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COMPUTER NETWORKS

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Types of Network Topology

NetworkTopologyistheschematicdescriptionofanetworkarrangement,connectingvariousnodes(senderandreceiver)throughlinesof
connection.

BUS Topology
Bustopologyisanetworktypeinwhicheverycomputerandnetworkdeviceisconnectedtosinglecable.Whenithasexactlytwoendpoints,thenit
iscalledLinearBustopology.

Features of Bus Topology

1.Ittransmitsdataonlyinonedirection.
2.Everydeviceisconnectedtoasinglecable

Advantages of Bus Topology

1.Itiscosteffective.
2.Cablerequiredisleastcomparedtoothernetworktopology.
3.Usedinsmallnetworks.
4.Itiseasytounderstand.
5.Easytoexpandjoiningtwocablestogether.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

1.Cablesfailsthenwholenetworkfails.
2.Ifnetworktrafficisheavyornodesaremoretheperformanceofthenetworkdecreases.

3.Cablehasalimitedlength.
4.Itisslowerthantheringtopology.

RING Topology
Itiscalledringtopologybecauseitformsaringaseachcomputerisconnectedtoanothercomputer,withthelastoneconnectedtothefirst.Exactly
twoneighboursforeachdevice.

Features of Ring Topology

1.AnumberofrepeatersareusedforRingtopologywithlargenumberofnodes,becauseifsomeonewantstosendsomedatatothelastnodein
theringtopologywith100nodes,thenthedatawillhavetopassthrough99nodestoreachthe100thnode.Hencetopreventdataloss
repeatersareusedinthenetwork.
2.Thetransmissionisunidirectional,butitcanbemadebidirectionalbyhaving2connectionsbetweeneachNetworkNode,itiscalledDualRing
Topology.
3.InDualRingTopology,tworingnetworksareformed,anddataflowisinoppositedirectioninthem.Also,ifoneringfails,thesecondringcan
actasabackup,tokeepthenetworkup.
4.Dataistransferredinasequentialmannerthatisbitbybit.Datatransmitted,hastopassthrougheachnodeofthenetwork,tillthedestination
node.

Advantages of Ring Topology

1.Transmittingnetworkisnotaffectedbyhightrafficorbyaddingmorenodes,asonlythenodeshavingtokenscantransmitdata.
2.Cheaptoinstallandexpand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1.Troubleshootingisdifficultinringtopology.
2.Addingordeletingthecomputersdisturbsthenetworkactivity.
3.Failureofonecomputerdisturbsthewholenetwork.

STAR Topology
Inthistypeoftopologyallthecomputersareconnectedtoasinglehubthroughacable.Thishubisthecentralnodeandallothersnodesare
connectedtothecentralnode.

Features of Star Topology

1.Everynodehasitsowndedicatedconnectiontothehub.
2.Hubactsasarepeaterfordataflow.
3.Canbeusedwithtwistedpair,OpticalFibreorcoaxialcable.

Advantages of Star Topology

1.Fastperformancewithfewnodesandlownetworktraffic.
2.Hubcanbeupgradedeasily.
3.Easytotroubleshoot.
4.Easytosetupandmodify.
5.Onlythatnodeisaffectedwhichhasfailed,restofthenodescanworksmoothly.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

1.Costofinstallationishigh.
2.Expensivetouse.
3.Ifthehubfailsthenthewholenetworkisstoppedbecauseallthenodesdependonthehub.
4.Performanceisbasedonthehubthatisitdependsonitscapacity

MESH Topology
Itisapointtopointconnectiontoothernodesordevices.Allthenetworknodesareconnectedtoeachother.Meshhas n(n2)/2 physical
channelstolink n devices.
TherearetwotechniquestotransmitdataovertheMeshtopology,theyare:
1.Routing
2.Flooding

Routing
Inrouting,thenodeshavearoutinglogic,asperthenetworkrequirements.Likeroutinglogictodirectthedatatoreachthedestinationusingthe
shortestdistance.Or,routinglogicwhichhasinformationaboutthebrokenlinks,anditavoidsthosenodeetc.Wecanevenhaveroutinglogic,to
reconfigurethefailednodes.

Flooding
Inflooding,thesamedataistransmittedtoallthenetworknodes,hencenoroutinglogicisrequired.Thenetworkisrobust,andtheitsveryunlikely
tolosethedata.Butitleadstounwantedloadoverthenetwork.

Types of Mesh Topology

1.PartialMeshTopology:Inthistopologysomeofthesystemsareconnectedinthesamefashionasmeshtopologybutsomedevicesareonly
connectedtotwoorthreedevices.
2.FullMeshTopology:Eachandeverynodesordevicesareconnectedtoeachother.

Features of Mesh Topology

1.Fullyconnected.
2.Robust.
3.Notflexible.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

1.Eachconnectioncancarryitsowndataload.
2.Itisrobust.
3.Faultisdiagnosedeasily.
4.Providessecurityandprivacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

1.Installationandconfigurationisdifficult.
2.Cablingcostismore.
3.Bulkwiringisrequired.

TREE Topology

Ithasarootnodeandallothernodesareconnectedtoitformingahierarchy.Itisalsocalledhierarchicaltopology.Itshouldatleasthavethree
levelstothehierarchy.

Features of Tree Topology

1.Idealifworkstationsarelocatedingroups.
2.UsedinWideAreaNetwork.

Advantages of Tree Topology

1.Extensionofbusandstartopologies.
2.Expansionofnodesispossibleandeasy.
3.Easilymanagedandmaintained.
4.Errordetectioniseasilydone.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

1.Heavilycabled.
2.Costly.
3.Ifmorenodesareaddedmaintenanceisdifficult.
4.Centralhubfails,networkfails.

HYBRID Topology
Itistwodifferenttypesoftopologieswhichisamixtureoftwoormoretopologies.Forexampleifinanofficeinonedepartmentringtopologyis
usedandinanotherstartopologyisused,connectingthesetopologieswillresultinHybridTopology(ringtopologyandstartopology).

Features of Hybrid Topology

1.Itisacombinationoftwoortopologies
2.Inheritstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthetopologiesincluded

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

1.ReliableasErrordetectingandtroubleshootingiseasy.
2.Effective.
3.Scalableassizecanbeincreasedeasily.
4.Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

1.Complexindesign.
2.Costly.

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