001

100

0.100

Metal and/or its compound in each coating dry film

Chromium [including chromium (III)]

Cobalt

1/

Lead

Tantalum

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TABLE III. Hazardous metal content - Continued.

Soluble metal,
maximum, mg/L

Total metals content,

maximum, %WT

Thallium

0.007

Tungsten

100

0.100

Vanadium

24

0.01

Zinc

250

0.25

Metal and/or its compound in each coating dry film

NOTE:
1/ Total cobalt content may exceed 0.005 %WT (up to 0.2 %WT) only if a cobalt drier is used to effect proper
drying. Regardless of whether a cobalt drier is used, soluble cobalt content may not exceed Table III
requirements.
3.4 Qualitative requirements. The following qualitative requirements apply equally to Type I and Type II products
unless specifically modified for Type I liquid or Type II powder coatings.
3.4.1 Condition in container (type I). The unopened can shall show no evidence of gas build-up, such as bulging of
can. When tested in accordance with 4.5.7, a freshly opened full container of the paint shall be free from grit, seeds,
skins, lumps, abnormal thickening or livering and shall show no more pigment settling or caking than can be readily
reincorporated to a smooth uniform state.
3.4.2 Storage stability.
3.4.2.1 Partially full container (type I). When tested in accordance with 4.5.8.1, a three-quarter filled, closed 8ounce glass jar of the paint shall show no skinning. At the end of the 7-day heat test, the treated sample shall be
cooled to room temperature and it shall show no pressure build-up; also, no livering, curdling, hardcaking or
gummed sediment shall be observed. The paint shall mix readily to a smooth uniform state, and any skin formed
shall be continuous and easily removed. The aged paint after the 7-day heat test shall be suitable for the purpose
intended.
3.4.2.2 Full container (type I). When tested in accordance with 4.5.8.2, a full quart can of the paint shall show no
gas pressure in the can, no skinning, livering, curdling, hard dry caking, or tough gummy sediment. The paint
shall mix readily to a smooth uniform state and shall be suitable for the purpose intended.
3.4.2.3 Type II storage stability. Type II powder coatings shall meet the requirements of this specification for one
year from the date of manufacture when stored in the original unopened container when tested in accordance with
4.5.8.3.
3.4.3 Brushing properties (type I only). When tested in accordance with 4.5.9, the paint shall brush easily with
good flow and leveling properties and shall dry to a smooth uniform film free from seeds, runs, sags, or streaks.
3.4.4 Spraying properties (type I). When tested in accordance with 4.5.10, the paint shall spray satisfactorily in all
respects and shall show no running, sagging, or streaking. The dried film shall show no dusting or mottling and
shall present a smooth uniform finish free from seeds.
3.4.4.1 Spraying properties (type II). When applied by established powder coating application methods (see
4.5.10.1), the film produced shall melt, fuse and cure to a film thickness of 2 to 4 mils (nominal 3 mils). The cured
film shall be uniform, smooth, even, free of runs, sags, and streaks and meet the applicable requirements of this
specification.
3.4.5 Heat resistance testing. Type I and Type II heat resistance test panel preparation and testing shall be in
accordance with 4.5.11.

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3.4.5.1 Type I heat resistance. When prepared in accordance with 4.5.11.1.1 and tested in accordance with
4.5.11.1.2, films of paint shall show no cracking, blistering, flaking, or peeling. When the knife test (see 4.5.11.1.2)
is done, the paint shall adhere tightly to the metal.
3.4.5.2 Type II heat resistance. The heat resistance test of 4.5.11.1.2 for Type II powder coatings shall be
terminated and results reported only for panels heated in sequence up to 372 C (700 F). When the knife test (see
4.5.11.1.2) is done, the paint shall adhere tightly to the metal.
3.4.6 Salt spray resistance. When prepared and tested in accordance with 4.5.12, films of the paint examined
immediately after removal from the test shall show no more than a trace of rusting and no more than 5 scattered
blisters, none of which is larger than 1 mm in diameter. Some dulling or staining unaccompanied by red rusting
shall be permitted. On removal of the paint from the panels tested as specified in 4.5.12.2, the surface of the steel
shall show no more than a trace of rusting, pitting, or corrosion (ASTM D610, Figure 1, No. 9).
3.4.7 Water resistance. When prepared and tested in accordance with 4.5.13, a film of paint shall show no
wrinkling or blistering immediately upon removal of the panel from the water. The paint shall not be significantly
affected when examined 2 hours after removal, and after 24 hours air drying, the portion of the paint which was
immersed shall show no more than an insignificant whiting or dulling in comparison to the portion that was not
immersed.
3.4.8 Hydrocarbon fluid resistance. When prepared and tested in accordance with 4.5.14, a film of paint shall show
no wrinkling or blistering immediately after removal from the fluid. After 24 hours air drying, the portion of the
panel which was immersed shall be almost indistinguishable with regard to hardness and adhesion from a panel that
was prepared by at the same time but not immersed.
3.4.9 Toxins, carcinogens, and reproductive stressors. All paints proposed for qualification shall be referred to the
Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) for an administrative Health Hazard Assessment (HHA) relative to
human health hazards (see 4.5.15).
3.4.10 Recoat. When tested in accordance with 4.5.11.1.4 fully cured Type II powder coatings shall be compatible
with Type I liquid coating. When recoated with Type I liquid paint, there shall be no blistering, wrinkling or lifting
of either coating.
3.5 Material safety data sheet. The contractor shall provide to the qualifying agency a completed material safety
data sheet (MSDS) in accordance with ANSI Z129.1 or FED-STD-313 (see 6.2).
3.6 Directions for mixing and applying. The manufacturer shall provide written directions for mixing and applying
the paint on each container to the qualifying agency. These directions shall cover both small (1 L or 4 L [1 quart
{qt} or 1 gallon {gal}]) and field (19 L [5 gal]) procedures, and shall specifically state the differences, if any,
between the two. These directions shall be in the format specified in ASTM F718 and shall include, as a minimum,
information on the upper and lower temperature and humidity limits for application, coverage per L (gal), and
safety precautions. Type II powders shall be furnished in unit containers consistent with the powder coating
manufacturing process.
3.7 Batch specific VOC certification. Manufacturer shall prepare label instruction in accordance with 29 CFR
1910. Each container shall be affixed with a hazardous chemical warning label in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.1200. To comply with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) requirements for shipbuilding and ship repair, the two following statements
shall appear on each paint can label:
a.

Certification that the paint in the container meets the NESHAP requirements for shipbuilding and ship
repair.

b.

Statement of the ratio of volatile content to solids expressed as grams of volatile organic hazardous air
pollutants (VOHAP) per liter of solids.

3.8 Recovered materials. The offeror/contractor is encouraged to use recovered materials to the maximum extent
practicable, in accordance with paragraph 23.403 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR).

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4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS

4.1 Responsibility for inspection. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, the contractor is responsible for the
performance of all inspection requirements as specified herein. Except as otherwise specified in the contract, the
contractor may use his own or any other facilities suitable for the performance of the inspection requirements
specified herein, unless disapproved by the government. The government reserves the right to perform any of the
inspections set forth in the specification where such inspections are deemed necessary to assure that supplies and
services conform to prescribed requirements.
4.2 Classification of examinations and tests. Examinations and tests shall be classified as follows:
a.

Qualification inspection (see 4.3).

b.

Acceptance testing of individual lots (see 4.3.2).

c.

Inspection of preparation for delivery (see 4.6).

4.3 Qualification inspection. Qualification testing shall consist of all the tests in Table IV except as modified to
qualify powder coatings. Items marked with a superscript 2 in Table IV shall not be conducted as qualification tests
for Type II coatings. Qualification inspection shall be conducted at a laboratory satisfactory to the Naval Sea
Systems Command (NAVSEA) on sample units produced with equipment and procedures normally used in
production.
4.3.1 Loss of qualification. After qualified product list (QPL) approval, any subsequent change in product
composition or rejection of lots in conformance testing may result in cancellation of QPL listing and require the
manufacturer to apply for re-qualification.
4.3.2 Acceptance testing. Acceptance testing of individual lots shall consist of testing for those requirements
specified by the appropriate superscript following Table IV.
4.4 Quality conformance inspection sampling. For the purposes of sampling and inspection, the unit of production
is a lot. A lot shall consist of all paint manufactured as one batch and offered for delivery at one time. A batch may
be one production batch or the resultant of the uniform blending or mixing of a number of smaller production
batches.
TABLE IV. Test methods.
Applicable method
in FED-STD-141

ASTM
method

Inspection
paragraph

Requirement
paragraph

---

---

4.5.3

Table I

---

D2698

---

Table I

---

D2698

---

Table I

---

---

4.5.4

Table I

---

---

4.5.16

Table I

---

---

4.5.5

Table I

4250

---

---

3.3.2

---

D562

---

Table I

---

D3278

---

Table I

Drying time:
Set to touch1/
Dry hard
Full hardness

4061
4061
---

-------

4.5.6.1
4.5.6.1
4.5.6.2

Table I
Table I
Table I

Condition in container1/, 3/

3011

---

4.5.7

3.4.1

Required test
Total solids2/
Pigment content
Vehicle solids

2/

Silica
Water content

2/

VOC
Color

1/, 3/
1/, 2/

Consistency

1/, 2/

Flash point

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TABLE IV. Test methods - Continued.

Applicable method
in FED-STD-141

ASTM
method

Inspection
paragraph

Requirement
paragraph

3021

---

4.5.8.1

3.4.2.1

3022

---

4.5.8.2

3.4.2.2

4321

---

4.5.9

3.4.3

Spraying properties

4331

---

4.5.10

3.4.4

Heat resistance:
- Hot rolled metal
- Cold rolled metal2/

-----

-----

4.5.11.1
4.5.11.2

3.4.5
3.4.5

Salt spray resistance:

- Hot rolled metal
- Cold rolled metal2/

-----

B117
B117

4.5.12
4.5.12

3.4.6
3.4.6

Water resistance

---

D1308

4.5.13

3.4.7

Hydrocarbon fluid
Resistance

---

D1308

4.5.14

3.4.8

Toxicity

---

---

4.5.15

3.4.9

Solvents and hazardous air

pollutants (HAPs)

7356
7360

E1252

4.5.17

3.3.2

Hazardous metal content

---

---

4.5.18

3.3.3

Material safety data sheets

(MSDS)1/

---

---

---

3.5

Directions for mixing and

applying

---

F7181/

---

3.6

6304.2

---

4.5.11.1.2

3.4.5.1
3.4.5.2

Required test
Storage stability:
Partially full container
Full container
Brushing properties

1/, 2/

Knife adhesion
NOTES:
1/ Lot conformance test for Type I

2/ Qualification test not applicable to Type II

3/ Lot conformance test for Type II (see 4.3.2)
4.5 Tests.
4.5.1 Test conditions. The routine and referee testing conditions shall be in accordance with ASTM D3924 except
as otherwise specified herein. All temperatures and dimensions are nominal unless a specific limit is otherwise
indicated.
4.5.1.1 Test paint films (type I). All paint films shall be 20.3 to 30.5 microns (0.0008 to 0.0012 inch; 0.8 to 1.2
mils) in dry film thickness per coat, unless otherwise specified. The dry film thickness shall be measured after the
coated panel has been baked at 204 C (400 F) for 15 minutes. If the test method specifies that the film is not to be
heated, the DFT shall then be measured after the 24-hour ambient temperature cure.
4.5.1.1.1 Test paint films (type II). Type II paint test films shall be applied at a dry film thickness (nominal 3 mils)
applied in accordance with the powder coating manufacturers recommendations for powder coatings to meet the
requirements of this specification.

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4.5.2 Test methods. Tests shall be conducted in accordance with the FED-STD-141, ASTM applicable methods or
as required by this specification. The issue of the test method shall be as required by section 2. The right is reserved
to make any additional tests deemed necessary to determine that the paint meets the requirements of this
specification. Failure to pass any test and non-compliance to the requirements of section 3 shall be cause for
consideration to reject the lot.
4.5.3 Nonvolatile (total solids) content (type I). Place a portion of the thoroughly mixed sample in a dropping bottle
and weigh to the nearest 0.1 milligram (mg). Weigh a 60 millimeter (mm) diameter aluminum dish to the nearest
0.1 mg. Transfer a small sample that does not exceed 0.3 gram (g) to the dish. Determine its exact weight by loss in
weight of the bottle. Dissolve the sample in 2 milliliters (ml) American Chemical Society (A.C.S.) reagent grade
toluene and dry in a gravity convection oven at 105 C (221 F) for 30 minutes. Upon cooling, reweigh the dish to
the nearest 0.1 mg. From the weight of the residue in the dish and the weight of the sample taken, calculate the
percent nonvolatile (total solid) as required. Nonvolatile vehicle (total solids) shall be in accordance with the
requirements of Table I.
4.5.4 Silica content of vehicle. From a stoppered bottle or weighing pipette, weigh by difference (to the nearest 0.1
mg) about 3 grams of vehicle (V1) isolated by ASTM D2698 into a previously ignited and weighed 3-inch porcelain
evaporating dish (V2). Dry at 105 C (221 F), in an oven for 3 hours. Place the dried sample in a cold muffle
furnace and gradually increase the temperature over a period of 3 hours to 538 C (1000 F) then maintain this
temperature for an additional hour. After cooling in a desiccator, weigh the dish and contents (V3). Calculate
weight of ash (silica) (V3-V2). Calculate the percent of silica as follows:
Percent silica by
weight of vehicle

Weight of ash (V3-V2) X 100

Weight of sample (V1) X nonvolatile vehicle fraction

Silica content shall be in accordance with the requirements of Table I.

4.5.5 VOC (volatile organic content). When tested in accordance with 40 CFR CH. 1, Part 60, Appendix A, (U. S.
EPA) Method 24, the VOC in the paint shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.2.3.
4.5.6 Drying time.
4.5.6.1 Air drying, type I. Draw down a film of the paint on a glass panel or Leneta chart using a 20.3-micron
(0.0008-inch) applicator (50 micron [0.002 inch] gap clearance) and determine air drying time at nominal laboratory
conditions in accordance with method 4061 of FED-STD-141. Drying time shall be in accordance with the
requirements of Table I.
4.5.6.2 Full hardness, type I. Determine full hardness by spraying a film of paint to a dry film thickness of 20.3
micron (0.0008 inch) to 30.5 micron (0.0012 inch) on a steel panel that has been solvent cleaned with the Aliphatic
Naptha-Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl ether mixture in accordance with method 2011 of FED-STD-141. Air dry 30
minutes and then bake at 2042 C (4005 F) for 1 hour. Determine compliance with full hardness requirement of
Table I. The film shall be considered to have reached full hardness when it is very difficult to remove with a knife
blade in accordance with Method 6304.2 of FED-STD-141.
4.5.6.3 Full hardness (type II). Full hardness and cure of Type II powder coatings when baked at 204 C (400 F)
shall be no longer than 20 minutes.
4.5.7 Condition in container. Determine package condition for conformance testing in accordance with method
3011 of FED-STD-141. Package condition shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.1. The unopened
can shall show no evidence of gas build-up, such as bulging of can. Do not agitate the can. Open the container, but
do not stir. Evaluate pigment settling or caking by proceeding as in method 3011 of FED-STD-141. Reseal and
agitate the can for 3 minutes on a paint shaker. On re-examination of the contents, the disclosure of any gel bodies,
undispersed pigment, floating or undispersed settled pigment indicates unsatisfactory settling properties. Contents
shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.1.

10

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4.5.8 Storage stability.

4.5.8.1 Partially full container (type I). Determine skinning after 48 hours in accordance with method 3021 of FEDSTD-141 and observe for compliance with 3.4.2.1. Reseal, tape lid and all glass areas with masking tape. Place
taped jar in gallon can with loose fitting lid and expose to 7 days of heating at 52 C (125 F). Observe sample
cautiously for first few days to note rupture of jar or leakage. Cool test assembly to room temperature and handle
with caution when opening jar. Contents shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.2.1 (heat aged
requirement).
4.5.8.2 Full container (type I). In accordance with method 3022 of FED-STD-141, allow a full standard quart can
of the paint to stand undisturbed for 1 year and then examine the contents. Evaluate pigment settling or caking as in
4.5.7 except agitate the can for 5 minutes on the paint shaker prior to re-examination. Properties shall be in
accordance with 3.4.2.2.
4.5.8.3 Storage stability (type II). Two unopened containers of Type II powder coatings shall be stored in a room
maintained at or below 27 C (80 F) and at relative humidity of 50 percent for one year from the date of
manufacture. Check for compliance with 3.4.2.3.
4.5.9 Brushing properties (type I). Apply the paint as packaged using a 6-cm (2-inch) brush to a dry film
thickness of 20.3 to 30.5 microns (0.8 to 1.2 mils) and observe for brushing properties in accordance with method
4321 of FED-STD-141, as well as for flow and leveling properties, a smooth uniform film, seeds, runs, sags, or
streaks. Brushing properties shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.3.
4.5.10 Spraying properties (type I). Spray the paint in accordance with manufacturer instructions, on a steel panel
to a dry film thickness of 20.3 to 30.5 microns (0.8 to 1.2 mils) and observe for spraying properties in accordance
with method 4331 of FED-STD-141, as well as for running, sagging, streaking, dusting, mottling, smoothness, and
uniformity. For referee test use automatic application in accordance with method 2131 of FED-STD-141. Spraying
properties and drying shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.4.
4.5.10.1 Spraying properties (type II). Powder shall be spray applied to five panels at the dry film thickness
recommended by the coating manufacturer (nominal 3 mils) by accepted industrial methods for applying powder
coatings. The coating shall comply with 3.4.4.1.
4.5.11 Heat resistance testing of type I (liquid heat resistant paint) and type II powder coatings.
4.5.11.1 Hot-rolled steel. This applies to either Type I liquid paints or Type II powder coatings.
4.5.11.1.1 Panel preparation. For each test paint, select eight panels which are completely free of loose mill scale
and have been cut out to 8 by 15 cm (3 by 6 inch) from 14 gauge low-carbon steel conforming to ASTM
A1011/1011M. Remove mill scale and rust by any means desired prior to solvent cleaning. Solvent clean to SSPCSP 1. Type I paints shall be sprayed in one coat to a total dry film thickness between 20.3 to 30.5 microns (0.8 to
1.2 mils), then air dried for at least 24 hours. Type II powder coatings shall be applied in accordance with 4.5.10.1.
4.5.11.1.2 Heat test. Following panel preparation in accordance with 4.5.11.1.1, place the panels in an oven on a
suitable rack or holder so that no part of the panels are in direct contact with the bottom or sides of the oven and
subject to the following heating schedule of nominal temperatures:

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TT-P-28H

TABLE V. Heat schedule of nominal temperatures.

Heating schedule

8 hours (first day)

204

400

16 hours (overnight)

260

500

8 hours

316

600

16 hours

372

700

8 hours

428

800

16 hours

484

900

8 hours

538

1000

16 hours

590

1100

8 hours

650

1200

Remove the panels from the oven for as short a period of time as possible and inspect (except for the knife test) for
compliance with 3.4.5 at the end of each heating period. Remove two panels at the end of the 260 C (500 F),
316 C (600 F) and 484 C (900 F) (see 4.5.12.4) heating periods for use in the salt spray test (see 4.5.12). At the
conclusion of the heating schedule, remove the remaining two panels, allow to cool in air, inspect the films of paint
for cracking, blistering, flaking, or peeling and cut with a knife blade in accordance with method 6304.2 of FEDSTD-141 to determine adhesion. Test panels shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.5.
4.5.11.1.3 Heat resistance. Panels coated with Type II powder coating materials shall be tested for heat resistance
as specified for Table V, but only up to 372 C (700 F). Panels coated with Type II materials shall be removed
from the heat resistance test at the end of the 260 C (500 F), 316 C (600 F), and 372 C (700 F) heating periods
for subsequent testing.
4.5.11.1.4 Recoat properties. To verify the recoat properties of the Type II powder, conduct the following
evaluation:
a.

The Type II coating applied in 4.5.10.1 and conforming to 3.4.4.1 shall be used.

b.

Following removal from the heat test after the 204 C (400 F), 260 C (500 F), 316 C (600 F), and 372
C (700 F) exposure, abrade a single spot equal to about 25 percent of the Type II coating applied.

c.

Apply a 50-micron to 75-micron (2-mils to 3-mils) wet film of Type I paint.

Check for compliance with 3.4.10.

4.5.11.2 Cold-rolled steel. This applies to Type I coatings and does not apply to Type II powder coatings.
4.5.11.2.1 Test panel preparation. Test paints require two 8- by 15-cm (3- by 6-inch) test panels. Panels shall be
ASTM A1008/A1008M free of mill scale (see 4.5.11.1.1) and solvent degreased. One side of each test panel shall
be flat polished as described in ASTM D609. Spray apply two coats of the test paint to the side of the panel that has
been flat polished. Air dry 30 minutes after each coat. After air drying the second coat, bake the test panels at 204
C (400 F) (nominal) for 1 hour. Cool to room temperature.
4.5.11.2.2 Heat test. After the bake-cured panels have returned to room temperature, place the panels on a rack as
in 4.5.11.1.2 and heat for 24 hours in an oven that has been previously raised to a temperature of 650 C (1200 F).
Remove from the oven and cool. Inspect the films of paint for cracking, blistering, flaking, or peeling and perform
the knife test in accordance with Method 6304.2 of FED-STD-141. Test panel shall be in accordance with the
requirements of 3.4.5.

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TT-P-28H

4.5.12 Salt spray resistance.

4.5.12.1 Type I liquid paint. Remove the unscored panels from the 260 C (500 F), 316 C (600 F) and 484 C
(900 F) heating periods of 4.5.11.1.2. Allow them to reach room temperature. Protect back and edges with
separate applications of paint or wax. Expose the panels to the salt spray for 24 hours in accordance with ASTM
B117. Upon removal, wash the panels gently in warm running water until free from any visible salt deposits and
examine immediately for traces of rusting, blisters and dulling or staining unaccompanied by red rusting. When
paint is removed from the panels tested, inspect the surface of the steel for rusting, pitting, or corrosion. Test panels
shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.6.
4.5.12.2 Cold-rolled steel, type I ambient dry. Prepare three 10- by 30-cm (4- by 12-inch) (nominal), ASTM
A1008/A1008M steel panels for each test paint as specified in 4.5.11.2.1 except, do not bake. Protect the back and
edges with separate applications of paint or wax. Allow the test panels to cure for 14 days at ambient room
temperature. Do not score the panels. Expose the unscored panels to the ASTM B117 salt spray for 96 hours.
Upon removal, wash the panels gently in warm running water until free from any visible salt deposits and examine
immediately for traces of rusting, blisters and dulling or staining unaccompanied by red rusting. When paint is
removed from the panels tested, inspect the surface of the steel for rusting, pitting, or corrosion. Test panels shall be
in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.6.
4.5.12.3 Cold rolled steel, type I heat cure. Prepare three 10- by 30-cm (4- by 12-inch) (nominal), ASTM
A1008/A1008M steel panels for each test paint as specified in 4.5.11.2.1. Protect back and edges with separate
applications of paint or wax. Do not score the panels. Expose the unscored panels to the salt spray for 96 hours in
accordance with ASTM B117. Upon removal, wash the panels gently in warm running water until free from any
visible salt deposits and examine immediately for traces of rusting, blisters and dulling or staining unaccompanied
by red rusting. When paint is removed from the panels tested, inspect the surface of the steel for rusting, pitting, or
corrosion. Test panels shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.6.
4.5.12.4 Type II, powder coating. For Type II powder coated panels, remove from the 4.5.11.1.3 heat resistance
test after the 260 C (500 F), 316 C (600 F), and the 372 C (700 F) heating periods and then conduct the ASTM
B117 salt spray test for 24 hours. Upon removal, wash the panels gently in warm running water until free from any
visible salt deposits and examine immediately for traces of rusting, blisters and dulling, or staining unaccompanied
by red rusting. When paint is removed from the panels tested, inspect the surface of the steel for rusting, pitting, or
corrosion. Test panels shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.6.
4.5.13 Water resistance. Prepare three test panels as specified in 4.5.11.2.1. Coat all exposed uncoated metal
surfaces with wax or suitable coating and immerse the panel for 24 hours at 23 C (73 F) in accordance with ASTM
D1308. Inspect for wrinkling or blistering immediately upon removal of the panel from the water. Two (2) hours
after removal from test, inspect for significant effects. Inspect after 24 hours air drying for any changes in the
portion of the paint which was immersed when compared to the portion that was not immersed. The paint condition
shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.7.
4.5.14 Hydrocarbon fluid resistance. Prepare three test panels in accordance with 4.5.11.2.1. Immerse the panels
for 4 hours in a hydrocarbon fluid conforming to JP8 at 251 C (772 F). Panels shall be immersed at a minimum
depth of 50 percent. Examine the film of paint for wrinkling or blistering immediately after removal from the fluid.
After air drying for 24 hours, examine the portion of the panel which was immersed with regard to hardness and
knife adhesion in accordance with Method 6304.2 of FED-STD-141. Paint shall be in accordance with the
requirements of 3.4.8.
4.5.15 Toxins, carcinogens, and reproductive stressors. The manufacturer shall have the formulations and
associated toxicological information available for review by the Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) as
directed by the qualifying activity. The toxicology shall be in accordance with the requirements of 3.4.9.
4.5.16 Water content (type I only). The water content shall be run on the vehicle as isolated in 4.5.4 using
commercially available automated titration devices. Metrohm Systems automated Karl Fischer titration device
from Brinkmann Instruments or Photovolt Aquatest II from Photvolt Aquatest Co. are acceptable.
Check for compliance with Table I.

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TT-P-28H

4.5.17 Hazardous solvent content. Content of hazardous solvents shall be determined in accordance with methods
7356 and 7360 of FED-STD-141. Solvent fractions shall be identified in accordance with ASTM E1252. Test
results shall be reported as percent by weight of the total paint. The test results for each solvent shall be in
accordance with the requirement in 3.3.2 and Table II.
4.5.18 Hazardous pigments and additives. Soluble and total metal content, except tantalum and tungsten, shall be
determined on a dry paint film of the coatings in accordance with EPA SW-846, (TCLP) Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure, and the appropriate test listed below. Asbestos shall be analyzed in accordance with OSHA
Validated Analytical Method ID-191, Polarization Light Microscopy of Asbestos and test result reported as
percent by weight of the dry paint film. Soluble metal content shall be reported as milligrams per liter (mg/L).
Total metal content shall be reported as %WT of the dry paint film. The test results for metal shall be in
conformance with the appropriate requirements of 3.3.3 and Table III. Tantalum and tungsten soluble metal content
and total metal content shall be analyzed as specified in 4.5.18.1.
TABLE VI. Physical and chemical test methods of materials.
Test methods for evaluating solid
waste physical/chemical methods,
SW-846 digestion test method
3050
3060
7040 or 7041
7060 or 7061
7080 or 7081
7131
7190
7195, 7196, or 7197
7421
7080 or 7081
7520 or 7521
7740 or 7741
7760 or 7761
210.1 or 210.2
219.1 or 219.2
220.1 or 220.2
340.1, 340.2, or 340.3
246.1 or 246.2
279.1 or 279.2
286.1 or 286.2
289.1 or 289.2

Metal/material
All metals, except chromium (VI)
Chromium (VI)
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Total chromium
Chromium (VI)
Lead
Barium
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Beryllium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc

4.5.18.1 Tantalum and tungsten content. Determine the tantalum and tungsten content of the paint using any
appropriate spectroscopy test method. Conduct the tests in accordance with the instrument manufacturers
directions for the use of the instrument. Manufacturer is responsible for establishing data supporting the test method
choice and analytical accuracy. The test results for tantalum or tungsten shall be in conformance with the
requirements of 3.3.3.

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TT-P-28H

4.6 Inspection of preparation for delivery.

4.6.1 Quality conformance inspection of preparation for delivery.
4.6.1.1 Unit of product. For the purpose of inspection, a complete pack prepared for shipment shall be considered a
unit of product.
4.6.1.2 Sampling. Sampling for examination shall be in accordance with the requirements of the contract.
4.6.1.3 Examination. Samples selected in accordance with 4.6.1.2 shall be examined for conformance to the
requirements of Table VII and Table VIII (see 6.5). The AQL shall be 2.5 percent defective.
5. PACKAGING
5.1 Packaging. For acquisition purposes, the packaging requirements shall be as specified in the contract or order
(see 6.2). When packaging of materiel is to be performed by DoD or in-house contractor personnel, these personnel
need to contact the responsible packaging activity to ascertain packaging requirements. Packaging requirements are
maintained by the Inventory Control Points packaging activities within the Military Service or Defense Agency, or
within the military services systems commands. Packaging data retrieval is available from the managing Military
Departments or Defense Agencys automated packaging files, CD-ROM products, or by contacting the responsible
packaging activity.
5.2 Packaging for type II powder coatings. Packaging for Type II powder coatings shall be in accordance with
commercial practices in effect for qualified manufacturers.
6. NOTES
INFORMATION FOR GUIDANCE ONLY. (This section contains information of a general or explanatory
nature that is helpful, but is not mandatory.)
6.1 Intended use. This paint covered by this specification is of two types. Type I liquid paint is intended for use on
heated steel surfaces, at temperatures up to 650 C (1200 F). This paint is low VOC (250 g/L; 2.08 lb/gal). Such
use may be on superheated steam lines, boiler casings, boiler drums, super heater heads, and similar high
temperature applications. It is also intended for painting military equipment such as personnel heaters, rocket
launchers and other components, where operating temperatures preclude the use of conventional paints. It may also
be used for application to engraved, stamped, or stenciled lettering or numerals on metallic gun or weapon
components for identification or functioning purposes when those components are exposed to temperatures up to
650 C (1200 F). Type II powder coating is intended for use on similar steel surfaces, temperature of which will
not exceed 372 C (700 F).
6.1.1 Welding practices. Neither Type I nor Type II paints described by this specification are intended to be weldthrough paints. Type I and Type II paints should be removed to a distance of six inches prior to any welding
procedure.
6.2 Acquisition requirements. Acquisition documents should specify the following:
a.

Title, number, and date of this specification, including any amendments.

b.

Type required (if unspecified by the user, Type I will be supplied).

c.

Quantity/unit of purchase required.

d.

Material safety data sheet (see 3.6).

e.

Degree of packaging and degree of packing required (see 6.5, Table VII).

f.

When palletization is required (see 6.5, Table VII).

g.

Any special marking (see 6.5, Table VIII).

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TT-P-28H

6.3 Qualification. With respect to products requiring qualification, awards will be made only for products which
are, at the time of award of contract, qualified for inclusion in the applicable qualified products list whether or not
such products have actually been so listed by that date. The attention of the supplier is called to this requirement,
and manufacturers are urged to arrange to have the products they propose to offer to the Federal Government tested
for qualification in order that they may be eligible to be awarded contracts or orders for the products covered by this
specification. The activity responsible for the qualified products list is Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command,
ATTN: SEA 05Q, 1333 Isaac Hull Avenue, SE, Stop 5160, Washington Navy Yard DC 20376-5160, and
information pertaining to qualification of products may be obtained from that activity.
6.4 Supersession data. This specification supersedes TT-P-28G dated July 8, 1985 and GSA technical purchase
description (TPD-1000) dated 11 August 1994, as follows:
TT-P-28H

TT-P-28G

TPD-1000A

6.5 Packaging recommendations. Suggested packaging and marking requirements are contained in Table VII and
VIII.
TABLE VII. Packaging.
Packaging

Recommended requirements for direct Government acquisitions

Containers

(1) Type I paints should be specified to be furnished in cans capable of holding 0.47
liters (L) (1 pint), 0.945L (1 quart), 3.78L (1 gallon) and 18.9L (5 gallons).
(2) Friction plug containers should be in accordance with PPP-C-96, Type V, Class 2.
Interior coatings should be as specified therein. Exterior coatings, including side
seam stripping, should be as specified therein for plan B. Wire handles as
specified therein should be provided for the 1-gallon container. Closure of the
properly filled and sealed cans should be as specified in the appendix thereto.
(3) All containers should comply with the requirements of the Uniform Freight
Classifications (UFC), the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), and
the applicable requirements of the Code of Federal Regulations 49CFR178,
Department of Transportation (DOT).
(4) Unit of procurement: The paints covered by this specification should be purchased
by volume. The unit of procurement should be in multiples of 1 L or 1 U.S.
liquid gallon at 15.5 C (60 F).

Commercial packaging

(1) Commercial packaging should be to ASTM D3951.

(2) All containers should comply with the requirements of the Uniform Freight
Classifications (UFC), the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), and
the applicable requirements of the Code of Federal Regulations 49 CFR 178,
Department of Transportation (DOT).

Packing

Packing should be specified as follows:

(1) Overseas delivery packing. Intermediate containers of like sizes of paint should
be ASTM D6251 packed in close-fitting wood boxes. Box closure and strapping
should be as specified in the applicable box specification or the appendix thereto
except that strapping should be flat and the finish B.
(2) Domestic delivery (Level B) packing. Level B packing should be as for level A,
except that boxes should be domestic type or class and the strapping should be
finish A or B.
(3) Commercial packing. The paint, in the unit and intermediate containers should,
as applicable, be packed in multiples of like sizes in accordance with UFC,
NMFC and 49 CFR 178 requirements.

Palletization

Intermediate containers should be palletized in accordance with MIL-HDBK-774.

Only one size unit or intermediate container should be placed on a pallet.

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TT-P-28H

TABLE VII. Packaging Continued.

Packaging

Recommended requirements for direct Government acquisitions

Intermediate containers

Intermediate containers should be close fitting corrugated fiberboard boxes in

accordance with UFC, NMFC and 49 CFR 178 requirements. Fiberboard used in the
construction of interior (unit and intermediate) and exterior containers, including
interior packaging forms, should conform to the ASTM D4727/D4727M, classes
should be domestic fire-retardant or weather resistant fire-retardant (see 6.2).

Packing for acquisitions

involving direct delivery
to Navy ships or
installations

Treated lumber and plywood. All lumber and plywood, including laminated veneer
materials, used in shipping container and pallet construction, member, blocking,
bracing, and reinforcing must be fire-retardant treated material in accordance with
MIL-L-19140 as follows:
(a) General use, weather resistant:
MIL-L-19140, Type II, Category I.
(b) General use, non-weather resistant:
MIL-L-19140, Type I, Category I.

Material safety data

sheets (MSDS) and
Product / procedure data
sheets

A copy of the MSDS and company product data/procedure sheets should be attached
to the shipping document for each destination (see 3.5).

VOC certification sheets

VOC certification sheets for each batch of coating will be provided when requested by
the procuring activity.
TABLE VIII. Marking.

Marking type

Recommended marking

Bar codes

Marking should include bar codes

Hazardous warnings

(a) Labels should be in accordance with 29 CFR Parts 1910, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1926
and 1928, as well as PPP-P-1892.
(b) All individual containers should have the following marking: CAUTION: This
paint contains volatile solvents, with probable hazardous vapors. Use with
adequate ventilation. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or spray mists. The
solvents are highly flammable, avoid open flame and smoking.
(c) Each container, shipping container, and palletized load should be marked with the
appropriate hazardous symbol.
(d) Unit containers should be marked: This product is Asbestos, Lead, Chromium,
Cadmium free, except for possible trace levels.

Volatile organic content

(VOC)

Contains (insert VOC content) grams per liter (insert VOC content in lb/gal) of
volatile organic content per 40 CFR CH. 1, Part 60, Appendix A (EPA) Method 24.
Maximum thinning allowed is (insert number in g/L, lb/gal and volume/gal [if
appropriate]).

Hazardous air pollutants

Contains (insert HAP content here in g/L and lb/gal) solids (non-volatiles) per 40
CFR 63.

Shelf life

Each unit container, intermediate container where applicable, and shipping container
should be marked as follows: Date of first re-inspection (insert here date 2 years after
date of manufacture).

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TT-P-28H

6.6 Part or identification number (PIN). The following part or identification numbering procedure is for
government purposes and does not constitute a requirement for the contractor.
TT

F
Prefix for
Federal
Specification

Alphabetical
designation

Alphabetical
designation

Type

Code

I
II

1
2

28
Specification
Number

X
Type (see
code
below)

Examples: FTT-P-28-1
FTT-P-28-1
FTT-P-28-2
6.7 Subject term (key word) listing.
Aluminum
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP)
NESHAP
Non-lead
Paint
Temperature, high
Topcoat
VOC
Volatile organic content compliant
6.8 Changes from previous issue. Asterisks (or vertical lines) are not used in this revision to identify changes with
respect to the previous issue due to the extensive changes.

MILITARY INTERESTS

CIVIL AGENCY COORDINATING ACTIVITY:

GSA FSS

Custodians:
Army CR4
Navy SH
Air Force 11

Preparing Activity:
Navy SH
(Project 8010-0199-000)

Review Activities:
Army MD, MI, MR
Navy AS, OS, YD
Air Force 84, 99

NOTE: The activities listed above were interested in this document as of the date of this document. Since
organizations and responsibilities can change, you should verify the currency of the information above using the
ASSIST Online database at http://assist.daps.dla.mil.

18