Flexo Pura (pure Bending)

Deformao devido a flexo

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L y
L L y y

y
y

(strain varies linearly L

strain displacement equation)

c
c
m
or

m
y
x m
c
x

Tenso devido a flexo

For a linearly elastic material,
y
c

x E x E m
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c

For static equilibrium,

y
Fx 0 x dA m dA
c

0 m y dA
c

First moment with respect to neutral

plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the
section centroid.

For static equilibrium,

y

M y x dA y m dA
c

I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
Mc M
m

I
S
y
Substituti ng x m
c
My
x
Formula flexo
I

Relationship between bending moment and

directions of normal stress

Deformaes numa seo transversal

Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface

1 Mc
m m

c
Ec Ec I
M

EI
1

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y x

z x

Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1
anticlastic curvature

Sample 2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y

yA
A

I x I A d 2

Apply the elastic flexural formula to

find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
m

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon

by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets,
determine (a) the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses, (b) the radius of
curvature.

Mc
I

Calculate the curvature

1

M
EI

Continue
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section centroid
and moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2

y , mm

yA, mm3

1 20 90 1800

50

90 103

2 40 30 1200

20

24 103
3

A 3000

yA 114 10
3

yA 114 10
Y

38 mm
3000
A

1 bh3 A d 2
I x I A d 2 12

1 90 203 1800 12 2 1 30 403 1200 182

12
12

I 868 103 mm 868 10-9 m 4

7

Continue
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m
A

I
868 109 mm 4
M cB
3 kN m 0.038 m
B

I
868 109 mm 4

A 76.0 MPa

B 131.3 MPa

Calculate the curvature

1

M
EI
3 kN m

165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4

20.95 103 m -1

47.7 m

Sample 3

Continue

10

Sample 4
Solution
Define maximun internal bending moment

Define Section prerpety

Define maximun tensile and compressive
stress
Define Stress at point B and D

Determine the absolute maximum

bending stress in the beam and draw
the stress distribution over the cross
section at this location

11

Continue
M max= 22.5 kN .m

12

Flexo dos membros Feitos de diversos materiais

Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
Normal strain varies linearly.
x

Piecewise linear normal stress variation.

1 E1 x

E1 y

2 E2 x

E2 y

Neutral axis does not pass through

section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
Ey
E y
dF1 1dA 1 dA dF2 2dA 2 dA

My
flexural formula
I
1 x
2 n x

Define a transformed section such that

dF2

nE1 y dA E1 y n dA

E
n 2
E1
13

Sample 5
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 200 GPa) and brass (Eb
= 100 GPa). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 2 kN.m is
applied.

Determine the maximum stress in the

steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
14

Continue
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
E
200GPa
n s
2
Eb 100GPa
bT 5mm 2 10mm 5mm 30mm

Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

I

1
12

bT h 3

1
12

30mm 40mm 3

160 x10 9 m 4

Calculate the maximum stresses

Mc 2x10 3 Nm 20x10 -3 m
m

250 MPa
-9
4
I
160x10 m
b max 250MPa
b max m

s max

n m 2 x 250' MPa

s max

500MPa
15

Reinforced Concrete Beams

Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
To determine the location of the neutral axis,

bx x n As d x 0
2

1 b x2
2

n As x n As d 0

The normal stress in the concrete and steel

x

My
I

c x

s n x
16

Sample 6
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
Evaluate geometric properties of
transformed section.
Calculate the maximum stresses
in the concrete and steel.
A concrete floor slab is reinforced with
16mm-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 210 GPa for steel and 21
GPa for concrete.
With an applied
bending moment of 4 kN.m for 30 cm
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.
17

Continue
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
n

E s 210GPa

10
Ec
21GPa

nAs 10 2 4 0.016m

4.02 x10

m2

Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
x
0.3 x 0.004020.1 x 0
2
c1 0.04m

x 0.04m

c 2 0.1 0.04 0.6m

1
3
2
bc1 Ac 2
3
3
2
I 13 0.3m 0.04m 4.02 x10 3 m 2 0.06m 20.87 x10 6 m 4
I

18

continue
Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 4kN .m 0.04m

c

I
20.87x10 -6 m 4
Mc 2
4kN .m 0.06m
s n
10
I
20.87x10 -6 m 4

c 7.67Mpa
s 115 MPa

19

Stress Concentrations

Stress concentrations may occur:

in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied

m K

Mc
I

in the vicinity of abrupt changes

in cross section
20

Sample 7

21