Hypotalamus - One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system

to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is a section of the brain responsible
for the production of many of the bodys essential hormones, chemical substances that help control
different cells and organs. The hormones from the hypothalamus govern physiologic functions such as
temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within
the body. This area of the brain houses the pituitary gland and other glands in the body.
In 2004 and 2006, two studies by Berglund, Lindstrm, and Savic used positron emission tomography
(PET) to observe how the hypothalamus responds to smelling common odors, the scent of testosterone
found in male sweat, and the scent of estrogen found in female urine. These studies showed that the
hypothalamus of heterosexual men and homosexual women both respond to estrogen. Also, the
hypothalamus of homosexual men and heterosexual women both respond to testosterone. The
hypothalamus of all four groups did not respond to the common odors, which produced a normal
olfactory response in the brain.
Pineal Gland - is a small endocrine gland in vertebrate brain. Almost all vertebrate species posses a
pineal gland.The human pineal gland grows in size until about 12 years of age, remaining stable
thereafter, although its weight increases gradually from puberty onwards. The primary function of the
pineal gland is to produce melatonin
Pitulary gland - is also a somall endocrine gland and it hormones secreted growth, blood pressure,
certain functions of the sex organs, thyroid glands and metabolism.The anterior lobe of the pituitary
can be divided into the pars tuberalis (pars glandularis) and pars distalis (pars glandularis) that
constitutes ~80% of the gland.The posterior lobe develops as an extension of the hypothalamus. The
release of pituitary hormones by both the anterior and posterior lobes is under the control of the
hypothalamus, albeit in different ways
Parathyroid glands - are small glands of the endocrine system which are located in the neck behind
the thyroid. Parathyroid glands control the calcium in our bodies--how much calcium is in our bones,
and how much calcium is in our blood. Calcium is the most important element in our bodies (we use it
to control many systems), so calcium is regulated very carefully. Parathyroid glands control the
calcium. Everybody with a bad parathyroid gland will eventually develop bad osteoporosis--unless the
bad gland is removed.The symptoms of parathyroid disease (hyperparathyroidism) leading to high
blood calcium are listed and discussed, it even increases your risk of stroke, heart disease.
The thyroid gland - is an endocrine gland in the body, and consists of two connected .lobes It is found
at the front of the neck, below the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple). The thyroid is one of the
larger endocrine glands, weighing 25 grams in adults, and is increased in pregnancy. The thyroid
hormones have effects on almost all body tissues. Appetite, the absorption of substances, and gut
motility are all influenced by thyroid hormones. Disorders of the thyroid are functionalcaused by
dysfunction in the production of hormones, and nodes and tumors either benign or malignant.
Functional disorders can cause inflammation as can some other forms of thyroiditis. Functional
disorders can result in the overproduction or underproduction of hormones. Any of the functional
thyroid disorders can result in the gland's enlargement and cause a swollen neck termed a goiter.

The thymus gland - located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty.
After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. The thymus gland will
not function throughout a full lifetime, but it has a big responsibility when its activehelping the body
protect itself against autoimmunity, which occurs when the immune system turns against itself.
Therefore, the thymus plays a vital role in the lymphatic system (your bodys defense network) and
endocrine system . Thymosin stimulates the development of T cells. Throughout your childhood years,
white blood cells called lymphocytes pass through the thymus, where they are transformed into T cells.
Though the thymus gland is only active until puberty, its double-duty function as an endocrine and
lymphatic gland plays a significant role in our long-term health.
The adrenal glands - (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of
hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the
kidneys. They have a strong influence on your kidney function (as well as many other things) through
the secretion of aldosterone.
The Capsule
The adipose capsule is a protective layer of fat that surrounds each adrenal gland
The Cortex
Production of DHEA and other sex hormones
Production of corticosteroids
Production of mineralocorticoids
The Medulla
The medulla might only form 20% of the adrenal gland, but it is just as important as the larger cortex.
Whereas the cortex is more concerned about regulating different levels in our bodies and keeping our
bodies functioning efficiently, the medulla is all about managing our response to stress
Kidney - In humans, the kidneys are located high in the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the
spine, and lie in a retroperitoneal position at a slightly oblique angle. On top of each kidney is an
adrenal gland. The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs. Each
kidney, with its adrenal gland is surrounded by two layers of fat: the perinephric fat present between
renal fascia and renal capsule and paranephric fat superior to the renal fascia. The kidney participates in
whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid
volume, and blood pressure. The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both independently
and in concert with other organs, particularly those of the endocrine system.
The pancreas - is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In
humans, it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. It is an endocrine gland producing
several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide
which circulate in the blood. The pancreas is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice
containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme.
The pancreas is involved in blood sugar control and metabolism within the body, and also in the
secretion of substances which help digestion. Classically, these are divided into an "endocrine" role,
relating to the secretion of insulin and other substances within pancreatic islets and helping control
blood sugar levels and metabolism within the body, and an "exocrine" role, relating to the secretion of
enzymes involved in digesting substances from outside of the body.

Testis - Both functions of the testicle are influenced by gonadotropic hormones produced by the
anterior pituitary The testicles are well-known to be very sensitive to impact and injury. The pain
involved travels up from each testicle into the abdominal cavity, via the spermatic plexus, which is the
primary nerve of each testicle. This will cause pain in the hip and the back. The pain usually goes away
in a few minutes
The ovary - is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs in the female as part of the
vertebrate female reproductive system. Birds have only one functional ovary (the left), while the other
remains vestigial. Ovaries in females are analogous to testes in males, in that they are both gonads and
endocrine glands. Although ovaries occur in a wide variety of animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate,
this article is primarily about human ovaries. As women age, they experience a decline in reproductive
performance leading to menopause. This decline is tied to a decline in the number of ovarian follicles.
Ovarian diseases can be classified as endocrine disorders or as a disorders of the reproductive system.
If the egg fails to release from the follicle in the ovary an ovarian cyst may form. Small ovarian cysts
are common in healthy women. Some women have more follicles than usual (polycystic ovary
syndrome), which inhibits the follicles to grow normally and this will cause cycle irregularities

Hipotalamus - Una dintre cele mai importante funcii ale hipotalamusului este de a
lega sistemul nervos la sistemul endocrin prin intermediul glandei pituitare.
Hipotalamusul este o seciune a creierului responsabile de producerea multor
hormoni eseniali organismului, substane chimice, care ajuta la controlul
celulelor i diferite organe. Hormoni din hipotalamus guverneaz funciile
fiziologice, cum ar fi reglarea temperaturii, sete, foame, somn, starea de spirit,
sex, precum i eliberarea altor hormoni n organism. Aceast zon a creierului
gzduiete glanda pituitar i alte glande din organism.
n 2004 i 2006, dou studii realizate de Berglund, Lindstrom si Savic utilizate
tomografie cu emisie de pozitroni (PET) pentru a observa modul in care hipotalamus
raspunde la miros mirosuri comune, mirosul de testosteron gasit in sudoare de sex
masculin, iar mirosul de estrogen gasit in urina de sex feminin . Aceste studii au
artat c hipotalamusul brbailor heterosexuali i femeile homosexuale ambele
raspund la estrogeni. De asemenea, hipotalamusul brbailor homosexuali i femeile
heterosexuale ambele raspund la testosteron. Hipotalamusul toate cele patru grupuri
nu au rspuns la comune mirosuri, care a produs un raspuns olfactiv normala in
creier
Glanda pineal - este o mica glanda endocrina in creier vertebrate. Aproape toate
speciile de vertebrate poseda o gland.The glanda pineal umana pineal creste in
dimensiune pana la aproximativ 1-2 ani, rmnnd stabil dup aceast dat, cu toate
c greutatea sa crete treptat de la pubertate ncepnd. Funcia principal a
glandei pineale este de a produce melatonina
Pitulary glandei - este, de asemenea, o glanda endocrina somall si hormoni secretat
de cretere, a tensiunii arteriale, anumite funcii ale organelor genitale,
glandelor tiroide si metabolism.The lobul anterior al glandei pituitare poate fi
mprit n tuberalis pars (pars glandularis) i pars distalis (pars glandularis)
care constituie ~ 80% din lobul posterior gland.The se dezvolt ca o extensie a
hipotalamusului. Eliberarea de hormoni hipofizari de ambele anterioare i
posterioare lobii este sub controlul hipotalamusului, dei n diferite moduri
Glandele paratiroide - sunt glande mici ale sistemului endocrin, care sunt situate
n spatele gtului tiroidei. glande paratiroide controleaz calciul din corpurile
noastre - cat de mult calciu este n oasele noastre, i ct de mult calciu este n
sngele nostru. Calciul este cel mai important element n corpurile noastre (vom
folosi pentru a controla mai multe sisteme), astfel nct calciul este reglementat
foarte atent. glandele paratiroide controleaz calciul. Toat lumea cu o glanda
paratiroid proasta se va dezvolta in cele din urma osteoporozei ru - cu excepia
cazului n glanda proasta este simptomele removed.The ale bolii paratiroidian
(hiperparatiroidism) care duce la calciu n snge sunt enumerate i discutate,
aceasta crete chiar i riscul de accident vascular cerebral, boli de inima.

Glandei tiroide - este o glanda endocrina din organism, i este format din dou
.lobes conectate Se gsete n partea din fa a gtului, sub proeminenta laringian
(Apple lui Adam). Tiroida este una dintre glandele endocrine mai mari, cu o
greutate de 25 de grame la aduli, i este crescut n timpul sarcinii. Hormonii
tiroidieni au efecte asupra aproape toate esuturile corpului. Apetitului
alimentar, absorbia substanelor i motilitatea intestinal sunt toate influenate
de hormoni tiroidieni. Afeciuni ale tiroidei sunt funcionale cauzate de
disfuncia n producerea de hormoni si noduri si tumori benigne sau maligne.
Tulburri funcionale pot provoca inflamaii la fel ca alte forme de tiroidita.
tulburri funcionale poate duce la supraproductie sau subproductia de hormoni.
Oricare dintre tulburri tiroidiene funcionale pot duce la marirea glandei si a

provoca un gt umflat numit gusa.

Timusului - localizata in spatele sternului i ntre plmni, este activ numai

pn la pubertate. Dupa pubertate, timusul ncepe s se micoreze ncet i s
devin nlocuit cu grsime. Timusului nu va funciona pe toat o via plin, dar
are o mare responsabilitate cnd este activ ajutnd organismul s se protejeze
mpotriva autoimunitate, care apare atunci cand sistemul imunitar se ntoarce
mpotriva ei nsi. Prin urmare, timusul joac un rol vital n sistemul limfatic
(reeaua de aprare a organismului dumneavoastr) i sistemul endocrin. Timozinul
stimuleaz dezvoltarea celulelor T. De-a lungul anii copilriei, celulele albe
numite limfocite trec prin timusul, n cazul n care acestea sunt transformate n
celule T.
Cu toate c glanda timus este activ numai pn la pubertate, funcia sa dubl
datorie ca un endocrin i glanda limfatic joaca un rol important in sanatatea
noastra pe termen lung.

Suprarenale Glandele - (cunoscute i sub denumirea glandele suprarenale) sunt

glande endocrine care produc o varietate de hormoni, inclusiv adrenalin i
aldosteron steroizi i cortizol. Acestea se gsesc deasupra rinichilor. Ei au o
influen puternic asupra funciei rinichilor (precum i multe alte lucruri), prin
secreia de aldosteron.
capsula
Capsula adipos este un strat protector de grsime care nconjoar fiecare gland
suprarenal
Cortexul
Producia DHEA i a altor hormoni sexuali
Producia de corticosteroizi
Producia de mineralocorticoizi
medulla
Medulara ar putea forma doar 20% din glanda suprarenal, dar este la fel de
important ca i cortexul mai mare. ntruct cortexul este mai preocupat de
reglementare diferite niveluri n corpurile noastre i pstrarea corpul nostru
funcioneaz eficient, medula este tot despre gestionarea raspunsul nostru la stres
Rinichi - La om, rinichii sunt amplasate n cavitatea abdominal, cte una pe
fiecare parte a coloanei vertebrale, i se afl ntr-o poziie retroperitoneale, la
un unghi uor oblic. Pe partea de sus a fiecrui rinichi este o glanda suprarenal.
Prile superioare ale rinichilor sunt parial protejate prin nervurile 11 i 12.
Fiecare rinichi, cu glanda suprarenal sa este nconjurat de dou straturi de
grsime: grsimea perinephric prezent ntre fascie renal i capsul renal i
grsime paranephric superioar fascia renal. Rinichiul particip la homeostazia
ntregului corp, reglarea echilibrului acido-bazic, concentraiile de electrolit,
volumul de fluid extracelular, i a tensiunii arteriale. Rinichiul indeplineste
aceste functii homeostatice atat in mod independent si in mod concertat cu alte
organe, n special cele ale sistemului endocrin.
Pancreasul - este un organ glandular n sistemul digestiv i sistemul endocrin de
vertebrate. La om, este situat n cavitatea abdominal n spatele stomacului. Este
o glanda endocrina care produce mai muli hormoni importani, inclusiv insulina,
glucagon, somatostatina i polipeptida pancreatic care circula in sange.
Pancreasul este, de asemenea, un organ digestiv, secretnd sucului pancreatic care
conine enzime digestive care ajuta digestia i absorbia nutrienilor n
intestinul subire. Aceste enzime contribuie la descompunerea n continuare n jos
carbohidrai, proteine i lipide n chim.
Pancreasul este implicat n controlul glicemiei i metabolismul n interiorul

corpului, i, de asemenea, n secreia de substane care ajut la digestie. Clasic,

acestea sunt mprite ntr-un rol "endocrin", referitoare la secreia de insulin
i alte substane n insulele pancreatice si a ajuta nivelului de zahar din sange
de control si metabolismul in interiorul corpului, precum i un rol de "exocrin",
referitoare la secreia enzimelor implicate n digestia substanelor din afara
corpului.

Testicul - Ambele funcii ale testiculului sunt influenate de hormoni gonadotropi

produs de glanda pituitara anterioara Testiculele sunt bine-cunoscute pentru a fi
foarte sensibile la impact i a prejudiciului. Durerea implicat se deplaseaz n
sus de la fiecare testicul n cavitatea abdominal, prin plexul spermatic, care
este nervul principal al fiecrui testicul. Acest lucru va provoca dureri n old
i partea din spate. Durerea dispare de obicei, n cteva minute
Ovar - este un organ de reproducere productoare de ovulului, adesea gsit n
perechi la femei, ca parte a sistemului de reproducere feminin de vertebrate.
Psrile au doar un singur ovar funcional (la stnga), n timp ce cellalt rmne
vestigial. Ovarele la femele sunt analoage testiculelor la masculi, n sensul c
acestea sunt ambele gonadele si glandele endocrine. Dei ovarele apar ntr-o
varietate de animale, att vertebrate i nevertebrate, acest articol este n primul
rnd despre ovare umane. Ca femeile de varsta, care prezinta o scadere a
performantelor de reproducere care duce la menopauza. Acest declin este legat de o
scadere a numarului de foliculi ovarieni. boli ovariene pot fi clasificate ca
tulburri endocrine sau ca tulburri ale sistemului reproductiv.
n cazul n care ovulul nu reuete s elibereze din folicul in ovar un chist
ovarian poate forma. chisturi ovariene mici sunt frecvente la femei sanatoase.
Unele femei au mai multe foliculi decat (sindromul ovarelor polichistice), de
obicei, care inhiba foliculii sa creasca n mod normal, iar acest lucru va duce la
nereguli ale ciclului