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ThistutorialonLTEphysicallayerforbothUEandeNodeB.
BlockschematicofPHYlayereNodeBTransmitter:
FollowingdiagramdepictsLTEeNodeBphysicallayermodules.LTEeNodeBissimilartoBasestationofother
technologiessuchasWimax,GSMetc.eNodeBPhysicallayerconsistsofChannelcoding,ratematching,
scrambler,mapper,layermapping,precoding,resourceelementmapper,ofdmmodule.CRCisappendedtothe
datafromMAClayerbeforebeingpassedthroughthePHYlayer.
LetusunderstandLTEphysicallayerwithexampleofdownlinksharedchannel(DLSCH).Asshowninthefigure
foreNodeBTransmitterupperlayerdataintheformoftransportblockistheinputtothephysicallayer.
AtfirstthetransportblockispassedthroughaCRCencoder,wewilluse24bitCRCmethod.Ifthenumberof
bitsismorethan6144bitsthenitisbrokenintosmallerblocks.Itisthenturbocoded.Turbocodingisaformof
concatenatedcoding,consistingoftwoconvolutionalencoderswithcertaininterleavingbetweenthem.Rate
matchingactsasratecoordinatorbetweenprecedingandsucceedingblocks,itusesabuffer.Modulationused
isQAM.ItisthenpassedthroughaOFDMmodulator.ThesameisshownbelowintheDLSCHchannel
processingfigure.
CRC
Acyclicredundancycheck(CRC)isusedforerrordetectionintransportblocks.Theentiretransportblockis
usedtocalculatetheCRCparitybits.Thetransportblockisdividedbyacyclicgeneratorpolynomialtogenerate
24paritybits.Theseparitybitsarethenappendedtotheendoftransportblock.Thepolynomialisasfollows:
G(x)=x24+x23+x18+x17+x14+x11+x10+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+x+1
Segmentationand2ndCRC:Iftheinputblocksizeisgreaterthan6144bits,itissplitintosmallerblocks.Again
CRCisperformedandredundantparitybitsareappendedtoeachresultingsmallerblock.Also,fillerbitsare
addedsothecodeblocksizesmatchasetofvalidblocksizesinputtoturbocode.
Turbocoding
Theconstituentencodersusedareconvolutionalencoders.Theinputtothefirstconstituentencoderistheinput
bitstreamtotheturbocodingblock.TheinputtothesecondconstituentencoderistheoutputoftheQPP
interleaver,apermutatedversionoftheinputsequence.
RateMatchingandmodulation
Theratematchingblockcreatesanoutputbitstreamwithadesiredcoderate.Theratematchingalgorithmis
capableofproducinganyarbitraryrate.Thebitstreamsfromtheturboencoderareinterleavedfollowedbybit
collectiontocreateacircularbuffer.Bitsareselectedandprunedfromthebuffertocreateanoutputbitstream
withthedesiredcoderate.
PhysicalChannels:ActualTransmission
Eachphysicalchannelcorrespondstoasetofresourceelementsinthetimefrequencygridthatcarry
informationfromhigherlayers.Thebasicentitiesthatmakeaphysicalchannelareresourceelementsand
resourceblocks.AresourceelementisasinglesubcarrieroveroneOFDMsymbol,andtypicallythiscouldcarry
one(ortwowithspatialmultiplexing)modulatedsymbol(s).Aresourceblockisacollectionofresourceelements
andinthefrequencydomainthisrepresentsthesmallestquantaofresourcesthatcanbeallocated.The
transportchannelsneedtobemappedintoactualphysicalchannels.
PDSCHchannelcarriesuserdataoriginatingfromthehigherlayer.ItisassociatedtoDLSCH.Ithasvarious
stepsinvolvedinit,suchasscrambling,modulationmapper,layermapper,precoding,resourcemapping,and
OFDMmodulation.
Asshowninfigure,ScramblingProducesablockofscrambledbitsfromtheinputbitsaccordingtotherelation
givenbytheequation.
b^=b+cmod2
Whereb^denotesthescrambledbits,bdenotestheinputbits,cdenotesthescramblingsequence.
ModulationMapsthebitvaluesofinputtocomplexmodulationsymbolswiththemodulationschemespecified.
TherearethreemodulationschemesforthePDSCH:QPSK(Quadraturephaseshiftkeying),16QAM
(QuadratureAmplitudeModulation)and64QAM(QuadratureAmplitudeModulation).Layermappersplitsthe
datasequenceintoanumberoflayers.Precodingisusedfortransmissioninmultiantennawireless
communications.Inconventionalsinglestreambeamforming,thesamesignalisemittedfromeachofthe
transmitantennaswithappropriateweighting(phaseandgain)suchthatthesignalpowerismaximizedatthe
receiveroutput.Theresourcemappingblockmapstheactualdatasymbols,referencesignalsymbolsand
controlinformationsymbolsintoacertainresourceelementintheresourcegrid.
BlockschematicofPHYlayerUserEquipment(UE):
FollowingdiagramdepictsLTEUserEquipment(UE)physicallayermodules.LTEUEissimilartosubscriber
stationofothertechnologiessuchasWimax,GSMetc.Itconsistsofchannelcoding,rate
matching,scrambler,mapper,transformprecoder,resourceelementmapperandSCFDMA.CRCisappendedto
thedatabeforepassedtothePHY.