Chapter 10

1. ____FEUDALISM____ is related to the Roman custom of patronage, under which a

patron, usually a lord or nobleman, provided protection to a person who worked for
him in exchange for his loyalty.
2. Perhaps the most important ruler to codify and adapt feudal practices was
_____CHARLEMAGNE_____, who dreamed not only of unifying Europe under his rule,
but also of unifying Church and State in a single administrative and political
bureaucracy.
3. _____CLOISONNE____ is a technique in which strips of gold are set on edge to
form small cells. The cells are then filled with a colored enamel glass paste and
fitted with thin slices of semiprecious stones. (Theyre not telling you that the
paste is actually tiny bits of glass and looks almost like sand. Once its in place its
heated to make it melt. Either a kiln or torch is used to supply the heat.)
4. Anglo-Saxon law was based on the idea of the _____WERGELD_____, or lifeprice of an individual.
5. The Anglo-Saxons rigidly hierarchical society is celebrated in the oldest English
epic poem, _____BEOWULF____.
6. In Beowulf the boar evidently symbolized both ferocity and ____COURAGE____.
7. After the Romans withdrew from Britain in 406, Christianization of the British Isles
had survived only in the westernmost reaches of the British Islesin Cornwall, in
Wales, and in Ireland where _____SAINT PATRICK_____ (2 full words) had converted
the population between his arrival in 412 and his death in 461.
8. Legend has it that while preaching to a group of the soon-to-be converted, Saint
Patrick had been shown an ancient standing stone monument with a circle carved
into it, symbolic, he was told, of the moon goddess. Patrick reportedly made the
mark of a Latin cross through the circle and blessed the stone, thereby making the
first, _____CELTIC CROSS_____. (2 words)
9. Charlemagne brought one after another pagan tribe to submission, forcing them
to give up their brand of Christianity and submit to Romes ______NICENE
CREED______. (2 words)
10. It is out of a sense of duty that Roland turns to face the Saracensduty to
Charlemagne, his lord, and by extension, duty to the Christian God in the battle
against ____ISLAM_____.
11. The Song of Roland is one of the earliest expressions of feudalisms
_______CHIVALRIC CODE________. (2 words)
12. One of the most important accomplishments of Charlemagnes court was a
standardized legible style of writing known as ______CAROLINGIAN
MINISCULE______ .(2 words)

13. In the early monastery at Saint Gall, Switzerland, adjacent to the church with its
imposing western faade, is a ____CLOISTER____, or rectangular courtyard, typically
arcaded and dedicated to contemplation and reflection.
14. _____HILGEGARD_____ is best known as the first in a long line of female
Christian visionaries and mystics, a role anticipated in Western culture by the
Delphic priestesses.
15. Although we have no written melodies from Charlemagnes time, most scholars
agree that he adopted a form that later became known as the _______GREGORIAN
CHANT_______. (2 words)
16. Although the Ottonian Empire was a conscious reinvention of the Carolingian
dream, unifying ______CHURCH_____ and _____STATE_____ in a single administrative
and political bureaucracy, it was built on the exercise of power, not consensus, and
it collapsed in the eleventh century as the Church retaliated against secular power.
17. By the tenth century, the Vikings had raided, explored, and settled territories
from _____NORTH AMERICA______, (2 names) which the explorer Leif Erickson
reached in about the year 1000, to Iceland, Greenland, the British Isles, and France.
18. The Abbey Church is one of the earliest examples of a style that art historians
have come to call the ____ROMANESQUE___ .
19. The _____BAYEUX TAPESTRY_____ (2 words)was sewn between 1070 and
1080, almost certainly by women at the School of Embroidery at Canterbury in Kent,
Englandone of the few surviving works by women we have from the period. (Much
of this continues to be debated. Some sources say at the least a man would have
designed it and men probably created it. There is also a version of the story that
says it was royal women in monasteries living as nuns who may well have created
it. Anything, is an educated guess. There are a number of stories about its origins. It
doesnt change how extraordinary this tapestry was. Next time youre in a museum,
make a point of finding something that used dyes in ancient times. Its hard to
believe most of the colors of the dyes were simple vegetable dyes.)
20. The Reliquary effigy of Saint Foy was hidden in the walls of the Abbey Church of
Sainte-Foy to save it when the ______PROTESTANTS_____ burned down the church
in 1568. It was not discovered until restoration of the church in the 1860s.
21. Romanesque cathedrals can be explained, at least in part, by the need to allow
pilgrims to pass through the church without disturbing the monks as they attended
to their affairs at the main alter in the choir. Thus, an ____AMBULATORY____ extend
around the transept and the apse where pilgrims could walk.
22. Perhaps the most important role of the _____CLUNIAC______ order was its sense
of culture as something wider than local traditions.
23. Choral music at Cluny introduces the possibility of ____POLYPHONY___two or
more lines of melodyas opposed to the monophonic quality of the Gregorian
chant.

24. The _____FIRST CRUSADE______ (2 words) was motivated by several forces;

religious zeal, the desire to reduce conflict at home by sending off Europes feuding
aristocrats, defending Christendom from barbarity, the promise of monetary reward
otherwise unavailable to the disenfranchised young nobility, and, not least of all,
that of nobilitys own hot blood and sense of adventure.
25. Stone castles of the period were surrounded by a moat, a trench filled with
water, the stone castles that replaced _____MOTTE___ and _____BAILEY____ castles
were eminently defensible, comparatively immune from fire, and, rising as high as
100 feet imposing symbols of Norman power.
26. The _____TROUBADOUR______ poets, most of them men, though a few were
women, usually accompanied themselves on a lyre or lute, and in their poems they
can be said to have invented romantic love as we know it todaynot the feelings
and emotions associated with love, but the conventions and vocabulary that we use
to describe it.
27. That the _____TROBAIRITZ_____ of the troubadours have survived, let alone
that they became well known, underscores the remarkable personal freedom of
court women of the age.
28. Because the poetry of the courtly love tradition was written in the
_____VERNACULAR_____the common language of everyday lifeand not in the
Latin of the highly educated, a broader audience was able to enjoy it. (Note the
Bible would continue to be in Latin, the language of the powerful and wealthy; until
about 1500.)
29. To the knight, the lady is a prize to be won, an object to be possessed. Beyond
the drama of his exploits and his ladys distress, the conflict between the sexual
desires of both knight and lady and the hypothetical purity of the
____SPIRITUAL___ love gives the story its narrative power.
30. The _____ROMANESQUE______ style was a product of rural monastic life,
separated from worldly events and interactions, but the ______GOTHIC______ style
was a creation of the emerging cityof the craft guilds and artisans, merchants,
lawyers, and bankers who gathered there.