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Ups S
(m/s)
(kg/m2.s)
(kg/m2.s)
c (kg/m3)
C
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
c (kg/m3)
= = 1
Hindered settling:
Figure from
Rhodes (2008)
=
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
+ 2 1
+ 1
= +
+ 1
= +
Flux in at feed = flux out at bottom
Ups (feed concentration CF) = Ups (bottom concentration CB)
Figures from
Rhodes (2008)
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
Thickener
stream by sedimentation
Clear liquid as overflow is desired
Operation
Suspension fed at centre, below surface
Thickened liquid continuously removed
Clarified liquid continuously removed
Rake mechanism to direct solids
Increasing sedimentation rate:
Flocculent addition
Decreasing viscosity by heating
Figure from
Rhodes (2008)
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
= +
Particle mass balance over thickener
= +
Figure from
Rhodes (2008)
Note units:
F, V, L in m3/s
OR
F, V, L in kg/s
Note Fluxes:
(FCF)/A = feed flux = Ups,F
(VCV)/A = overflow flux = Ups,V
(LCL)/A = underflow flux = Ups,L
(FCF)/A = (VCV)/A + (LCL)/A
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
F/A, V/A and L/A are the operating lines for the thickener
If any part of this line lies above the total flux curve for any
concentration between CF and CL , it implies that solids are
settling slower than required for the mass balance. Hence
there will be accumulation of solids eventually leading to
solids appearing in the overflow.
Ups,o
lines
4
1
Ups
CF
CL
Critical conditions:
CF = Ccrit
CF = CB
All particles in feed
report to underflow
CL > CF
(F = V + L)
No particles in overflow
CT = 0; Cv = 0
(OR CT = Ccrit: fluidized bed)
Figures from
Rhodes (2008)
Underloaded conditions:
CF < Ccrit
CF > CB
All particles in feed
report to underflow
CL > CF
(F = V + L)
No particles in overflow
CT = 0; CV = 0
Figure from
Rhodes (2008)
Figure from
Rhodes (2008)
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
No particles in overflow
CT = 0; CV = 0
Figure from
Rhodes (2008)
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
Figure from
Rhodes (2008)
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
Figure from
Rhodes (2008)
can also be obtained from the Batch Flux Plot, by drawing a tangent to the curve
from CL
Ups
Ups, MAX
[or S or ]
(kg/m2.s
or
3
2
m /m .s)
tangent
CF
CL
Area (Amin). This is the minimum area required to ensure stable operation.
In practice, the design area would be 10 % to 20 % greater than this area.
, =
= 1.1 1.2
Ups,o = (FCF)/A
Ups, o
tangent
CF
Dept of Process Engineering
Stellenbosch University
CL, max
Particle Technology 316