Med-Students Amnesia

A transient selective loss of memory during an

exam that prevents one from remembering the eponymically-named diseases discovered by old,
dead doctors.
Addisons Disease
Addisonian Anemia

Primary adrenocortical deficiency

Albrights Syndrome

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, caf au

lait spots, short stature, young girls

Alports Syndrome
Alzheimers

Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness

Argyll-Robertson Pupil

Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral)

Prostitutes Eye accommodates but does not react
Pathognomonic for 3Syphilis
Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum =

see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele

Barretts

Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (symbol 173 \f

"Symbol" \s 6 risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal
reflux

Bartters Syndrome

Hyperreninemia

Beckers Muscular Dystrophy

Similar to Duchenne, but less severe

Bells Palsy

CNVII palsy

Bergers Disease

IgA nephropathy causing hematuria in kids, usually

following infection

Bernard-Soulier Disease

Defect in platelet count

Berry Aneurysm

Circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed) Anterior Communicating

artery
Often associated with ADPKD

Bowens Disease

Carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis (symbol 173 \f "Symbol" I\s

6 risk of visceral ca) [compare w/ Queyrat]

Brill-Zinsser Disease

Recurrences of rickettsia prowazaki up to 50 yrs later

Briquets Syndrome

Somatization disorder
Psychological: multiple physical complaints without
physical pathology

Brocas Aphasia

Motor Aphasia (area 44 & 45)

Brown-Sequard

Hemisection of cord

Brutons Disease
Budd-Chiari

X-linked agammaglobinemia ( B cells)

Buergers Disease

Acute inflammation of medium and small arteries of

extremities symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 painful
ischemia symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 gangrene
Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-aged men
who smoke.

Burkitts Lymphoma

Small noncleaved cell lymphoma EBV

8:14 translocation
Seen commonly in jaws, abdomen, retroperitoneal soft
tissues
Starry sky appearance

Caisson Disease

Nitric gas emboli

Chagas Disease

Trypansoma infection - cardiomegaly with apical atrophy,

Pernicious anemia

(antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells

IF Vit B12 megaloblastic anemia)

Progressive dementia

(mutation, not a deficiency,

in dystrophin protein)
(entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower

face)

(abnormally large platelets & lack of

platelet-surface glycoprotein)

intact comprehension

(contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral

loss of fine touch, UMN / ipsi loss of consc. Proprio)

Post-hepatic venous thrombosis = ab pain; hepatomegaly;

ascites; portal HTN; liver failure

achlasia

Chediak-Higashi Disease

(AR) Phagocyte Deficiency = defect in microtubule

polymerization
Neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy &
repeated infections w/ strep & staph

Conns Syndrome

Primary Aldosteronism: HTN; retain Na+ & H2O;

hypokalemia (causing alkalosis); renin

Coris Disease

Type III Glycogenosis Glycogen storage disease

Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Prion infection symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8

& cerebral degeneration

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)

Glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Can progress to
Kernicterus
Less severe form will respond to Phenobarbital therapy

Crohns

IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, cobblestones,

lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas

(debranching enz: amylo 1,6 glucosidase def. Glycogen)

cerebellar

(contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses,

pseudopolyps, symbol 173 \f "Symbol" \s 6 colon cancer risk)

Clinically: ab pain & diarrhea; fever; malabsorption;

fistulae b/t intestinal loops & abd structures

Curlings Ulcer
Cushings

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

Cushings Ulcer
de Quervains Thyroiditis

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS trauma

DiGeorges Syndrome

Failure of 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches formation: Thymus

& Parathyroid
Thymic hypoplasia symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 T-cell
deficiency
Hypoparathyroidism Tetany

Downs Syndrome
Dresslers Syndrome

Trisomy 21 or translocation Simian Crease

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) = bilirubin

transposrt is defective not conjugation
Striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Deficiency of dystrophin protein symbol 174 \f

"Symbol" \s 8 MD X-linked recessive

Edwards Syndrome

Trisomy 18
Rocker-bottom feet, low ears, small lower jaw, heart
disease

Ehlers-Danlos
Eisenmengers Complex

Defective collagen

Erb-Duchenne Palsy

Trauma to superior trunk of brachial plexus

Ewing Sarcoma

Malignant undifferentiated round cell tumor of bone in

boys <15yoa - t11;22

Eyrthroplasia of Queyrat
Fanconis Syndrome

Carcinoma in situ on glans penis

Disease: Hypercorticism 2symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8

to symbol 173 \f "Symbol" \s 8 ACTH from pituitary
(basophilic adenoma)
Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1symbol
176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 adrenal or ectopic)
- moon face; buffalo hump; purple striae; hirsutism;
HTN; hyperglycemia
Self-limiting focal destruction (subacute thyroiditis)

Post-MI Fibrinous Pericarditis

Late cyanotic shunt (RL)

autoimmune

pulmonary HTN & RVH 2 to long-

standing VSD, ASD, or PDA

Waiters Tip

Impaired proximal tubular reabsorption 2symbol 176 \f

"Symbol" \s 8 to lead poisoning or Tetracycline (glycosuria,
hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, systemic acidosis)

Feltys Syndrome
Gardners Syndrome

Rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, splenomegaly

AD = adenomatous polyps of colon, osteomas & soft tissue

tumors

Gauchers Disease

Lysosomal Storage Disease

glucocerebrosidase deficiency

glucocerebroside accumulation

Hepatosplenomegaly, femoral head & long bone erosion,

anemia

Gilberts Syndrome

Benign congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated) = d

glucuronyl transferase activity

Glanzmanns Thrombasthenia

Defective glycoproteins on platelets = deficient platelet

aggregation

Goodpastures

Autoimmune: abs to glomerular & alveolar basement

membranes. Seen in men in their 20s

Graves Disease

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism (TSI): IgG Ab reactive w/

TSH receptors. Low TSH & TRH High T3 / T4

Guillain-Barre

Polyneuritis following viral infection/ autoimmune

Hamman-Rich Syndrome

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Can see honey comb lung.

Hand-Schuller-Christian
Hashimotos Thyroiditis

Chronic progressive histiocytosis

Hashitoxicosis

Initial hyperthyroidism in Hashimotos Thyroiditis that

precedes hypothyroidism

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Hypersensivity vasculitis = allergic purpura. Lesions have

the same age.
Hemmorhagic urticaria (with fever, arthralgias, GI & renal

(ascending

muscle weakness & paralysis; usually self-limiting)

Autoimmune hypothyroidism. May have transient

hyperthyroidism. Low T3 /T4 & High TSH

involvement)

Associated with upper respiratory infections

Hirschprungs Disease
Horners Syndrome

Aganglionic megacolon

Huntingtons (Chromosome 4)

AD: Progressive degeneration of caudate nucleus,

putamen (striatum) & frontal cortex GABA

Jacksonian Seizures

Epileptic events originating in the primary motor cortex

(area 4)

Jobs Syndrome

Immune deficiency: neutrophils fail to respond to

chemotactic stimuli
Defective neutrophilic chemotactic response = repeated
infections
Commonly seen in light-skinned, red-haired girls
d IgE levels

Kaposi Sarcoma
Kartageners Syndrome

Malignant vascular tumor

Kawasaki Disease

Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in kids

Klinefelters Syndrome

47, XXY: Long arms, Sterile, Hypogonadism

Kluver-Bucy
Krukenberg Tumor

Bilateral lesions of amygdala

Laennecs Cirrhosis
Lesch-Nyhan

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Letterer-Siwe

Acute disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Libman-Sacks

Endocarditis with small vegetations on valve leaflets

Associated with SLE

Lou Gehrigs

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Mallory-Weis Syndrome

Bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2symbol

Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis

(lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves

often 2symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 6 to a Pancoast tumor)

(HHV8 in homosexual men)

Immotile cilia 2 to defective dynein arms

infection, situs

inversus, sterility

(acute

necrotizing vasculitis of lips, oral mucosa)

(hypersexuality; oral behavior)

Adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells (typically

originating from the stomach) metastases to
the ovaries
HGPRT deficiency
Gout, retardation, self-mutilation

degeneration of upper & lower

motor neurons

176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 to wretching (alcoholics)

Marfans

Connective tissue defect: defective Fibrillin gene

McArdles Disease

Type V Glycogenosis - Glycogen storage disease

Meckels Diverticulum

Rule of 2s: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecum, in

2% of the population
Embryonic duct origin; may have ectopic tissue:
gastric/pancreatic remnant of vitteline duct/yolk stalk

Meigs Syndrome

Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax associated

w/ fibroma of ovaries

Menetriers Disease

Giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma

protein loss)

Monckebergs Arteriosclerosis
Munchausen Syndrome

Calcification of the media (usually radial & ulnar aa.)

Nelsons Syndrome

1symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 Adrenal Cushings symbol

174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 surgical removal of adrenals
symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 loss of negative feedback
to pituitary symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 Pituitary
Adenoma

Niemann-Pick

Lysosomal Storage Disease

Dissecting

aortic aneurysm, subluxation of lenses

(muscle

phosphorylase deficiency = Glycogen)

Factitious disorder

(consciously creates symptoms, but doesnt know

why)

(sphingomyelinase deficiency

sphingomyelin accumulation)

Foamy histiocytes

Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Seen in the

Mormons of Utah.

Pagets Disease

Abnormal bone architecture

Pancoast Tumor

Bronchogenic tumor with superior sulcus involvement

symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 Horners Syndrome

Parkinsons
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (AD)

Dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts

Peyronies Disease

Subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis

Picks Disease 2 Different Diseases -

1. Progressive dementia similar to Alzheimers

1. Constrictive pericarditis sequel to mediastinal
tuberculosis
Calcium-frosting, unyielding layer heart chambers may be

174 \f "Symbol" \s 6

(thickened, numerous fractures symbol

pain)

Melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia +

hamartomatous polyps of small intestine

unable to dilate to receive blood during diastole

Plummers Syndrome

Hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, absence of eye signs

Plummer-Vinson

Esophageal webs & iron-deficiency anemia, spoon-shaped

nails, SCCA of esophagus

Pompes Disease

Type II Glycogenosis Glycogen storage disease symbol

174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 cardiomegaly ( 1,4 Glucosidase

(Plummers = Graves - eye signs)

deficiency: Glycogen)

Potts Disease

Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae

Potters Complex

Renal agenesis symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8

oligohydramnios symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8
hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities

Raynauds

Disease: recurrent vasospasm in extremities = seen in

young, healthy women
Phenomenon: 2symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 to
underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)

Reiters Syndrome

Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis

Reyes Syndrome

Microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy

2symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 to aspirin ingestion in
children following viral illness, especially VZV

Riedels Thyroiditis

Idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid

non-infectious (but often

follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular

Rotor Syndrome

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated)

Similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the
liver

Sezary Syndrome

Leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis

fungoides)

Shavers Disease

Aluminum inhalation lung fibrosis

Sheehans Syndrome

Postpartum pituitary necrosis = hemorrhage & shock

usually occurred during delivery

Shy-Drager

Parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic

hypotension

Simmonds Disease

Pituitary cachexia can occur from either pituitary

tumors or Sheehans

Sipples Syndrome

MEN type IIa = pheochromocytoma, thyroid medullary

CA, hyperparathyroidism

Sjogrens Syndrome
Spitz Nevus

Triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis

Stein-Leventhal

Polycystic ovary: see amenorrhea; infertility; obesity;

hirsutism = LH secretion

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration

Stills Disease

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid

factor)

Takayasus arteritis

Aortic arch syndrome

Loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses = pulseless disease.
Night sweats.
Common in young Asian females

Tay-Sachs (AR)

Gangliosidosis (hexosaminidase A deficiency symbol

174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 GM2 ganglioside) Cherry Red Spots of the

risk of B-cell lymphoma

Juvenile melanoma (always benign)

(often 2 to infection = mycoplasma or sulfa drugs)

Macula

Tetralogy of Fallot

1.VSD, 2.overriding aorta, 3.pulmonary artery stenosis,

4.right ventricular hypertrophy

Tourettes Syndrome
Turcots Syndrome

Involuntary actions, both motor and vocal

Turners Syndrome

45, XO = most common cause of Primary Amenorrhea. No

Barr body on buccal smear.

Vincents Infection

Trench mouth acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

due to Fusobacterium

Von Gierkes Disease

Type I Glycogenosis Glycogen storage disease

Von Hippel-Lindau

Hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma) = cerebellum, brain

stem, & retina
Adenomas of the viscera, especially Renal Cell
Carcinoma
Chromosome 3p

Von Recklinghausens

Neurofibromatosis & caf au lait spots & Lisch nodules

(Chromosome 17)

Von Recklinghausens Disease of Bone

Osteitis fibrosa cystica (brown tumor) 2symbol 176 \f

"Symbol" \s 8 to hyperparathyroidism = osteoclastic
resorption w/
fibrous replacement

Von Willebrands Disease (AD)

Defect in platelet adhesion 2symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s

8 to deficiency in vWF. aPPT, Bleed time

Waldenstroms macroglobinemia

Proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells in men 5070 yoa; PAS(+) Dutcher bodies

Wallenbergs Syndrome

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis

Txt w/ Pimozide

Colon adenomatous polyps plus CNS tumors

(G6Ptase

deficiency) Glycogen accumulaiton

Medullary Syndrome

Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body

pain & temp

Waterhouse-Friderichsen

Adrenal insufficiency 2symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 to

DIC
DIC 2symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 to meningiococcemia

Webers Syndrome

Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain

Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis
(lower face & body)

Wegeners Granulomatosis

Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses,

lungs, kidneys, etc.

Weils Disease

Icteric Leptospirosis non-icteric prgresses to renal failure & myocarditis

Dark field microscopy for dx

Wermers Syndrome

MEN type I = thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex,

pancreatic islets, pituitary

Wernickes Aphasia
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Sensory Aphasia

Whipples Disease

Malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden

macrophages) & polyarthritis

Wilsons Disease

Hepatolenticular degeneration

impaired comprehension

Thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary

bodies (mediodorsal nucleua) (confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia)

(copper accumulation [Txt w/

Penicillamine ] & decrease in ceruloplasmin)

Mallory Bodies in the Liver

& also w/ alcoholic hepatitis & Hyaline

change

Chromosome 13

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Immunodeficiency: combined B- &T-cell deficiency

(thrombocytopenia & eczema)
IgM w/ IgA

Wolff-Chaikoff Effect

High iodine level (symbol 45 \f "Symbol" \s 8-)s thyroid

hormone synthesis

Zenkers Diverticulum

Esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES

Zollinger-Ellison

Gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas (or intestine) symbol

174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 symbol 173 \f "Symbol" \s 8 acid
symbol 174 \f "Symbol" \s 8 recurrent ulcers

Rogers Disease

Interventricular septal defect

Barlows Syndrome
Bracht-Wachter Lesions

Floppy vale syndrome women b/t 20-40 yoa

Lutembachers Syndrome

Combination of septum secundum atrial septal defect w/

mitral stenosis

Schmidts Syndrome

Autoimmnue thyroid Disease (Hashimotos ) & insulindependent diabetes

Minute abscesses found in subacute bacterial

endocarditis

Hallmark Findings
Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation

Guillain-Barre

Antiplatelet Antibodies
Arachnodactyly

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Aschoff Bodies
Auer Rods

Rheumatic fever

Autosplenectomy

Sickle cell anemia: switch a glu val in chain

Low O2 sickling
Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection
Salmonella osteomyelitis
Vaso-occlusive painful crisises
Hydroxyurea as Txt ( HbF) & Bone marrow transplant

Babinski

UMN lesion

Basophilic Stippling of RBCs

Bence Jones Protein

Lead poisoning

(markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest

increase in cell count)

Marfans
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M 3)

Multiple myeloma

free light chains (either kappa or lambda)

Waldenstroms macroglobinemia

Birbeck Granules

Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)

Blue Bloater

Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years

of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic recurrent
productive cough)

Boot-Shaped Heart

Tetralogy of Fallot

Bouchards Nodes
Boutonnieres Deformity

Osteoarthritis

Brown Tumor
Brushfield Spots

Hyperparathyroidism

Call-Exner Bodies

Granulosa cell tumor: associated w/ endometrial

hyperplasia & carcinoma
Granuloma-Theca cell tumor

Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy

Chagas Disease

Chancre
Chancroid

1symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 Syphilis

Charcot Triad

Multiple sclerosis = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning

speech

Charcot-Leyden Crystals
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

Bronchial asthma

Chocolate Cysts
Chvosteks Sign

Endometriosis

Clue Cells
Codmans Triangle

Gardnerella vaginitis

Cold Agglutinins

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Infectious mononucleosis

Condyloma Lata

2symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 Syphilis

New coffee flavor at Bagel & Bagel

Cotton Wool Spots

HTN
Aka, cytoid bodies seen w/ SLE (yellowish cotton wool
fundal lesions)

Councilman Bodies

Dying hepatocytes HepB

Crescents In Bowmans Capsule

Currant-Jelly Sputum

Rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)

Curschmanns Spirals

Bronchial asthma

Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra

Parkinsons

Donovan Bodies
Eburnation

Granuloma inguinale (STD)

Ectopia Lentis
Erythema Chronicum Migrans

Marfans

Fatty Liver
Ferruginous Bodies

Alcoholism

Ghon Focus / Complex

Tuberculosis (1symbol 176 \f "Symbol" \s 8 & 2symbol

176 \f "Symbol" \s 8, respectively)

Glitter Cells
Gowers Maneuver

Acute Pyelonephritis

Heberdens Nodes
Heinz Bodies

Osteoarthritis

Heterophil Antibodies
Hirano Bodies

Infectious mononucleosis

Hypersegmented PMNs
Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs

Megaloblastic anemia

(Proximal IP joint of the fingers)

Rheumatoid arthritis

flex proximal & extend distal IP joints

Downs

Haemophilus ducreyi

Cerebral lesion
Hypocalcemia

facial spasm in tetany

Osteosarcoma

Klebsiella

Osteoarthritis

(polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)

Lyme Disease
Asbestosis - & Iron laden

Duchennes MD

use of arms to stand

(Distal IP joint of the fingers)

G6PDH Deficiency
(EBV)

Alzheimers
Iron-deficiency anemia or Thalassemia

Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction

Syphilis

Joint Mice

Osteoarthritis

Kaussmaul Breathing
Keratin Pearls

Acidosis / Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Keyser-Fleischer Ring
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules

Wilsons

Koilocytes

HPV 6 & 11 (condyloma acuminatum - benign) and HPV 16

& 18 (malignant association)

Koplik Spots

Measles

Lewy Bodies
Lines of Zahn

Parkinsons

Lisch Nodules

Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinhausens disease) =

pigmented iris hamartomas

Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis prototype of

nephritic syndrome

Mallory Bodies

Alcoholic hepatitis

McBurneys Sign

Appendicitis

Michealis-Gutmann Bodies

Malakoplakia

Monoclonal Antibody Spike

Multiple myeloma
MGUS

Myxedema

Hypothyroidism

Negri Bodies
Neuritic Plaques

Rabies

Neurofibrillary Tangles
Non-pitting Edema

Alzheimers

Notching of Ribs

Coarctation of Aorta

Nutmeg Liver
Owls Eye Cells

CHF = causing congested liver

Painless Jaundice
Pannus

Pancreatic CA (head)

Pautriers Microabscesses

Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), Sezary

Philadelphia Chromosome
Pick Bodies

CML

2 types of COPD

Pink Puffer Type A: Emphysema

Blue Bloater Type B: Bronchitis
Emphysema
Centroacinar smoking

over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes

symptoms 2 to rapid lysis
(fractured osteophytes)

Squamous Cell CA of skin

Actinic Keratosis is a precursor

Diabetic nephropathy: Nodular Glomerulosclerosis nodules

of mesangial matrix

(eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells)

Arterial thrombus

(McBurneys Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to

anterior superior iliac spine)
lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G
Bodies): usually due to E. Coli
this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA)

Alzheimers
Myxedema
Anthrax Toxin

CMV
Reed Sternburg Cells (Hodkins Lymphoma)
Aschoff cells seen w/ Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatoid arthritis, also see morning stiffnes that w/
joint use, HLA-DR4

Picks Disease

Panacinar - 1-antitrypsin

deficiency

Podagra
Port-Wine Stain

Gout

Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign

Psammoma Bodies

Tearing of the ACL

Pseudohypertrophy

Seen w/ Duchenne muscular dystrophy @ the claf

muscles, due to fat

Punched-Out Bone Lesions

Multiple myeloma

(MP joint of hallux)

Hemangioma
Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma

Rash on Palms & Soles

2 Syphilis
RMSF
Coxsackie virus infection: Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease

Red Morning Urine

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. You would use

Hams test to confirm.

Reed-Sternberg Cells

Hodgkins Disease

Reid Index Increased

Chronic bronchitis = d ratio of bronchial gland to

bronchial wall thickness

Reinke Crystals
Rouleaux Formation

Leydig cell tumor

S3 Heart Sound

LR Shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD)

Mitral Regurg
LV Failure

S4 Heart Sound

Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary HTN

Schwartzman Reaction

Neisseria meningitidis

Smith Antigen

SLE (also anti-dsDNA)

Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+)
syphilis test (VDRL)
90% 14-45 yo females
also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine =
SLE-like syndrome

Soap Bubble on X-Ray

Spike & Dome Glomeruli

Giant cell tumor of bone

String Sign on X-ray

Target Cells

Crohns

Tendinous Xanthomas

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Thyroidization of Kidney
Tophi

Chronic pyelonephritis

Tram-Track Glomeruli

Membranoproliferative GN: Nephritic syndrome

Trousseaus Sign

Visceral ca, classically pancreatic

Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)

Multiple myeloma

RBCs stacked as poker chips

impressive rash with bugs

Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome

Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune
complex deposits (IgG orC3)
bowel wall thickening

Thalassemia

in Thalassemia w/ no gene: Hydrops Fetalis &

Intrauterine death associations = HbBarts

Gout
basement

membrane is duplicated into 2 layers

(migratory thrombophlebitis)

These are two entirely different disease processes and different

signs, but they unfortunately have the same name.

Virchows Node

Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic

carcinoma of the stomach

Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells

WBC Casts

Measles

Whipples Triad

CNS disfunction Hypoglycemic episodes glu injection

reverses CNS Sympts

Wire Loop Glomeruli

AFP in amniotic fluid or mothers serum

Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form)

Uric Acid

Gout
Lesch Nyhan
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides)

FEV1/FVC

COPD

Ground Glass on chest x-ray

Pyelonephritis

(Hyaline)

Spina Bifida
Anencephaly

Due to Pneumocystis carinii

Seen w/ Atelectasia

Honey Combing of the lung

Seen w/ Asbestosis (a restrictive lung disease)

Crescents

Goodpastures syndrome (pneumonia w/ hemoptysis &

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis)

Linear Ig Deposits

Goodpastures syndrome

45 Degree Branch Points

PAS(+) Dutcher Bodies

Aspergillosis

Ground Glass in Abdomen(Hyaline)

Seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in

liver biopsies

Signet Ring Cells

Cells that replace the ovaries, due to Krukenbergs tumor

that has metastasized from the stomach

Ground Glass Appearance (Hyaline)

Seen w/ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

oligodendrocytes
Nuclei seen in Papillary CA of the thyroid (malignant)

Congo Red
Meningiomas & Progesterone

Shows amyloid deposition in plaques & vascular walls

Tuberous Sclerosis Triad

Seizures; Mental retardation; Leukoderma (congenital

facial white spots or macules): angiofibromas

Cowdry A Inclusions

Seen w/ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in oligodendroglia

Devics Syndrome

Neuromyelitis Optica
A variant of multiple sclerosis: rapid demyelination of the
optic nerve & spinal cord w/ paraplegia

c-erb B2

Breast Cancer association

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome
Hoffmans Sign

A tumor causing blindness & loss of smell w/ papilloedema

Red Nucleus Destruction

Ventral Spinocerebellar tr.

Intention tremors of the arm

Dorsal Spinocerebellar tr.

Cuneocerebellar tr.

Unconscious prorpioception & fine motor movements

Dorsal Column

Conscious proprioception of the body

Lateral Spinothalamic tr.

Ventral Spinothalamic tr.

Pain & Temperature sensation

SVA
GSE

Taste & Smell

SSA
GVA

Vision; Hearing; Equilibrium

GVE

Edinger Westphal = parasympathetic eye innervation

Gland innervation = secretions
Viscera

GSA

Pain & temperature of face

Sensation of external ear

SVE

Innervation of muscles of masticaiton, facial expressions,

larynx & pharynx

LMN Lesion

Werndig Hoffman (progressive infantile muscular

atrophy)
Poliomyelitis

Sensory Pathway Lesion

Subacute Combined Degeneration = Friedrichs Ataxia =

B12 deficiency
Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis)

Both UMN & LMN Lesion

Both Sensory & Motor Lesion

ALS = Lou Gherigs Disease

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Controls circadian rhythm

Ventromedial Nucleus

Satiety center. Savage behavior & obesity when lesioned

Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia = IgM =

Hyperviscosity

Some meningiomas have Progesterone receptors = rapid

growth in pregnancy can occur

Flicking of the middle fingers nail

Unconscious proprioception of lower extremities
Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements of
upper extremities

Light touch perception

Muscles of the eye & of the tongue
Sensation of tongue; soft palate. Carotid Body & Sinus
innervation

Brown Sequard
Anterior Spinal artery Occlusion

Lateral Nucleus
Arcuate Nucleus

Induces eating. Starvation when lesioned

Mamillary Body

Can have hemorrhages as seen in Wernickes

Encephalopathy

Acanthocytes

RBSc w/ spiny projections. Seen in Abetalipoproteinemia.

Releases PIF (dopa-ergic neurons)

Most Common
1o Tumor arising from bone in adults
Adrenal Medullary Tumor Adults

Osteosarcoma

Adrenal Medullary Tumor Children

Neuroblastoma

Agent of severe viral encephalitis

Aggressive lung tumor

Herpes simplex

Associated with gallstones

Bacterial Meningitis adults

Adenocarinoma

Bacterial Meningitis elderly

Neisseria meningitidis

Bacterial Meningitis newborns

Bacterial Meningitis toddlers

E. coli / Group BStrep.

Benign epithelial tumor of oral mucosa

Benign fallopian tube tumor

Papilloma

Benign ovarian tumor

Benign tumor of soft tissue

Mature(Native) Teratoma = benign dermatoid

Benign tumor of the breast <25yoa

Benign tumor of the liver

Fibroadenoma

Benign tumor of the vulva

Benign uterine tumor

Hidroadenoma

Bone Tumors

Metasteses from Breast & Prostate

Brain Tumor Child

Brain Tumor Adult

Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

Breast Carcinoma

Invasive Duct Carcinoma

Breast Mass

Fibrocystic Change: premenopausic women (Carcinoma is

the most common in post-menopausal women)

Bug in Acute Endocarditis

Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia pt

Staph aureus

Bug in Epiglottitis
Bug in GI Tract

Hib

Bug in IV drug user bacteremia / pneumonia

Bug in PID

Staph aureus

Bug in Subacute Endocarditis

CA of urinary collecting system

Strep Viridans

Cardiac 1ry Tumor Adults

Myxoma: Ball Valve

Pheochromocytoma: 5 Ps: Pressure; Pain (Headache);

Perspiration; Palpitations; Pallor/Diaphoresis

Small cell or oat cell

Strep pneumoniae & in young adults = Neisseria
meningitidis

Hib
Adenomatoid
Lipoma
Hemangioma
Leiomyoma: estrogen sinsitive: changes size during
pregnancy & menopause

Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) then:

mets, meningioma, Schwannoma

Klebsiella
Bacteroides (2nd E. coli)
N. Gonnorrhoeae
Transitional cell CA (assoc. w/ benzidine; naphthylamine;
analine dyes; long term txt w/ cyclophosphamide)

Cardiac 1 Tumor Child

Cardiac Tumor Adults

Rhabdomyoma associated w/ Tuberous sclerosis

Cardiomyopathy

Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy: Alcohol, BeriBeri,

Cocaine use, Coxsackie B, Doxorubicin
Systolic Dysfunction

Cause of 2ry HTN

Renal Disease

ry

Metasteses

Cause of Addisons
Cause of breast lumps

Autoimmune (2nd infection)

Cause of chronic endometriosis

Cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

TB

Cause of Cushings

Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1ry ACTH, Adrenal

Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)

Cause of Death in Alzheimer pts

Pneumonia

Cause of Death in Diabetics

Cause of Death in premature

MI

Cause of Death in SLE pts.

Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative) =

Renal Disease

Cause of Dementia
Cause of Dementia (2nd most common)

Alzheimers

Cause of Dwarfism
Cause of Food poisoning

Achondroplasia

Cause of Hematosalpynga
Cause of Hypoparathyroidism

Ectopic pregnancy

Cause of Hypothyroidism
Cause of Kidney infections

Corrective surgery I31 treatment

Cause of Liver disease in US

Cause of Malignancy in children

Alcohol consumption

Cause of Mental retardation

Cause of Mental retardation (2nd most common)

Downs

Cause of NaCl loss and Hypotension

Cause of PID

21 hydroxylase deficiency

Cause of Portal cirrhosis

Cause of Preventable Blindness

Alcohol

Cause of Pulmonary HTN

Cause of Secondary Hypertension

COPD

Cause of SIADH
Cause of UT Obstruction in men

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

Cause Pernicious Anemia

Chronic atrophic gastritis = no production of intrinsic

factor

Chromosomal Disorder
Common Tumor of the Appendix

Downs

Congenital Cardiac Anomaly

Congenital Early Cyanosis

VSD (membranous > muscular)

Coronary Artery Thrombosis

Demyelinating Disease

LAD artery: MI

CA of the breast
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: NaCl lost & Hypotension
(then, 11- NaCl retention & HTN)

NRDS = hyaline membrane disease

Multi-Infarct Dementia
Staph aureus
Throidectomy
E. coli
Acute leukemia
Fragile X
N. ghonorrhea
Chlamydia (serotypes A,B,Ba,C)
Renal disease
BPHyperplasia

Carcinoid tumor: flushing; diarrhea; bronchospasm;

RHeart valvular lesions
Txt: Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
Tetralogy of Fallot =right to left shunt
Multiple Sclerosis:

(Charcot Triad = nystagmus, intention tremor,

scanning speech)

Periventricular plaques w/ Oligodenrocytes

IgG in CSF, Optic Neuritis, MLF Syndorme =
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia, bladder incontinence

Dental Tumor
Dietary Deficiency

Odontoma

Disease of the Breast

Disseminated Opportunistic Infection in AIDS

Fibrocystic disease

Esophageal Cancer
Fallopian Tube Malignancy

SCCA

Iron
CMV (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)
AdenoCA

Fatal Genetic Defect in Caucasians

Female Tumor

Cystic Fibrosis (chromosome 7q)

Form of Amyloidosis

Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is

also called the Amyloid Light Chain)

Form of Tularemia
Germ Cell Tumor of Testes

Ulceroglandular

Gynecological Malignancy
Gynecological Finding

Endometrial Carcinoma

Heart Murmur
Heart Valve in Bacterial Endocarditis

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Heart Valve in Bacterial Endocarditis in IV drug

users

Tricuspid

Heart Valve involved in Rheumatic Fever

Hereditary Bleeding Disorder

Mitral then Aortic

Hormone secreted in Pituitary Adenoma

Inherited disease of the Kidney

Prolactin

Intracranial tumor in adults

Islet Tumor

Glioblastoma mulitforme

Liver 1ry Tumor

Liver Disease

Hepatoma

Location of Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas

Location of Adult Brain Tumors

Head (99%)

Location of Childhood Brain Tumors

Lung Tumor, malignant or benign

Below Tentorium

Lung Tumor, primary or secondary

Lysosomal Storage Disease

Secondary

Malignancy in Women
Malignancy of the Larynx

Lung (2nd breast)

Malignancy of the Small Intestine

Malignancy Vulva

Adenocarcinoma

Malignant Eye Tumor in Kids

Malignant Tumor of the Liver

Retinoblastoma

Motor Neuron Disease

Muscular Dystrophy

ALS

Nasal Tumor

Squamous cell CA

Neoplasm Child
Neoplasm Child (2nd most common)

Leukemia

Neoplasm of the West

Neoplastic Polyp

Adeno CA of the rectum and/or colon

Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults

Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Non Hodgkins Lymphoma

Follicular small clear cell

Number of Deaths per year in Women

Skin tumor

Lung CA

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

Ovarian Malignancy

PCP

Ovarian Tumor

Hamartoma

Leimyoma

Seminoma (analogous to dysgerminoma of ovaries)

Endometrial CA
Mitral

Von Willebrands Disease

Adult polycystic kidney disease: associated w/ polycystic
liver, Berry aneurysms, Mitral prolapse
APD1 chromosome 16
Insulinoma = cell tumor
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Above Tentorium
Malignant
Gauchers
Glottic CA (squamous cell)
Squamous cell CA
Hepatocellular CA
Duchennes: Dystrophin deletion. Presents <5yoa weakness
at pelvic girdles w/ upward progression

Medulloblastoma of brain (cerebellum)

Tubular adenoma
Minimal Change (Lipoid Nephrosis) Disease (responds well
to steroid txt)

Basal cell CA
Serous Cystadenocarcinoma

Pancreatic Tumor
Patient with ALL / CLL / AML / CML

Adeno (usually in the head)

Patient with Goodpastures

Young male

Patient with Reiters

Pituitary Tumor

Male

Place for Primary Squamous Cell CA of esophagus

Place for Peptic Ulcer Disease

Mid 1/3

Primary Benign Salivary Tumor

Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed) 90% localized to the

parotid

Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Primary Malignancy of Bone

Adenomas (followed by: hyperplasia, then carcinoma)

Primary Malignancy of Small Intestine

Pt. with Hodgkins

Lymphoma

Pt. with Minimal Change Disease

Renal Malignancy

Young Child

Renal Malignancy of Early Childhood

Salivary Tumor

Wilms tumor (neohroblastoma) chromosome 11p

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Sexually Transmitted Disease

Hypocalcemia of Chronic Renal Failure

Site of Diverticula
Site of Embolic Occlusion

Sigmoid Colon

Site of Metastasis

Regional Lymph Nodes

ALL Child / CLL Adult over 60 / AML - Adult over 60 /

CML Adult 35-50

Prolactinoma (2nd Somatotropic Acidophilic Adenoma)

Lesser curvuture in antrum associated w/ blood group O

Osteosarcoma
Young Male (except Nodular Sclerosis type Female)
Renal cell CA
Pleomorphic adenoma
Chlamydia (sero types D-K)
Middle cerebral aa: contralateral paralysis; aphasias;
motor & sensory loss

Site of Metastasis (2 most common)

Sites of Atherosclerosis

Liver

Skin CA of Fair Skinned People

Skin Cancer

Malignant melanoma

Small Intestine Congenital Anomaly

Stomach Cancer

Meckels diverticulum

Testicular Tumor
Thyroid Anomaly

Seminoma = malignant painless testes growth

Thyroid CA
Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Papillary CA

Tumor in men <20

Germ cell tumor

Tumor of Infancy
Tumor of the Stomach >50 years of age

Benign vascular tumor = port wine stain = Hemangioma

Type of Hodgkins

Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance,

lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)

Type of Non-Hodgkins
Type of Portal Cirrhosis

Follicular, small cleaved

Type of Soft Tissue Tumor of Childhood

Vasculitis (of medium & small arteries)

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Viral Encephalitis
Worm Infection in US

HSV

Worst Prognosis in Thyroid Cas

Cause of Lobar Pneumonia

Follicular CA

Cause of Death b/t 24-44 yoa

Cause of Pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis

AIDS

Cause of Osteomyelitis in IV Drug Users

Pseudomonas

nd

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Adeno associated w/ blood group A
Thryoglossal duct cyst
Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus blind
pouch polyhydramnios association

CA of stomach (adeno CA)

Micronodular
Temporal Arteritis (branch of Carotid Artery)
Pinworm (2nd Ascaris)
Strep. Pneumoniae
Pseudomonas

Cause of Infection in Burn Pts

Mental Problem in Males

Pseudomonas

Intelligence Test

Stanford Binet (ages 6 & under)

WIPSI (ages 4-6)
WISK-R (for ages 6-17)
WAIS-R (for > 17 yoa)

Paraphilia
Metabolite seen w/ Pheochromocytoma

Pedophilia

Severe Shigella
Bug in Otitis Media & Sinusitis in Kids

Dysenteriae

Cause of a Solitary Brain Abscess

Cause of Bacterial Diarrhea in U.S.

A. Israelli

Shigella Type
Cause of Non-Ghonococcal Urethritis

S. Sonnei

Pneumonia
Urethritis

Strep. Pneumoniae

Cause of Glomerulonephritis
Cause of Viral Pneumonia

IgA Nephropathy = Bergers Disease

Complication of COPD

Pulmonary infections

Cause of Death w/ SLE

Atrial Septal Defect

Renal failure

Warm Antibody

Most common form of immune hemolytic anemia

IgG auto antibodies to RBC
See spherocytosis; (+) Coombs test; complication to CLL

Immunodeficiency

IgA Deficiency

Congenital GIT Anomaly

Meckels Diverticulum: persistence of vitelline duct/yolk

sac stalk

Cause of Congenital Malformation

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Specific phobia

VMA: vanillylmandelic acid (NE metabolite)

Strep. Pneumoniae
Campylobacter jejuni
Chlamydia trichomonas
N. ghonorrhea
RSV infants
Parainfluenza kids
Influenza virus adults
Adeno virus military recruits

Ostium Secundum Type

Pharmacology
Autonomic Nervous System
Epinephrine

1, 2, 1, 2

Norepinephrine
GABA

1, 2, 1 (no 2 activity)

Muscarinic-r

Uses DAG & IP3 as 2nd messengers

Parasympathetic control

Bethanechol

Cholinergic. GI & Bladder motility. Txt atonic bladder

post-op

Pilocarpine

Cholinergic. Pupillary constriciton= miosis. Ciliary

constriction= accomodation.
Txt acute glaucoma

Isoflurophate

Organophosphate. Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r

Pralidoxime

2PAM. Reverses organophosphate binding to

acetylcholinesterase

Neostigmine

Reversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r

Txt Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia Gravis

Anitbodies to Ach-r. g muscular weakness due to Achs

weak postsynaptic effect @ NMJ. Inactivates-r

Tubocurium

Nondepol. Competitive cholinergic N-r (-)r.

Causes an inhibitory cell hyperpolarization

Prevents Ach binding but does not activate NMJ

Histamine release= BP & bronchospasm

Trimethaphan
Pancurium

Nonselectively binds N-r of the PS- and SNS

Succinylcholine

Depol. Non competitive (-)r of muscle aciton

Opens Na Ch.= fasciculations. Closes Na Ch.= paralysis.
Continuous infusion.

1 & Eye

Mydriasis due to norepinephrine. Prazosin (-).

M-r & Eye

Miosis due to Ach. Atropine (-).

Sympathetic

Post ganglionic symapthetic fibers releases

norepinephrine

Parasym.
M3-r & Eye

Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release Ach

M2-r & Heart

Negative chronotropy: HR = vagal arrest

Negative inotropy: contractility

M3-r & Lung

Bronchospasm secretions

M3-r & GI
Tacrine

motility (cramps & diarrhea). Involuntary defecation

Atropine
Glycoperrolate

DOC w/ vagal arrest

Pirenzepine
Doxacurium

M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.

bungarotoxin

Prevent the releasal of Ach from vesicles @ the pre

synaptic nerve ending

bungarotoxin

Irreversible N-r (-)r = action potentials

1 & Eye

Contracts radial muscle = mydriasis (pupil dilation)

1 & Arterioles

Constiction: TPR = Diastolic pressure = Afterload

1 & Venules

Constriction: Venous return = Preload

1 & Sex Function

Ejaculation

Diastolic

1 = TPR

Diastolic

2; Direct acting vasodilators; (+)Cholinergics

1 & Heart

(+)chronotropism = HR.
(+)inotropism = contractility; SV; CO; O2
consumption.
conduction velocity

Phenylephrine

1 (+) Nasal decongestant.

2(+) Asma Drugs

Metaproterenol; Albuterol; Terbutaline; Ritodrine;

Salmeterol

Ritodrine/Turbutaline
Phentolamine

Relaxes myometrium used in pre-mature labor pains

Terazosin
Yohimbine

Txt BPH

Cardioselective NMJ

Pancuronium = HR due to atropine-like anti muscarinic

vagolytic effect & Gallamine (-)r

Ecothiophate
Pyridostigmine

Irreversible cholinesterase (-)r.

Cardio

More potent than tubocurium w/o histamine release

Contracts sphincter = miosis. Contracts ciliary =

accomodation.

Acetylcholine esterase (-)r. Txt Alzheimers

M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
Most potent competitive non-depol NMJ (-)r. No
cardiovascular side effects. No Histamine release.

Epi reversal. Blocks , vasodilation occurs. Pt goes from

HyperTN to HypoTN.
Txt pheochromocytoma = BP
sympathetic outflow = 2 (-). Txt impotence.

Cholinomimetic that s M & N-r effects. (-)

acetylcholinesterase & plasma cholinesterase
DOC for the oral Txt of MG

Digoxin

AV nodal conduction/ inh. Na/K/Atpase = inc. Ca conc. in

heart cells = inc. contraction force

Diltiazem
Quinidine

Txt black men. Txt AV nodal re entrance

Verapamil

AV nodal conduction. BP. Negative inotrope= no CHF

use

Propranolol

AV nodal conduction. BP. Negative inotrope(= block)

Aggravates Asthma and Diabetes Melitus via 2 block.

Diazoxide

Balanced vasodilator.

Niroprusside

Balanced vasodilator. Unloads heart. s cyanide= pre-txt

w/ thiosulfate. Txt Acute HTNv Crisis

Reserpine

Txt severe & resistant HTN. Depletes CA. See stuffy

nose. No to pts w/ peptic ulcers.

Dobutamine

At high doses 2(+) offsets 1 = 1 CO w/o systemic

vascular resistance

Dopamine

At low doses Txt Shock= dilates renal and mesenteric aa=

maintain urine output

Esmolol
Captopril

Short acting (-)

Digoxin

Txt CHF & Atrial Flutter - inotropic - K+ levels= dig.

Toxicity

Dig. Toxicity

Fatal ventricular arrhythmias w/ sever AV block

Quinidine
Lidocaine

ClassIa anti arrhythmic. Moderate Na Ch. Block

Flecanide

ClassIc anti arrhythmic. Marked conduction slowing

Amiodarone

Long t1/2= need potent doses to obtain desired level for

action. See blue skin, ocular deposits, Pulmonary Fibrosis.

NE
Ach

AV nodal conduction via 1. Metoprolol(-) 1

Atenolol
Bretylium

Controls catecholamine induced arrhythmias

Nimodipine

Txt Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage by preventing post

hemorrhagic vasospasm

Atropine
Nitrates

excess vagal tone as seen in Sinus Bradycardia

Propranolol

Blocks reflex tachy but causes excess brady= diastole

time= EDV

Verapamil

O2 supply via in vasospasm Txt Prinzmetals variant

angina

Aspirin

Prevents arterial platelet adhesion (not DVThrombi).

Inactivates COX= platelet production of TxA2, a potent
vasoconstictor

Warfarin

(-)Vit. K dependent gamma carboxylation of clotting

factors= anticoagulation state

Heparin
TPA

Dependent on Antithrombin III activation

Streptokinase

From bacteria= allergies arise. Can see excess bleeding in

AV nodal conduction. Cinchonism. Anticholinergic=

aggravate MG. Hypotension= block

Balanced vasodilator. Txt Outpt. CHF see dry

cough(bradykinin induced)

ClassIb anit arrhythmic. Normalizes conduction. Txt

initial MI= control arrhythmias

AV nodal conduction via M receptor. Atorpine(-) M-r

Txt Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias but causes
passing catecholamine release that can aggravate
arrhythmias briefly

preload= venous pooling. MVO2= reflex tachy. ventr

work= dec O2 demand

Binds to fibrin clots & activates plasminogen on the spot.

Short t1/2, given IV.
Does not discriminate b/t fibrin-based clots= bleeding &
stroke complications arise

post-op pts.

Urokinase

Human source. plasmin. Can see excess bleeding in postop pts.

Colestipol

Bile acid sequestrants. Interrupt bile acid reabsorption=

LDL uptake. Cholestyramine same MOA.

Lovastatin

HMGCoA reductase(-)= LDL-r synthesis. Pravastatin/

Mevastatin same MOA.

Losartan

Aldosterone. Renin 2-3xs

Diazoxide

Txt insulinomas. Not balanced vasodilator= onlt dilates

arterial smooth muscle

Clonidine
Methyldopa

Central 2(+). TPR via symapthetic effect

Phenytoin
Procainamide

ClassIb. Reverses mild AV block due to digitoxin toxicity

Indopamide

Only Thiazide that will have no effect on cholesterol

levels

Thiazides
(-)

Older black men w/ HTN due to Renin.

ACEIs

(-) change AI AII. (-) Bradykinin inactivation.

Captopril/ Enalapril
Cause renal failure = use w/ caution in the elderly

Epinephrine

contraction rate & force via 1.

systolic but diastolic BP.
peripheral resistance via 2 vasodilaiton

Norepi.

heart rate and systolic and diastolic BP

peripheral blood vessel resistance

Methyldopa
Quinidine pre-txt

DOC for pregnancy induced HTN

ClassII

(-) risk fo reinfarction & sudden death following MI

Gray man
Beperidil

Amiodarone: ClassIII antiarrhythmia

ACEIs

Vasodilate renal efferents > than afferent arterioles:

GFR & Filtration pressure
Diabetic renal failure progression

Adenosine

Its receptor is blocked by Methylxanthines (ie

Theophyline)
Favored for the Txt of Reentrant Supra Ventricular
Tachycardia

Enoxaparin

Low molecular weight heparin = Oral anticoagulant

Isoproterenol
Variant angina

HR & MAP

Contraindicated in CHF

(-)r = you dont want to the hearts pumping strength

Central 2(+). (++) Coombs= Hemolytic anemia

ClassIa. SLE like syndrome.

Young white men w/o asthma (cause bronchospasm)

Atrial arrhythmia pretxt w/ a drug that will ventricular

response: Dig.;(-); Ca Ch.(-)

Ca Ch(-). Limited clinical use due to Torsades de Pointes

Use Ca Ch. (-)r ie Nifedipine

CNS
TOM

Short acting BDZs:

Triazolam
Onazelam
Midazolam

Butyrophenone

Haloperidol & Droperidol

Atypical D4

Clozapine Thioridazine Olanzepine Risperidone = Do

not cause EPS

Flumazenil
Methylphenidate

BDZ antidote for OD

Txt attention deficit disorder

Phenytoin

Causes aplastic anemia/ gingival hyperplasia/ cleft lip &

palate

Thiopental
Carbamazepine

Short acting Barb

Atypical D4-r

Thioridazine; Olamzapine; Clozapine

Pimozide
Risperidone

Txt Tourettes

Thioridazine
Haloperidol

Most anti cholinergic neuroleptic

Imirpamine

Enurisis

Clomirpramine
Trazadone

Txt OCD See aggressive behavior w/ use

Bupropion
SSRIs

Helps to quit smoking

Fluoxetine
Phenelzine

Good for negative symptoms

Lithium

Txt manic phase of Bipolar Disorder

Causes goiter by (-) conversion of T4 to T3
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Low salt diet will lead to Li toxicity

Alprazolam
Propranolol

DOC stage fright

-r

Spinal analgesia. Euphoria. ++euphoria. ++sedation.

Constipation.

-r

Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. +respiratory depression.

+sedation.

Morphine & O2

Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation=

CO2 sensitivity and O2 admin. can stop breathing.

Morphine
Morphine OD

ICP = do not give to pt. with head trauma

Meperidine
Hydromorphone

Anesthetic used during labor

Tramadol
Naloxone

Ambulatory txt for mod. to severe pain

Pentazocine
Butorphenol

Part (+) & part (-)

Nalbuphene
GABA

Part (+) & part (-)

Fast Na Ch.

electrical activity spread = Phenytoin & Carbamazepine

Methoxyflurane

Can be nephrotoxic. Needs low MAC for anesthetic

induction.

Enflurane

Can cause tonic/clonic muscle spasms

Isoflurane
Halothane

Can cause bronchospasm

Nitric Oxide

No effect on HR. Needs high MAC for anesthetic

induction.

Thiopental

Short acting Barb.

Kentamine
Droperidol

Dissociative anesthetic

DOC trigeminal neuralgia. Txt lennox gestaut seizures in

kids

Good for negative symptoms

Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia due to chronic D2
block. give Dantrolene and Bromocriptine

Priapism
Primarily used for OCD
Irreversible MAOI

Social phobia

1.pinpoint pupils 2.d respiraiton 3.coma

(+) used in renal failure
Txt opioid OD. Reverses respiratory depression
Part (+) & part (-)
seizure focus= Barbs & BDZs

Can cause ventricular extrasystoles & Malignant

hyperthermia & Hepatitis

Can be used in combo w/ Fentanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic

effect

Neuroleptic tranquilizer. Has mild alpha block

Fentanyl

Can be used on combo w/ Droperidol for

neuroleptoanalgesic effect
Used transdermally for chronic pain

Midazolam
Primidone

Pre anesthetic. Induces amnesia

C & A delta Fibers

Esters

First fibers to be blocked w/ anesthesia

Amides

Lidocaine, Mepivaciane, Bupivaciane, Etidocaine= i

before caine always an amide
Metabolized in the liver

Amphetamine
Bromocriptine

DA reuptake (-)r. MAOI. Parkinsons txt

Benztropine

Ant M w/ some DA reuptake (-). Parkinsons txt

Amantidine
Diphenhydramine

DA reuptake. Can cause livido reticularis= skin mottling.

Pergolide
Ethosuximide

> Effective & longer acting than Bromocriptine

Tranylcypromine
SSRI & MAOI

MAOI = antidepressant

Labor opioids

Meperidine & Nalbuphine

Desipramine causes

Sudden cardaic death in children

Biotransformed to Phenobarb.
Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine
Broken down and make PABA (allergen)

D2(+). Used w/ L-Dopa for on-off phenomenon of

Parkinsons

Txt early Parkinsons stages

DOC for Absence seizures
Fatal combo, especially seen with the use of Paroxetine or
Fluoxetine (SSRIs) and Tranylcypromine (MAOI)

Anti-Infective
Primaquine

Malaria profylaxis
Used for extraerythrocytic forms Plasmodium vivax or P.
ovale

Ciporfloxacin

Quinolone derivative

Sulfonamides

PABA structural analogs

Inhibit Folic acid synthesis

Tertacyclines, anuria & the exception

Should not be used in anuric pt due to production of (-)

Nitrogen balance & d BUN levels.
Doxycycline is the exception

Ceftriazone

3rd generation cephalosporin

DOC for bacterial meningitis in kids (ie HiB)
One dose txt of gonorrhea

Hepatic coma DOC

Neomycin (aminoglycoside) it supresses the normal flora

= g NH4 production = g free nitrogen levels in the
bloodstream.

Clavulanic acid

Irreversible (-)r of lactamases, but ot of

transpeptidase = use w/ a lactamase sensitive penicillin

Piperacillin

Txt Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Klebsiella

Broad spectrum antibiotic

Streptomycin (aminoglycoside)

Txt Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Isoniazid

Most commonly used drug for TB.

Usually combined w/ Rifampin and/or Ethambutol
Pre Txt w/ Pyridoxine (Vit B6) can prevent peripheral
neuritis

Pyrantel Pamoate

Txt of Hookworm disease

Depolarizing NMJ (-)r

Buy AT 30, CELL at 50

A = Aminoglycosides
T = Tetracyclines

C = Chloramphenicol
E = Erythromycin (macrolide)
L = Clindamycin
L = Lincomycin

Cefoxitin

Txt intraabdominal infections (ie w/ Bacteroides

fragilis)
Traditional txt has been Clindamycin & Gentamycin

Chloramphenicol

Broad spectrum antibiotic

Bone marrow depression (common) Aplastic anemia
(rare)
Gray baby syndrome (chloramphenicol cannot be
conjugated)
DOC Typhoid Fever (symptomatic Salmonella infection)
DOC HiB meningitis in kids especially resistant strain
to ampicillin

Nifurtimox

Txt trypanosomiasis

Metronidazole

Txt Leishmaniasis & Amebiasis

Good for anaerobic bacteria = Bacteroides fragilis
DOC Trichomoniasis
DOC Giardia lamblia

Txt P. carinii
Tetracycline

TMP-SMX & Pentamidine

TMP-SMX

(-) dihydrofolate reductase activity

Benzathine Penicillin G

Long duration of action = given once every 3-4 weeks for

Txt of Syphilis

Praziquantel
Melarsoprol

Txt Schistosomiasis (trematode [fluke] infections)

Stibogluconate
Fluconazole

Txt Leishmaniasis

Amphotericin B
Ketoconazole MOA

Polyene antifingal

Griseofulvin MOA

Accumulates in keratinized layers of the skin = used in

dermatomycoses infections

Mefloquine

Anti malarial
Txt Chloroquine resistant strains = P. falciparum

Chloroquine
Nifurtimox

Txt for Malaria when inside RBC

Erythromycin
Nystatin

Used in pts allergic to penicillins

Acyclovir

Guanine analog
Txt Herpes infections

Imipenem

Used w/ Cilastatin
Can cause seizures

Cefoperazone side effects

Bleeding due to vit K level alterations

Contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding disorders

Vancomycin

Used for MRSS (methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus)

Red neck: due to histamine release causes facial
flushing

Meropenem

used w/ Cilastatin
Does not cause seizures (cf w/ Imipenem)

Nafcillin

Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in

renal impairment

Peripheral neuropathy

Seen w/ use of:

Txt of Brucellosis & Cholera

Txt Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Txt spirochete infections = Lyme disease (Borrelia
burgdorferi)

Txt Trypanosomiasis that has neurological symptoms

Txt fungal encephalitis
(-) fungal ergosterol synthesis = disrupts membrane

DOC Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi

Topical txt of superficial mycotic infections = Candidiasis

Metronidazole Isoniazid Vincristine ddI AZT

Allopurinol

Sulfonamides & newborns

O.N.E. for gonorrhea

Kernicterus can occur

Ribavirin

Txt RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

Fluoroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea:

O = Ofloxacin
N = Norfloxacin
E = Enoxacin

Anti-Neoplastics
Cyclosporine

Protects against rejections from organ transplants

Does not induce bone marrow depression

Cyclophosphamide

Alkylating agent of both purine & pyrimidine bases of

DNA
Txt CLL

Cisplatins toxicities

Nephro- & Ototoxicity

Methotrexate
Leucovorin Rescue

Antimetabolite of folic acid: (-)dihydrofolate reductase

Bleomycin toxicities

Pneumonitis & pulmonary fibrosis

Azathiorine

Used in organ transplantation = kidney allografts

Allopurinol can its activity by (-) its biotransformation
to xanthine oxidase

MOPP

Chemotherapy used in the txt of Hodgkins disease

M = Mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard
O = Oncovin (Vincristine) prevents microtubule assembly
P = Procarbazine
P = Prednisone glucocorticoid, inducing apoptosis

Tamoxifen

(-) estrogen receptor

Txt of breast tumors, can see associated endometrial CA

Flutamide

Antiandrogenic
Used w/ Leuprolide (LH-RH analog)
Txt prostatic CA

Megestrol

(-) progesterone receptor

Txt endometrial CA

Fluoxymesterone

Androgenic steroid
Txt mammary CA in postmenopausal women

Methotrexate

Folic acid analog that (-) tetrahydrofolate synthesis by

(-) dihydrofolate reductase
Txt of ALL
Txt of Psoriasis

Brain tumor Txt

Lomustine
Carmustine Causes pulmonary fibrosis

Streptozocin

Attaches to cells
Txt of pancreatic insulinomas

Cytarabine (AraC)

Pyrimidine analog
DOC for AML

Dactinomycin

Used for Wilms tumor & rhabdomyosarcoma

Etoposide
Paclitaxel

Used for oat cell CA

Amifostine

Can nephrotoxicity due to chronic use of Cisplatin

Can block/reduce Methotrexate = folic acid via a

reduced folate

Used for ovarian CA

Path
Mobitz I

Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree

block.
Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.

Mobitz II

BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block.

Usually due to anterior MI.

P wave
a wave

Atrial depol.

T wave
Wavy fibers

Vetricular repol.

Janeways lesions

Acute bacterial endocarditis.

Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.

Oslers nodes

Subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Tender lesions of fingers & toes.

Thiamine defcy

Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy

due to chronic alcohol consumption
Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation;
memory loss

Fibrinous Pericarditis

Associated w/ MI: Dresslers

Serous Pericarditis

Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection;

immunologic reaction.

Friction Rub
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis

Pericarditis association

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart

Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young
(<25 yoa).

PMLs infectious agent

Edema

JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/

kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms
diagnosis

Malignant HTN & Kidneys

Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = FleaBitten surface = young black men

Nephritic signs

Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN

Nephrotic signs
Podocyte Effacement seen w/

Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema

ASO seen in

Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to HGASrtep)

Anti streptolysin O

Crescentic GN

Rapidly progressive GN nephritic syndrome

Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post
infectious glomerular nephritis

Hereditary Nephritis

Alports syndrome. X linked

Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities

Membranoproliferative GN

Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic

infections; CLL
See tram tracking

TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits

TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits

C3 & IgG deposits

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits

IgM & C3 deposits

Cold agglutinins

Seen in atypical pneumonia

It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs

LA contraction
Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.

Associated w/ TB or neoplasm

Pc (more seeps out)

c (less reabsorbed)
permeability
Block lymphatic drainage

Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease

Only C3 deposits
Aka Dense deposit disease

Scrofula
Aspirin-Asthma Triad

TB in the lymph nodes

Ferruginous bodies

Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that

have been pahgocytised

Pancoasts tumor causes

Fatty degeneration

Ulnar nerve pain & Horners syndrome

Cloudy swelling

Failure of cellular Na pump

Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic
(Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver

Hydropic degeneration

Severe form of cloudy swelling

Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea

Liquefaction necrosis

Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids

Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries
Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation

Coagulation necrosis

Result of sudden ischemia

Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral
circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen

Caseation necrosis

Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis

Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum
infection

Fibrinoid necrosis

Seen in the walls of small arteries

Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis
nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis

Fat necrosis

Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic

enzymes
Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results

Hemoptysis

Blood in sputum

Pulmonary embolism
Phlebothrombosis

Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein

Saddle embolus

Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks

RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale

Paradoxical embolism

Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter

arterial circulation
Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect

Tuberculoid granuloma

Collection of macrophages w/o caseation

Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis
and Leprotic infections

Cellulitis

Spreading infection due to streptococcus

PSA
5-HT

Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA

Feto Protein

Hepatocarcinoma
Neural tube defects

CEA

Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA

Chromosome 13
Chromosome 11p

Retinoblastoma

Vinyl Chloride
Agent Orange

Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver

Nasal polyps Rhinitis bronchoconstriction

Made up primarily of triglycerides

Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to
hepatic cirrhosis
Associated w/ CCl4-

From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in

Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,
As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to d blood
coagulability

In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide

(5HT antagonist)

Wilms tumor of the kidney

Contains dioxin
Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkins
lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas

Parasites & CA

Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA

S. mansoni = Colon CA
Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen

Ochronosis

Alkaptonuria
Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid
(oxidizes tyrosine)
Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis =
Poker spine
See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons,
cartilage

Lead poisoning

Acid fast inclusion bodies

urinary coproprophyrin
Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic
Stippling of the basophils
Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray
Mental retardation

Heroin OD, clinically

Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the

nostrils

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental

deficiency, and hirsutism

Atypical mycobacterium
Cold abscesses

M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare

Actinomyces isrealli

Farmers infection
Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most
common is due to saprophyticus

Congenital Syphilis

Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinsons teeth, nerve

deafness, interstitial keratitis

Warthin-Finkeledy cells

Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes,

spleen
Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus

Diphyllobothrium latum

Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by

consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/

pre-existing heart problem

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

Staph aureus, Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli

Common among drug addicts & diabetics

Mitral Insufficiency

Ruptured papillary muscle

Left Anterior Descending branch

Branch of the Left Coronary artery

Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion
MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of
interventricular septum

Left Circumflex branch

Branch of the Left Coronary artery

Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV

Dissecting Aneurysm

False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta

Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe
hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia,
atherosclerotic disease, Marfans Collagen disease
Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic
Necrosis of Erdheim

Cor Pulmonale

Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular

hypertrophy

Acute Cor Pulmonale

Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive

pulmonary embolism

Bronchopneumonia

Lobular (rather than lobar)

Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella;
E. coli
Abscess formation is common

Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but

lacking acute inflammation

Lobar pneumonia

Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)

Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia
Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia
Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous
pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media

Bronchiectasis

Permanent dilatation of the bronchi predisposed by

chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
Supparation associated
Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement

Cold Agglutinins

Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Panlobular Emphysema

1 antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase =

compliance in the lung

Bulla

Associated w/ Emphysema = Bleb = outpouching - If it

ruptures causes Pneumothorax

Farmers Lung
Bagassosis

Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)

Silo-Fillers Lung

Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn

G6PDH Deficiency

Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or

after eating fava beans
Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs

HbF

Sickle Cell Anemia

Multiple Myeloma

Lytic lesions of flat bones (salt & pepper lesions) =

vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones
protein casts

Hodgkins Disease

Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis;

fever = looks like an acute infection
Reed Sternberg cells

Polyarteritis Nodosa

Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood

vessel wall
Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag
Can see fever; abd.pain; wt; HTN; muscle aches

Sprue

Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small

intestine villi are blunted
High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & IgA levels

Regional Enteritis

Crohns Disease
Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum

Whipples Disease
Kulchitsky cells

Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome

Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ colon CA

incidence
Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn
Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep
Not transmural involvement

Vaginal Adenosis

Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero

before the 18th week of pregnancy
Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina &
cervix

Scirrhous Carcinoma

Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis most common

type of breast carcinoma

Hofbauer Cells

Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis

Fetalis

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due

to high O2 concentrations

IgA deficiency

Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ respiratory

tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis

Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)

Inhalation of sugar cane dust

Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the

Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas

reaction

Priamry Sjorgens

Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. risk for B cell

lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.

Secondary Sjorgens

Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis

association
RA association shows HLA-DR4

LDH1 & LDH2

Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial

Infarction

LDH3
LDH4 & LDH5

Lung tissue

Keratomalacia

Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitots spots in the eyes =

gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET

Metabisfite Test

Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution

Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic

Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
See Helmet cells

Wrights stain

Stain for Burkitts lymphoma

Mononucleosis

Due to EBV infeciton

If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a
strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.

T(8;14)

Burkitts lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression

T(9;22)

CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia

translocation

Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis

Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease;

Eosinophilic Granuloma
Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape

Myeloid Metaplasia

Alkaline phosphatase /normal compare to CML = low to

absent
Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive
extra-medullary hematopoiesis

Multiple Myeloma

Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria;

anemia; proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell
dx
Serum M protein spike most often of IgG or IgA
Hypercalcemia ( bone destruction)

T(14;18)

NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen

w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma

Focal Segmental GN exs

IgA Focal GN = Bergers disease; SLE; PAN; SchonleinHenoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)

Nephrotic Syndrome exs

Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal

Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis;
Penicillamine

Schistosoma Haematobium

Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the

Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell
type)
Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic
obstruction

Penicillin Resistant PID

PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive

to penicillin think of Bacteroides species

Duret Hemorrhages

Severe in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar

tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on
the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain
Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the
vital centers in these areas

Hypertensive Hemorrhage

Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen &

internal capsule hemorrhages

Liver cells

Cerebral Embolism from

MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic

thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical
Embolism of septal defect

Neurosyphilis

Tabes Dorsalis = joint position sensation, pain

sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils
Syphilitic meningitis
Paretic neurosyphilis

5p-

Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes;

low set ears; cat-like cry

Trisomy 13

Pataus: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers

Acute Cold Agglutinaiton

Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs

Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton

Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination &

hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs

RBC Osmotic Fragility

Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Singers Nodules

Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse

of the voice

Paraseptal emphysema

Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can

rupture and cause pneumothorax

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing

swollen face & cyanosis.

Betel nuts

Associated to oral cancer.

Fundal (Type A) Gastritis

Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia;

autoimmune diseases

Antral (Type B) Gastritis

Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori

infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; antimitochondrial Abs

Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see
cutaneous xanthomas)

Acute Pancreatitis

pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification =

hypocalcemia; serum amylase
Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the
back

Radiating Back Pain

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

Chronic pancreatitis

Partial Hydatidiform Mole

Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum:

triploidy/tetraploidy occurs

Cold Nodules

Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio

active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]

Acidophils

Mammotrophs = Prolactin
Somatotrophs = GH

Basophils

Thyrotrophs = TSH
Gonadotrophs = LH
Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH

Lacunar Strokes

Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.

Sensory: lesion of thalamus

Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the

elderly. Related to CLL.
Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma
of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene
Large Cell
Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids
progressing to T-ALL
Small Non Cleaved = Burkitts: high grade B cell
lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance.
T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL

No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX

Motor: lesion of internal capsule

CSF of Bacterial Meningitis

Glucose; Protein; Neutrophils; Pressure

CSF of Viral Meningitis

Marble Bone Disease

Normal Glucose; +/- Protein; Lymphocytes

C5a

Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)

C3b
Anaphylotoxins

Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)

Vasoactive Mediators

Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF

Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2; Bradykinin; PAF
d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2;
LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF

Platelet Aggregation

ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF

Platelet Antagonist
Intrinsic Pathway

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Extrinsic Pathway
Lines of Zahn

F VII: PT

Currant Jelly appearance

Post mortem clots

Emigration: Chemotaxis

Margination
Pavementing
Adhesion
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Intracellular microbial killing

Transudate
Exudate

Specific gravity < 1.012 low protein

Hurlers

Lysosomal storage disease

Galactosemia

Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.

Galactose 1 Phosphate

Phenylketonuria

Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Phenyalanine &

degradation products
Mousy body odor

Autosomal Dominant Diseases

Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease

Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-WeberRendu)
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Huntingtons Disease (chromosome 4p)
Marfans Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausens)
Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel Lindau Disease

Autosomal Recessive Diseases

Tay-Sachs
Gauchers
Niemann-Pick
Hurlers
Von Gierkes
Pompes
Coris
McArdles
Galactosemia
PKU
Alcaptonuria

X Linked Recessive Diseases

Hunters Syndrome

Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of d

bone density, many fractures = osteoclasts

C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils &

Mast cells)

F XII (Hagman): APTT

Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous
thrombi)

Specific gravity > 1.020 high protein

L Iduronidase Heparan/Dermatan

Sulfate accumulation

(L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy,

Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)

Fabrys Disease ( Galactosidase A deficiency, Ceremide Trihexoside)

Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X
chromosome is bad, Ceremide Trihexoside)

Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, Uric acid)

G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, Ceremide
trihexoside)

Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy

(Dystrophin deficinecy,

Ceremide Trihexoside)

Hypersensitivity Reactions
ACID

Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever;

Allergic asthma; Hives
Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic
anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis
Fetalis; Graves Disease; Goodpastures
Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound
aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness;
Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune
Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease
Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed
hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin
reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally
infected cell killing

Transplant Rejections

Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of

transplant. Ab mediated.
Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of
transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection
type that can be treated w/ therapy.
Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant.
Ab mediates vascular damage.

Blood Metastasis
Lymph Metastasis

Sarcoma, exception renal cell CA: early venous invasion

Aflatoxin
Cleft Lip

Seen w/ Aspergillus. risk for Hepatocellular CA

Cleft Palate

Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each

other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine
prominence

Craniopharyngioma
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified

Medial Geniculate Body

Lung Development

Involved in Hearing relay

Hearts 1st Beat

21-22 days

Foregut
Midgut

Mouth Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery

Hindgut

Splenic Flexure Butt crack supplied by Inferior

Mesenteric Artery

Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
Type I Error

Narcolepsy

Subdural Hematoma

Ruptured cerebral bridging veins

Epidural Hematoma

Ruptured middle meningeal artery intervals of lucidness,

2ry to Temporal bone fracture

Type II Error

: Setting the guilty free fail to reject the null

Carcinoma, exception renal cell CA: early venous invasion

Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median
nasal prominence

Inolved in Vision relay

Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks
Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth
Alveolar period birth-8yoa

Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct Splenic

flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric
artery

: Convicting the innocent accepting experimental

hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis

hypotesis when it was false

Power

1-

Sensitivity
Specificity

TP/TP + FN

Positive Predictive Value

Negative Predictive Value

TP/TP + FP

Odds Ratio
d-Dimers

ad/bc

Delusion
Loose Association

Disorder of thought content

5 Stages of Death
1st Branchial Arch

Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

2nd Branchial Arch

Reicherts cartillage gives rise to stapes bone of ear

Median nerve lesion

Radial nerve lesion

No pronation

Common peroneal lesion

Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot

Diract inguinal hernia

Goes through superficial inguinal ring.

Medial to inferior epigastric artery
Seen in older men

Indirect inguinal hernia

Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring

Lateral to inferior epigastric artery
Seen in young boys processus vaginalis did not close

@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12

T8 = Inferior vena cava

T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus
T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein

Hemiballism
O Linked Oligosaccharide

Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus

N Linked Oligosaccharide
MLF Syndrome

In the RER

ADA Deficiency
Raphe Nucleus

SCID

waves

Alert; Awake; Active mind also seen in REM, therefore

we say paradoxical sleep

Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes

Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes

PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase
Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
**muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only
takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium

Pellagra

Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia

Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency)
Hartnups Disease
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
INH use

TLCFN

Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex &

Ketoglutarate DH complex

LCAT or PCAT

Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol

acetyltransferase

TN/TN + FP
TN/TN + FN
DIC
Skip from topic to topic
Meckels cartillage gives rise to incus/malleus bones of
ear

Wrist drop seen w/ humerus fracture

In the Golgi
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on
lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS
Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance

Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore

phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase

HMGCoA Reductase

Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis

Changes HMGCoA Mevalonate
(-) by Lovastatin

Ketogenic amino acids

Glucogenic amino acids

Leucine & Lysine

Keto & Gluco amino acids

Carnitine Shuttle

Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine

Cori Cycle

Keeps muscles working anaerobically.

Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is
sent back into the muscles for energy use

(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)

Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]

Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation]
Digoxin [ heart contractility]

TCA Cycle Products

Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For

Mitochondrial Oxidation
Citrate Aconitate Isocitrate Ketoglutarate
Succinyl Succinate Fumarate Malate OAA

Cones

Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific

pigment. For acuity.

Rods

Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated

in the fovea. Night vision.

Gastrula
Epiblast

Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo

Sydenhams Chorea

Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the

caudate, putamen, thalamus

(+) Frei Test

Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 =

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Sabourauds Agar

Culture for all Fungi

FMR1 Gene Defect

Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large

jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation

Barr Body

Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY

Not present in Turners: Female: XO

Aortic Insufficiency Signs

Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels

Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery
= aortic regurgitation

Scleroderma :CREST

Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl;

Telangiectasis

Cretinism

Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental

failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button

Hemochromatosis Triad

Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin

pigmentation = due to Fe3+ deposition

Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine

Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption

@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso

& Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.

ieCulture Cryptococcus neofromans which is

found in pigeon droppings

Signature Drug Toxicities

Agranulocytosis
Aplastic Anemia

Clozapine, Chloramphenical

Atropine-like Side Effects

Cardiotoxicity

Tricyclics

Cartilage Damage in Children

Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin & Norfloxacin)

Chloramphenicol
NSAIDs
Benzene
Doxorubicin
Daunorubicin

Cinchonism
Cough

Quinidine

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Disulfiram-like Effect

Lithium (Txt w/ Amiloride)

Extrapyramidal Side Effects

Antipsychotics

Fanconis Syndrome
Fatal Hepatotoxicity (necrosis)

Tetracycline

Gingival Hyperplasia
Gray Baby Syndrome

Phenytoin

Gynecomastia

Cimetidine
Azoles
Spironolactone
Digitalis

Hemolytic Anemia in G6PD-deficiency

Sulfonamides
Isoniazid
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Primaquine

Hepatitis

Isoniazid

Hot Flashes, Flushing

Niacin
Tamoxifen
Ca++ Channel Blockers

Induce CP450

Barbiturates Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Rifampin

Inhibit CP450

Cimetidine
Ketoconazole

Interstitial Nephritis

Methicillin
NSAIDs (except Aspirin)
Furosemide
Sulfonamides

Monday Disease

ACE Inhibitors
Metronidazole
Sulfonylureas (1st generation)
(Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine)

Valproic Acid
Halothane
Acetaminophen
Chloramphenicol

Nitroglycerin Industrial exposure tolerance during week

loss of tolerance during weekend headache, -ach, dizziness upon reexposure

Orange Body Fluids

Rifampin

Osteoporosis

Heparin
Corticosteroids

Positive Coombs Test

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Methyldopa

Red Man Syndrome

Vancomycin

Severe HTN with Tyramine

SLE-like Syndrome

MAOIs

Bleomycin
Amiodarone

Procainamide
Hydralazine
INH

Tardive Dyskinesia
Tinnitus

Micro

Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine)

Clozapine: only antipsychotic to not
give you tardive dyskinesia
Aspirin
Quinidine

Lactose formers CEEK

Citrobacter
Enterobacter
E.Coli (K1 capsule
most important)
Klebsiella

Non lactose
formers

SHYPS
Shigella
Yersinia
enterolytica (AKA
Pestis)
Proteus
Salmonella

May lack color

These rascals may

microscopically
lack color:
Treponema
Ricksetta
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

cAMP

CAPE
Cholera
Anthracis (Poly D
glutamate capsule)
Pertusis (via Gi)
E.coli (LT
enterotoxin)

Have Capsules
[ie are
Quellung
Reaction (+)]

Some killers have

pretty nice
capsules
Strep. Pneumoniae
Klebsiella
HiB
Pseudamona
Aeroginosa
Neisseria
meningitis
Cryptococcus
neoformans (only
encapsulated
fungal pathogen)

Dimorphic Fungi Can Also Have

Both Shapes
Cocciodes
Aspergillus
Histolpasma
Blastomyces
Sprothrix schenkii

Have Prophage OBED

O = Salmonella
B = Botulinum
E = Erythrogenic
strep
D = Diptheria

Spore Forming
Bacteria

Bacilus &
Clostridium (have
calcium dipicolinate)

IgA Proteases

Neisseria,
Haemophilus, S.
pneumoniae

Widal Test

Salmonella
(Salmonella begins in the
ileocecal region)
agglutination indicates
Abs to O, H, Vi
Salmunella Ags

Waysons Stain Yersinia

Pneumonic Plaque Person to person
cf w/ Bubonic
Transmission

plaque that was via

infected flea

Splenectomy

Predisposes to
septicemia

Invasins

Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis

Fusiform

Vincents trench
mouth

S. viridans

Dextran mediated
adherence

Obligate
Aerobes

Pseudomonas &
Mycobacterium

Obligate
Anaerobes

Clostridium,
Actinomyces,
Bacteroides

Staph aureus

A Protein, Catalase
+/ Coagulase +

Spirochetes

Treponema,
Borrelia,
Leptospira

Non Motile Gram Corenybacterium D

& Nocardia
(+) Rods
Acid Fast
Organisms

Mycobacterium;
Cryptosporidium;
Nocardia
(partially);
Legionella
micdadei; Isospora

Pigment
Producing
Bacteria

Serratia red (can

cause
pseudohemoptysis)
Pseudomonas A
piocyanin
blue/green
Staph Aureus
yellow Protein A
Mycobacteria
photo/scoto
chromogenic
caritinoid
yellow/orange
Corneybacterium D
black/gray
pseudomembrane
plaque in throat
Bacteroides
(Porphyromonas)

melaninogenicus
black (heme)
E. coli
irredescent green
sheen

Bacterial
Morphology

Pneumococci
lancet shaped
diplococci
Neisseria kidney
bean shaped
diplococci
Camphylobacter
gulls wings/comas
Vibrio Cholera
coma shaped
Corneybacterium D
club shaped
(nonmotile, G+Rod)
Yersinia safety
pin seen in Waysons
stain

Inclusion Bodies Rabies Negri

bodies
intracytoplasmic
Pox virus
Guarnieri
intracytoplasmic &
acidophilic
CMV Owls eyes
intracytoplasmic &
intranuclear
HSV Cowdry
bodies
intranuclear

Schistosoma
Japonicum
Monsoni
Schistosoma
Haematolium
Non Human
Schistosom

Intestinal
contact w/ bad
water

Clonorchichis

Chinese liver fluke

eating raw fish.
Txt: Praziquantel

Fasciola
Hepatica

Sheep eating raw

fish. Txt:
Praziquantel

Fasciola Biski

Giant intestinal
flukes eating raw
fish. Txt:
Praziquantel

Paragonimus
Westermani

Lung fluke eating

raw fish. Txt:
Praziquantel

Oxidase (+)

Neiserria and most

Gram (-)s

Vesicular contact
w/ bad water
Swimmers itch
contact w/ bad
water

Micro Aerophilic Camphylobacter &

Helicobacter

Urease (+)

All Proteus can

cause
Staghorn/Struvite
calculi (NH4- Mg2stones): alkaline
urine
Ureaplasma
Campylobacter
pylori
(Helicobacter)
Cryptococcus
Nocardia

Coagulase (+)

Staph A &
Yersenia pestis

Obligate
Intracellular
Bacteria

Chlamydia Pistacci
(Chlamydia do not make
own ATP);

Mycobacterium
Leprae; all
Rickettsia except
Roachalimea (make
suficient ATP to survive)

Protozoa

Plasmodium;
Toxoplasma
ghondi; Babesin;
Leishmania;
Trypanosoma Cruzi

Obligate Non
Intracellular
Parasites

Treponema palidum
& Pneumocystis
Carinii (cannot be
cultured on inert
media but can be
found extra
cellularly in the
body)

Haemophilus
Factors
All cocci are

X = Protoporphyrin
& V = NAD

Eaton Fried
Eggs

Mycoplasma
pneumoniae has
fried egg colonies
on Eaton agar
(needs cholesterol)

Mycoplasma

No cell wall.
Membrane has
cholesterol.
Smallest living
bacteria.
P1 protein inhs
ciliary action
Fried egg colonies
Atypical pneumonia
young adults

Sabrands

Fungal media

Malassazia
furfur

Spaghetti & meat

ball

Gram (+) except

for Neisseria &
Moraxella

Measles 3Cs

Cough Coryza
Conjunctivitis. Can
also have
photophobia
May lead to
subacute
Sclerosing
Panencephalitis

Non Motile
Bacilli &
Clostridium
Bloody diarrhea
agents

B. Anthracis & C.
Perfringens

YW-135CA

N. meningitidis
vaccine capsualr
polysaccharide
strains

Indian Ink

Cryptococcus
neoformans

EIEC EHEC
Shigella - Yersenia
enterocolitica
Entaemeba
histolytica
Salmonella
Campylobacter
jejuni

Naegleria causes Colonization in the

nasal passages
after swimming

Need Cysyeine
for growth

Ella likes
cysteine:
Francisella
Brucella
Legionella
Pasturella

Endotoxins, G(+) Gram (-): N.

meningitidis
or G(-)
Ecthyma
Gangrenosum,
seen w/

Pseudomonas
aeroginosa. Target
shaped skin lesions
w/ a black center
and red ring
surrounding the
lesion

Endospores G(+) Gram (+): Bacillus

& Clostridium
made up of
dipicolinate &
Keratin

Multi Brain
Abscess

Nocardia

Single Brain
Abscess

Actinomyces
israelli

risk for Strep Asplenic; Sickle

pneum Infection cell anemia;

immunocompromisi
ng illness

Strep. Pneumoniae

Hemolysis/Opto

chin Sensitive
Strep. Viridans

Hemolysis/Opto (Subacute
chin Resistant Endocarditis)
Staph.
Saprophyticus

Novobiocin
Resistant (UTIs)

Staph.
Epidermidis

Novobiocin
sensitive
(Endocarditis in
IVDUs)

Strep. Pyogenes

Hemolysis/Bacit (pharyngitis;
racin Sensitive Scarlet fever;

cellulitis; impetigo;
Rheumatic fever))
Hyaluronic capsule;
non-motile; M
proteins;
Endotoxin A

Strep. Agalactiae

Hemolysis/Bacit (Diabetes
racin Resistant predisposes to
infection)

EFII
Ribosylation

Diphtheria toxin &

Pseudomonas
exotoxon A

Bacillus
Anthracis: 3
toxins

Protective Antigen
(PA)
Lethal Factor =
toxic to
macrophages
Edema Factor =
cAMP

Woolsorters
Disease
Grows in Rice

Bacillus anthracis.
DOC: Penicillin

Clostridium
Perfringens

Double Zone
Hemolysis (test)
Lecithinase:
toxin = lyses RBCs
80% of gas
gangrene
(myonecrosis)
cases

Clostridium
Difficile

2 Toxins:
Enterotoxin
(Exotoxin A) &
Cytotoxin
(Exotoxin B)
Pseudomembranous
colitis (can be
precipitated by
clindamycin/ampicil
lin)

(work via adenylate

cyclase)

Bacillus Cereus

Spastic Paralysis Clostridium Tetani

toxin
toxin
Clostridium

Bad canned foods

Botulinum

have neurotoxin =
flaccid paralysis
(block Ach release)

Infant Botulinum Floppy Baby

Syndrome. Pre
formed toxin in
honey

Thayer Martin
Agar
DOC for N.
gonorrhoeae
K1 E. Coli
Capsular Ag

Neisseria ID

The As of
Klebsiella

Alcoholics
Aspiration
pneumonia
Abscesses in the
lungs

Rice H2O
Diarrhea
Raw seafood
intoxicaiton
Helicobacter
Txt

Vibrio Cholera:
metabolic acidosis

risk of P.
aeroginosa
infection
Contact lens
infection
Cat Bites

Burn patients &

Cystic fibrosis

Ceftriazone
Related w/
neonateal
meningitis

Vibrio
parahemolyticus
Bismuth salts;
Metronidazole;
Tetracycline (or
amoxicillin)

Pseudomonas
aeroginosa
Pasteurella
multocida

Undulant Fever Brucella

Bordet Gengou
Agar

Bordetella pertusis
ID

M. tuberculosis ID
LowensteinJensen medium

Cat Scratch
Disease

Bartonella
henselae. Leion can
resemble Kaposis
sarcoma.
Toxoplasmosis

Pink Eye

Adenovirus (type
8)

True
Hemaphrodite
Pseudo
Hemaphrodite

Testes & Ovaries

are present

Male Pseudo
Hemaphrodite

Testicular
Feminization

HLA Genes
Location

6p

External genitalia
does not coincide
w/ gonads

Parvovirus B19

Fifth Disease:
Erythema
Infectiosum
(ssDNA). Linked
w/ sicle cell anemia

Interferon MOA Inhibits viral

replication
(translation or
transcription)

Acute
Hemorrhagic
Conjunctivitis

Seen w/ infections
from Enterovirus &
Coxsackie A

Parainfluenza
Causes

Croup
(Laryngotracheobr
onchitis)

Swimming Pool
Conjunctivitis
RSV

Adenovirus (types
3 & 4)
Bronchiolitis in
infants

Removed tonsils, In 80%,

find what virus Adenovirus. In the

immunosuppressed,
activation can
occur

Bone Fever

Dengue: Group B
Togavirus, from
the Arbovirus,
transmitted by
mosquitos

HbsAg

Appears in blood
soon after
infection, before
onset of acute
illness
Disappears w/in 46 months after the
start of clinical
illness

HbeAg

Appears early
acute phase,
indicates higher
risk of
transmitting the
disease
Disappears before
HbsAg is gone

Anti-Hbc

Present in
beginning of
clinical illness
Seen in the
window phase

Filamentous
Bacteria

Actinomycetes =
Nocardia;
Actinomyces;
Streptomyces

Listeria
contaminates

Milk, cheese,
vegetables
(coleslaw) in

recent infections

Shiga like Toxin E. Coli 0157/H7:

Hemorrhagic
colitis &
Hemorrhagic
uremic syndrome

Necrotizing
Fasciitis

Group A
Streptococci

Relapsing Fever Borrelia

recurrentis

Lofflers Medium Corneybacterium

diphtheriae

Chlamydiae
Developmental
Cycle

Elementary Body:
infeccious particle
that Enters the
cell
Reticulate Body:
made from
elementary body.
Replicates,
differentiates and
releases
elementary bodies
to infect other
cells
W/ infection you
will see Glycogen
containing
inclusions
Cell wall lacks
muramic acid

Trench Fever

Rochalimaea
quintana

Spotted Fever Rickettssia

rickettsii (RMSF)
Members

& R. akari
(rickettsial pox) in
the U.S.
R. sibirica (tick
typhus in China) &
R. australis (typhus
in Australia)

Thrush Txt

Nystatin txts
candidiasis of the
mouth

Rose Bush
Thorns
Contact lens
solution
infection

Have Sporothrix
schenckii

Filiariasis
Causant

Wucheria
bancrofti
(infection aka
elephantitis &
wucheriasis

Acanthamoeba

Freshwater lake Causes amebic

meningoencephaliti
infection
s due to Naegleria

fowleri

Reduviid bug
bite

Transmits
Trypanoma cruzi
(Chagas disease):
Romanas Sign

Schistosoma
Haematobium
causes

Bladder
calcificaiton &
cancer

Presinusoidal HTN,
Schistosoma
Mansoni causes splenomagaly,
esophageal varices

Snail,
intermediate
host of

Schistosomiasis

Ixodes
scapularis
transmits

Babesia (clinically
rembles malaria) &
Borelia
burgdorferi

Nantucket
Protozoa

Babesia microt

Infection by
Reduviid Bug

Trypansoma cruzi:
Chagas Disease

Infection by
TseTse Fly

Trypansoma brucei
gambiense &
rhodiense: African
Sleeping Sickness

Infection by
Sandfly

Leishmaniasis:

Infection by
Ixodes Tick

Babesia microti:
Babesiosis &
Borrelia
burgdorferi: Lyme
Disease

Mucocutaneous
Diseases by L.
braziliensis & Visceral
Disease by L.
donovani & Dermal
Leishman by L.
tropica, mexicana,
peruviana

Malaria
Infection by
Anopheles
Mosquito
Trophozoites w/ Giardia lamblia
Face-Like
Appearance

Nonseptate
Hyphae

Zygomycosis:
Rhizopus & Mucor.
Only mycosis w/o
septate. Infect
Ketoacidotic Diabetics.

Histoplasmosis
Geography

Ohio, Mississippi,
Misouri River
valleys

Coocidioidomyco Southwestern
deserts, California
sis Geography
Blastomycosis

States east of
Mississippi River

Geography
Paracoccidioidom Latin America
ycosis
Geography
Roseola
Infection, aka

Exanthema
Subitum: Sixth
Disease (Human
Herpes Virus-6
dsDNA, enveloped)

Herpangina

Hand-Foot-andMouth Disease:
Coxsackie A
(Picornavirus
+ssRNA)

Orthomyxovirus ssRNA, enveloped

virus.
Spike
Glycoproteins
(peplomeres): HA =
Hemagluttinin &
NA =
Neuraminidase.
These peplomeres
are what give the
virus antigenis
variation
Influenza A & B

Paramyxovirus

RNA, enveloped.
Most common
cause of
respiratory
infections in kids
Mumps
Croup(Parainfluenz
a virus)
Rubeola(Measles
virus)
RSV

Togavirus

+ssRNA, enveloped
3 Day Measles:
German Measles:
Rubella/ Rubivirus
Encephalitis
viruses:
Alphaviruses:
Eastern (more
severe) and
Western Equine
Encephalitis

Flaviviris

Dengue Fever
icterus &
hemorrhage w/
blac vomit
Yellow fever
St. Louis
Encephalitis no
hepatitis or
hemorrhage

Bunyavirus

ssRNA, enveloped
California
Encephalitis
severe bifrontal
headaches
Hantavirus
hemorrhagic fever
w/ acute resp.
distress syndrome

IgA Protease
Activity

H. Influenzae
(needs factors V &
X for growth)
Strep. Pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
N. gonnorhoae
W/ this activity
these bugs are
able to colonize
the oral mucosa.

Diphtheria:
ABCDEFG

Adenopathy
Prophage
encodes the
exotoxin
Corneybacteria is
Club shaped
Diphtheria
Elongation Factor
II
Granules
(metachromatic)

Only ssDNA

Parvovirus: Part
of a virus

Only dsRNA

Reovirus,
RepeatOvirus

Naked RNA

Naked for CPR:

Calcivirus;
Picornovirus;
Reovirus

2 circular DNAs Papovavirus &

Hepadnavirus

BK

Papovavirus. Seen
in kidney
transplant patients
(causes renal
disease)

Hepadna,
Retrovirus?

No, but has

reverse
transcriptase

Picornovirus:
PERCH

Poiliovirus; Echo;
Rhino; Coxsackie;
Hep A

Hemorrhagic
Fevers

221. Filovirus &

Bunyavirus
(Hantavirus)

Segmented
viruses

All are RNA:

Orthomyxo; Arena;
Bunya; Reo

Eclipse Phase

No internal virus. 1
total virus per cell

Latent Phase

No external virus.
Extracellular virus
found

Naked Capsid
Virus

Nucleocapsid. DNA
or RNA +
Structural
proteins

Enveloped Virus Membrane.

Nucleocapsid +
Glycoprotein

Interferon

Non virus specific.

Works by RNA
endonuclease =
digests viral DNA
+ inh viral prot
synth

AIDS structural Gag, pol, env

prots
AIDS regulatory Tat, rev, nef
prots
AIDS gp41 env
prot

Transmembrane

AIDS gp120 env Surface

prot
AIDS p17 gag
prot

Matrix

AIDS p24 gag

prot

Capsid

AIDS p7p9 gag Nucleocapsid

prot
DNA Viruses

A = Adeno

Brick. Rep
H = Herpes
In Cyto
H= Hepadna

AH
H PPP --- ico Rep in
Nuc
P = Pox
P = Parvo
SS
P = Papova

Circ

(+) RNA Viruses

E
C = Calici
P = Picorno
R = Reo

CPRF

T C ------ ico (+)

Linear.
F = Flavi
No segment. Rep in
Cyto
T=
Toga
Helical
C = Corona
&

R-Tase
Rep in

Nuc

(-) RNA Viruses

F = Filo

2
3
O = Orthomyxo
R = Rhabdo
FOR P
A B ---- (-) E
Helical
P = Paramyxo
Linear. Non seg.
A = Arena
B = Bunya
Bullet
Anti sense

Hepatitis
Window Period

After HbsAg
disappears &
Before HbsAb
appears

Hepatitis

Picorna

Hepadna

Flavi

Delta

Calici

Downey Type II EBV

cells

Yellow Fever:
Infection by
Aedes Mosquito Flavivirus: Black
vomit, jaundice,
high fever

Hot T-Bone
stEAk: ILs

IL1 = Temp: HOT

IL2 = stimulate T
cells
IL3 = stimulate
Bone Marrow stem
cells growth &
differentiation
(GM CSF)
IL4 = stimulate
IgE (& IgG)

IL5 = stimulate
IgA (& eosinophils)

ILs Secreted by IL2, IL4, IL5, IFN

gamma
CD4s
ILs Secreted by IL1 & TNF
Macrophages
C5a

Neutral
chemotaxis.
When it is w/ C3a,
participates in
anaphylaxis

C5 Convertase

When both
Alternative and
Classic pathways
come together
Alternative: C3b,
Bb, C3b + C3a
C5
Classic: 2b, 3b,
C3a + C4b C5

Only Richettssia Quintana

not Intracellular
Plasmodium Life Sporozoites: from
blood to liver
Cycle
Primary tissue
schizont
Trophozoites: in
RBC
Erythrocytic
schizont
Merozoite:
ruptured RBC
Gametozyte
Zygote: inside the
mosquito

Acanthamoeba

Star shaped cysts

Mucor, Rhizopus, Nonseptate,

filamentous, 90
Absidia

degree branching,
indian in, capsular
halos

Cryptococcus
Neoformans
Candida

Monomorphic

Aspergillus
Fumigatum

45 degree
branching point,
asocd w/ cystic
fibrosis & burns pt

Cocciodes

Hyphae in wild.
Artroconidia.
Arthocondida &
Hyphae. Sherules
w/ endospores

Yeast normally,
pseudo & true
hyphae in tissue
infections

Histoplasma Cap Hyphae in wild.

Microcondida w/
tuberculate
macrocondida. Fac
intracellular. In
the tissue its a
yeast w/ a small
neck.

Blastomycosis

Hyphae in wild

Sporothrix
Schenkii

Hypahe in wild.
Potas iodide in
milk. Pneumonia in
alcoholics.

PCP

Obligate parasite.
Kills type I pneumo
cells. Ground glass

Gram (-) Bugs w/ E. Coli; V. Cholera;

Bordetella
Exotoxins
Pertussis

Dermatophytes

Trichophyton:
SHN
Microsporium: SH
Epidermophyton:
SN
Tinea tavus:
permanent hair loss
Transmission
Diagnosis

E. Histolitica

Cysts

Trophozoites or
cysts in stool

Giardia

Cysts

Trophozoites or
cysts in stool

Cryptosporidium

Cysts

Acid fast oocysts

Balantium C.

Cysts

Trophozoites or
cysts in stool

Trichomonas V.

Trophozoites

Motile
trophozoites

Fever

Fever Spike

Vivax

Benign 3 degrees

48h

Enlarged Host Cell

Ovale

Benign 3 degrees

48h

Oval/Jagged

Malariae

4 degrees of
Malarial

72hrregular

Crescent

Falciparum

Malignant 3
degrees

Miscellaneous
Fastest growing tumor Burkitts
PEs are found in half of all autopsies
Courvoisiers Law: tumors that obstruct the common bile duct cause enlarged
gallbladders, but obstructing gallstones do not (too much scarring), so if you can palpate
the gallbladder youe probably looking at cancer.
Only DNA virus to replicate in cytoplasm: Pox
Only RNA virus to replicate in nucleus: Influenza

Bacillus anthracis has the only protein capsule

Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough) elicits lymphocytosis rather than granulocytosis
Bronchioalveolar carcinomas grow without destroying the normal architecture of the
lung
Cryptococcus neoformans often lacks a capsule and, when stained with GMS, looks just
like Pneumycistis carinii, except that Cryptococcus lacks the prominent nucleoli.
Weil Felix reaction: (+)R. rickettssi & (+)Proteus vulgaris & P. mirabilis
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) tests: 1)VDRL 2)FTA-Abs: most widely used 3)TPI
(immobilization test most expensive but the Gold Standard)
Cytokine
Source
Function
IL 1
Monocytes, macrophages Stimulates T cell
proliferation & IL2
produciton
IL 2
Macrophages, T & NK
Stim prolif of B, T & NK
cells
cell
IL 3
T cells
GF of tissue mast cells &
hematopoietic stem cells
IL 4
T cells
growth of B & T cells/
HLA II Ags
IL 5
T cells
Maturation of B
plasma cell
IL 6
T cells, monocytes
Maturation of B & T cell/
(-) fibroblasts
IFN
B cells, macrophages
Antiviral activity
IFN
Fibroblasts
Antiviral activity
IFN gamma
T & NK cells
Antiviral activity, (+)
macrophages, HLA II
Ags
TNF
Macrophages, T & NK
T cell prolif, IL 2 prod,
cells
cytotoxicity
TNF
T cells
T cell prolif, IL 2 prod,
cytotoxicity

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes
VHL
APC

Chrom.

Associated Tumors
3p
5p

Von Hippel Lindau, Renal

Cell CA
Familial adenomatous
polyposis, Colon CA

WT-1
Rb

11p
13q

BRCA-2
p53
NF-1
BRCA-1
DCC
DPC
NF-2

13q
17p
17q
17q
18q
18q
22q

Wilms tumor
Retinoblastoma,
Osteosarcoma
Breast CA
Most human Cas
Neurofibromatosis type 1
Breast CA, Ovarian CA
Colon & Stomach CA
Pancreatic CA
Neurofibromatosis type 2
= bilateral acoustic
neuroma

Physio Equations:
Resistance in Series: Add all
Resistance in Parallel: Invert the answer
RENAL:
Filtration Fraction = EMBED Equation.3
Renal Plasma Flow

Filtered Load = GFR x [Conc]

GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate RPF:

Excretion Rate = [Urine] x Vel Urine

Clearance = EMBED Equation.3 or EMBED Equation.3

[ERPF] ERPF: Eff renal plasma flow

Renal Blood Flow = EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

Clearance of PAH =

Free Water Clearance = Vel Urine -

CARDIO:
CO = HR x SV
Systolic Diastolic

CO = EMBED Equation.3

Pulse Pressure =

MAP = Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

TPR x CO
F = EMBED Equation.3

CO = EMBED Equation.3

MAP =

LUNGS:
PAO2 = (760 47) FO2 - EMBED Equation.3
Where:
FO2 = [O2]
PACO2 = Alv. Press. Of CO2
Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 .8 or 1

R = Resp. Exchange Ratio EMBED

Flow = EMBED Equation.3

Velgas Diffusion = EMBED Equation.3 x Gas Diffusion
Constant x Difference of Partial Press
VentTot = VentTidal x #of Respirations
Respirations

VentAlv = (VentTidal VentDead) x # of

Compliance = EMBED Equation.3

P = EMBED Equation.3
Equation.3 Va/Q
Diffusing Capacity = EMBED Equation.3
Resp Doubles: 150mmHg & 40mmHg

New PCO2 = 20

Page PAGE 1

Motile: make H2S

Non Motile: noH2S

1.0 = EMBED

New PO2 = 170