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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 SEISMIC STRENGTHENING
Seismic strengthening is defined as the actions taken to upgrade the seismic resistance of an
existing building so that it becomes safe under earthquakes. This can be in the form of providing
seismic bands, eliminating source of weakness or concentrations of large mass and opening in
walls, adding shear walls or strong column points in walls, bracing roofs and floors to be able to
act as horizontal diaphragms adequately connecting roofs to walls and columns and also
connecting between walls and foundations.
1.2 CONCEPT OF RETROFITTING
Retrofitting is technical interventions in structural system of a building that improve the
resistance to earthquake by optimizing the strength, ductility and earthquake loads. Strength of
the building is generated from the structural dimensions, materials, shape and number of
structural elements. Ductility of the building is generated from good detailing, materials used,
degree of seismic resistant etc. Earthquake load is generated from the site seismicity, mass of the
structures, important of buildings, degree of seismic resistant etc.
Due to variety of structural condition of building, it is hard to develop typical rules for
retrofitting. Each building has different approaches depending upon the structural deficiencies.
Hence engineers are needed to prepare and design the retrofitting approaches. In the design of
retrofitting approach, the engineers must comply with the building codes. The results generated
by adopting retrofitting techniques must fulfill the minimum requirements on the building codes
such as deformation, detailing strength etc.
1.3 CAUSES OF FAILURE
Damage of buildings was caused by a combination of affects:
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CHAPTER 2
STRENGTHENING OF RCC STRUCTURES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Structure repair and rehabilitating is a process whereby an existing structure is enhanced to
increase the probability that the structure will survive for a long period of time and also against
earthquake forces. This can be accomplished through the addition of new structural elements, the
strengthening of existing structural elements and/or the addition of base isolators. Deterioration
of concrete and corrosion of embedded reinforcement structure might make the R.C.C structure
structurally deficient. Corrosion can be controlled to some extent by fixing of chloride or
protective coating
Before any repair work is put in hand, the cause of damage must be identified as clearly
as possible. This principle may seem self-evident but it is surprising how often it is disregarded,
with the result that further repairs have to be carried out within a short time. Sometimes the cause
is obvious as, for example, in many cases of accidental damage but, more often than not, careful
investigation is required. The next step must be to consider the objective of the repair, which will
generally be to restore or enhance one or more of the following:
Durability
Structural strength
Function
Appearance.
Of these four requirements, restoration of durability is by far the most common in repair
work. One must also consider whether the repair is to be permanent or temporary. Only after
deciding on the most likely cause of damage, whether it is likely to occur, and the purpose of the
work, should the method of repair be chosen.
2.2 CONVENTIONAL STRENGTHENING METHODS
These are the conventional strengthening methods adopted to rehabilitate RCC
Grouting process
Guniting Process
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Post Tensioning
2.2.1 Grouting
It is the process of placing a material into cavities in concrete for the purpose of increasing the
load bearing capacity of the structure, grouting restores the monolithic nature of the structure.
Primary grouting materials and their common uses are:
Table 2.1 Primary grouting materials
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Control Seepage
Mass Placement
Shut-off Seepage
EPOXY
POLYURETHANES
Seal Cracks
Acidic Environments
Acoustical Sealant
POLYSTERS
SILICONES
Bolt Anchoring
Smoke Seals
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face of the concrete beams can lead to increase in flexural capacity, along with increase in
flexural stiffness and associated decreases in deflection and cracking.
2.2.7 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) for Repair & Strengthening
CFRP has high strength, lightweight, excellent strength to weight ratio, resistant to chemicals
(acids and bases), good fatigue strength, and nonmagnetic, non-corrosive and nonconductive
properties. As with any composite system, bond of the strengthening plate the existing concrete
is very critical. Therefore, the surface preparation of both phases of tile system, concrete and
CFRP plates is very important .The plates should be ground on tile bonding side, immediately
before bonding, the surface should be cleaned with acetone. After mixing the epoxy glue
component should be placed oil tile plate without delay, after assembling the plate in the design
position, a slight pressure is applied to squeeze out excessive adhesive
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CHAPTER 3
JACKETING
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Jacketing is one of the most frequently & popularly used techniques to strengthen reinforced
concrete (RC) columns. With this method, axial strength, bending strength, and stiffness of the
original column are increased. It is well known that the success of this procedure is dependent on
the monolithic behavior of the composite element. To achieve this purpose, the treatment of the
interface must be carefully chosen. The common practice consists of increasing the roughness of
the interface surface and applying a bonding agent, normally an epoxy resin. Steel connectors are
also occasionally applied. These steps involve specialized workmanship, time, and cost.
Concerning the added concrete mixture and due to the reduced thickness of the jacket, the option
is usually a grout with characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC) and high strength
concrete (HSC).
The most common types of jackets are steel jacket, reinforced concrete jacket, fiber
reinforced polymer composite jacket, jacket with high tension materials like carbon fiber, glass
fiber etc. The main purposes of jacketing are:
1. To increase concrete confinement by transverse fiber reinforcement, especially for
circular cross-sectional columns
2. To increase shear strength by transverse fiber reinforcement
3. To increase flexural strength by longitudinal fiber reinforcement provided.
3.2 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The main objective of jacketing is to increase the seismic capacity of the moment resisting
framed structures. In almost every case, the columns as well .as beams of the existing structure
have been jacketed. In comparison to the jacketing of reinforced concrete columns, jacketing of
reinforced concrete beams with slabs is difficult yielding good confinement because slab causes
hindrance in the jacket. In structures with waffle slab, the increase in stiffness obtained by
jacketing columns and some of the ribs, have improved the efficiency of structures. In some
cases, foundation grids are strengthened and stiffened by jacketing their beams. An increase in
strength, stiffness and ductility or a combination of them can be obtained. Jacketing serves to
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improve the lateral strength and ductility by confinement of compression concrete. It should be
noted that retrofitting of a few members with jacketing or some other enclosing techniques
might not be effective enough to improve the overall behavior of the structure, if the remaining
members are not ductile.
3.3 JACKETING OF COLUMNS
Jacketing of columns consists of added concrete with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
around the existing columns. This type of strengthening improves the axial and shear strength of
columns while the flexural strength of column and strength of the beam-column joints remain the
same. It is also observed that the jacketing of columns is not successful for improving the
ductility. A major advantage of column jacketing is that it improves the lateral load capacity of
the building in a reasonably uniform and distributed way and hence avoiding the concentration of
stiffness as in the case of shear walls. This is how major strengthening of foundations may be
avoided. In addition the original function of the building can be maintained, as there are no major
changes in the original geometry of the building with this technique. The jacketing of columns is
generally carried out by two methods:
(i)
(ii)
Steel jacketing.
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Properties of jackets
Minimum width of
jacket
Minimum area of
transverse
reinforcement
Minimum bar diameter used for ties is not less than 10 mm or 1/3
of the diameter of the biggest longitudinal bar.
The ties should have 135-degree hooks with 10bar diameter
anchorage
Minimum area of
longitudinal
reinforcement
Spacing should not exceed six times of the width of the new
elements (the jacket in the case) up to the limit of 60 cm.
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For four-sided jacket, the ties should be used to confine and for
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Connectors
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At least 6 mm
Height of jacket
columns.
Shape of jackets
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hinging. The location of the beam critical section and the participation of the existing
reinforcement should be taken into consideration. Jacketing of beam may be carried out under
different ways, the most common are one-sided jackets or 3- and 4-sided jackets. At several
occasions, the slab has been perforated to allow the ties to go through and to enable the casting
of concrete. The beam should be jacketed through its whole length. The reinforcement has also
been added to increase beam flexural capacity moderately and to produce high joint shear
stresses. Top bars crossing the orthogonal beams are put through holes and the bottom bars have
been placed under the soffit of the existing beams, at each side of the existing column. Beam
transverse steel consists of sets of U-shaped ties fixed to the top jacket bars and of inverted Ushaped ties placed through perforations in the slab, closely spaced ties have been placed near the
joint region where beam hinging is expected to occur (figure no. 3.3). The main features of
reinforcement details of beam jacketing are given in table 3.3 although those guidelines can give
a rational basis for practical design; research still needs to address critical aspects in the behavior
of jacketed elements. The change in behavior in jacketed elements, whose shear span/depth
ratios are significantly reduced, due to their jacketing, needs to be clarified.
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Shear reinforcement
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Span/depth ratio
Storey height
Ductile behavior
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CHAPTER 4
RETROFITTING OF HEALTH BUILDING AT NASIK A CASE STUDY
4.1 GENERAL
In order to overcome the future disorders that may have occurred due to unwanted and no
predicted disasters it was decided to strengthen the existing Health building located in the central
part of Nasik city. This building was proposed in 1984 and accordingly was designed for B + G
+ 4 stories. The building during its life span at the end in 2008 found completely deteriorated and
was not capable to sustain further loads and was predicted that it may fail due to the following
reasons.
a) Higher ground water table in the locality.
b) Faulty workmanship during the stage of execution at initial stage.
c) The columns were not centered properly in their position.
d) Improper methods of compaction to the concrete.
e) Insufficient cover to the steel reinforcement.
In addition to this it may also have caused failure due to the non predicted disasters as was
caused too many buildings in the past which are listed in the next bit.
4.2 CAUSES OF FAILURE AND DAMAGES TO THE BUILDING IN PAST FEW
EARTHQUAKES
Following were the main causes of failure and damages to the buildings in Gujarat &
Maharashtra; causes to buildings same in rest part India.
Lack of knowledge, understanding or training in the use of these codes by local engineers
Unawareness that Gujarat and some part of Maharashtra is a highly seismic region
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Alterations and extensions being carried out without proper regard for effects on structure
during an earthquake.
Its necessary to every civil engineer to have knowledge of proper repairs and strengthening of
earthquake damaged buildings. Indian standards exist but are not used by local engineers or
builders in urban or rural areas, mainly due to lack of knowledge and training. As a result, many
of the owner-occupiers have unknowingly been carrying out bad repairs in Gujarat. Many
buildings have been severely weakened, and the experts are concerned to that there could be
another disaster in waiting from a future earthquake. Good repairs, using well-recognized
seismic standards may reduce this vulnerability.
This project aims in simple terms to explain to the engineers why earthquakes happen in
India, which regions are seismically active, how buildings respond in an earthquake; and how to
safely carry out good repair and strengthening techniques to damaged and low strength buildings.
Fig.4.1 Some damages those were occurred after earth quake at Gujarat in non engineered R.C.C building
construction
The inset shows large deformations were concentrated at column heads, which caused many soft
storey failures, as per picture. Buildings if designed with uniform deflections of insert would
have survived without collapse.
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From the NDT test results it was suggested that the management should demolish the
entire existing structure instead of extending it and go for complete new structure. The
management refused to do so and asked to suggest such a measure so that the existing
infrastructure at least can withstand and be utilized for 5 7 years more. As the final conclusion
and the requirement of the management it was decided to go for Retrofitting of the Structure.
4.5 THE STEPS THAT WERE SUGGESTED AND ARE ADOPTED
The entire flooring at the basement to be removed & to be provided again with a raft
below it. To overcome the uplift pressure that could be generated due to the higher
ground water table it was suggested to provide a raft below the basement floor.
All the columns should be jacketed. In the existing structure it was found that the
columns were not centered properly in their position, due to which they were
subjected to unwanted eccentric loads. Also the concrete in columns, beams, slabs
was not compacted properly which created loose pockets & honey combs in the
components. Suitable cover for the reinforcement was not maintained.
To overcome the above difficulties it was decided to jacket all the columns such that the
eccentricity of loading will be reduced, the loose pockets of concrete will be capable to sustain
the load to which the column is subjected & all the steel get the required concrete covering.
The loose pockets in the concrete in the beams are also removed and recasted in M25
grade.
The unwanted heavy loading of water proofing (IPS flooring) damaged the slab to
greater extent.
Therefore, five slabs are entirely opened, strengthened with additional reinforcement and
are casted with 150 mm thick M25 grade concrete layer.
The estimated cost of retrofitting the existing structure is 4.5 crore. To meet the further
requirement of infrastructure the management now is constructing additional new building
with G + 2 storey, instead of razing the existing building.
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Fig 4.6 Replaced slab reinforcement for existing rusted steel reinforcement
Fig 4.7 Application of chemical admixtures at the joint of new and old concrete
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Fig 4.8 Compaction of concrete by needle vibrator and placement of cover blocks
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As discussed above all works those were carried out on strengthening of the Health building at
Nasik, will definitely increases the strength of existing building, this practice would be necessary
for many buildings at Nasik and rest of India, it will save the many lives, when any natural
disasters will occur.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of results of this experimental study led to the following statements:
1) All models behaved monolithically independent of the adopted interface
preparation method,
2) Whether the strengthening operation was carried out with or without an axial load
applied had no significant influence for the adopted conditions;
3) The resistance of the strengthened models was considerably higher than that of
the original column and slightly higher than that of the monolithic model;
4) The stiffness of the strengthened models was considerably higher than that of the
original column;
5) The transverse reinforcement strain of the original column was significantly
higher in the no strengthened model than in the strengthened models, although the
horizontal force applied in the first case was less than half the corresponding
value in the other cases; and
6) The contribution of the adherent jacket to the horizontal force resistance varied
between 86 and 90%.
Thus it was also confirmed that RC jacketing is a very effective strengthening technique, leading
to values of resistance and stiffness of the strengthened column considerably higher than those of
the original column.
JOURNAL
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REFERENCE
1. Bhavar Dadasaheb, Retrofitting of existing RCC buildings by method of jacketing
IJRMEET-Volume 1,Issue 5 (June 2013)
2. E S Julio, Structural rehabilitation of columns with reinforced concrete jacketing Prog
Structural Engineering Mater, Volume 5 (2010)
3. Eduardo N B, Reinforced concrete jacketing interface influence on monolithic loading
response ACI Structural Journal (2007)
4. Gnanasekaran Kaliyaperumal, Seismic retrofit of columns in buildings for flexure using
concrete jacket SET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Volume 46 (June 2009)
5. Hamidreza Nasersaeed, Evaluation of behavior and seismic retrofitting of RC structures
by concrete jacket Asian Journal Of Applied Sciences, Volume 4(2011)
6. Pravin B Waghmare, Materials and jacketing techniques for retrofitting of structures
IJAERS(2012)
7. Ramirez Ortiz J L & Barcena Diaz J M, Strengthening effectiveness of low quality
reinforced concrete columns strengthened by two different procedures Informes De La
Construction, Volume 272(July 2008)
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