UNIT 1.

Previewing:

DID YOU KNOW?

Previewing is an important strategy
because it helps readers anticipate meaning.
This strategy can be performed quickly to
identify the general idea of what a selection
is about or it can be a more detailed process
to ascertain the major ideas and
organizational clues.

EXERCISE 1
LOOK AT THE PICTURE

WHAT COMES TO YOUR MIND AFTER LOOKING AT THE PICTURE?

DO YOU KNOW SURFING ONLY AS A SPORT?

WELL, LET ME TELL YOU THIS THERE ARE OTHER

TYPES OF SURFING
READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT ABOUT SURFING AND SURF CULTURE.

SURFING AND SURF CULTURE

The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, and commonly known
as the Web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the
Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text,
images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like ENQUIRE, British
engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would
eventually become the World Wide Web. At CERN, a European research

organization near Geneva situated on Swiss and French soil, Berners-Lee and
Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to
link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user
can browse at will", and they publicly introduced the project in December.
In the May 1970 issue of Popular Science magazine Arthur C. Clarke was
reported to have predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated
knowledge of the world to your fingertips" using a console that would combine the
functionality of the Xerox, telephone, television and a small computer, allowing data
transfer and video conferencing around the globe. In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee
wrote a proposal that referenced ENQUIRE, a database and software project he
had built in 1980, and described a more elaborate information management
system.
With help from Robert Cailliau, he published a more formal proposal (on
November 12, 1990) to build a "Hypertext project" called "WorldWideWeb" (one
word, also "W3") as a "web" of "hypertext documents" to be viewed by "browsers"
using a clientserver architecture. This proposal estimated that a read-only web
would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to
achieve "the creation of new links and new material by readers, this way authorship
becomes universal" as well as "the automatic notification of a reader when new
material of interest to him/her has become available." While the read-only goal was
met, accessible authorship of web content took longer to mature, with the wiki
concept, blogs, Web 2.0 and RSS/Atom.
The proposal was modeled after the Dynatext SGML reader by Electronic
Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and
Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was
technically advanced and was a key player in the extension of SGML ISO
8879:1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime, but it was considered too expensive and
had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics
community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration.
Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his
book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a
marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical
communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally tackled the project
himself. In the process, he developed three essential technologies:
1.a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and
elsewhere, the Universal Document Identifier (UDI), later known as Uniform
Resource Locator (URL) and Uniform Resource Identifier (URI);
2.the publishing language HyperText Markup Language (HTML);
3.the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext
systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather
than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another

resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced
the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier
systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot. Unlike predecessors
such as HyperCard, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible
to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without
licensing restrictions. On April 30, 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide
Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the
announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no
longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the
Web. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW for Unix and the X Windowing
System.
Connected by the existing Internet, other websites were created around the
world, adding international standards for domain names and HTML. Since then,
Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of web
standards (such as the markup languages in which web pages are composed), and
in recent years has advocated his vision of a Semantic Web. The World Wide Web
enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and
flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularizing use of the Internet.
Although the two terms are sometimes conflated in popular use, World Wide Web
is not synonymous with Internet. The Web is a collection of documents and both
client and server software using Internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP.
TAKEN FROM: (2008) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwideweb
AFTER READING THE TEXT ABOUT SURFING AND SURF CULTURE,
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1.- How does the world wide web work?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2.- What are the roots of the world wide web?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3.- What is the difference between the world wide web and hypertext?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4.- Which famous writer predicted information could one day fly around the
world?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5.- What are the causes for surfing to be so popular around the world?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

THINK ABOUT
Was it easy for you to understand the text in English about surfing?
Was it easy for you to do the exercises?

EXERCISE 2
LOOK AT THE PICTURE

CAN YOU EXPLAIN THIS PICTURE WITH YOUR OWN WORDS?

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT NETWORKS?

IN THAT CASE, READ THIS TEXT ABOUT COMPUTER NETWORK

TO AMPLIFY YOUR IDEAS

READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT ABOUT COMPUTER NETWORK.

COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of
hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels
that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one
device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a

remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Networks may be
classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as the medium used to
transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, and
organizational scope.
Before the advent of computer networks that were based upon some type of
telecommunications system, communication between calculation machines and
early computers was performed by human users by carrying instructions between
them. Many of the social behaviors seen in today's Internet were demonstrably
present in the 19th century and arguably in even earlier networks using visual
signals.
Today, computer networks are the core of modern communication. All modern
aspects of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) are computer-controlled,
and telephony increasingly runs over the Internet Protocol, although not
necessarily the public Internet. The scope of communication has increased
significantly in the past decade, and this boom in communications would not have
been possible without the progressively advancing computer network. Computer
networks and the technologies needed to connect and communicate through and
between them, continue to drive computer hardware, software, and peripherals
industries. This expansion is mirrored by growth in the numbers and types of users
of networks, from the researcher to the home user.
Computer networks can be classified according to the hardware and associated
software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the
network, such as electrical cable (HomePNA, power line communication, G.hn),
optical fiber, and radio waves (wireless LAN). In the OSI model, these are located
at levels 1 and 2.
A well-known family of communication media is collectively known as Ethernet.
It is defined by IEEE 802 and utilizes various standards and media that enable
communication between devices. Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect
devices without wiring. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a
transmission medium.
Users and network administrators typically have different views of their
networks. Users can share printers and some servers from a workgroup, which
usually means they are in the same geographic location and are on the same LAN,
whereas a Network Administrator is responsible to keep that network up and
running. A community of interest has less of a connection of being in a local area,
and should be thought of as a set of arbitrarily located users who share a set of
servers, and possibly also communicate via peer-to-peer technologies.
Network administrators can see networks from both physical and logical
perspectives. The physical perspective involves geographic locations, physical
cabling, and the network elements (e.g., routers, bridges and application layer
gateways) that interconnect the physical media. Logical networks, called, in the

TCP/IP architecture, subnets, map onto one or more physical media. For example,
a common practice in a campus of buildings is to make a set of LAN cables in each
building appear to be a common subnet, using virtual LAN (VLAN) technology.
Both users and administrators will be aware, to varying extents, of the trust and
scope characteristics of a network. Again using TCP/IP architectural terminology,
an intranet is a community of interest under private administration usually by an
enterprise, and is only accessible by authorized users (e.g. employees). Intranets
do not have to be connected to the Internet, but generally have a limited
connection. An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows secure
communications to users outside of the intranet (e.g. business partners,
customers).
Unofficially, the Internet is the set of users, enterprises, and content providers
that are interconnected by Internet Service Providers (ISP). From an engineering
viewpoint, the Internet is the set of subnets, and aggregates of subnets, which
share the registered IP address space and exchange information about the
reachability of those IP addresses using the Border Gateway Protocol. Typically,
the human-readable names of servers are translated to IP addresses,
transparently to users, via the directory function of the Domain Name System
(DNS).
Over the Internet, there can be business-to-business (B2B), business-toconsumer (B2C) and consumer-to-consumer (C2C) communications. Especially
when money or sensitive information is exchanged, the communications are apt to
be secured by some form of communications security mechanism. Intranets and
extranets can be securely superimposed onto the Internet, without any access by
general Internet users and administrators, using secure Virtual Private Network
(VPN) technology.
TAKEN FROM: (2008) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computernetwork

AFTER READING THE TEXT ABOUT COMPUTER NETWORK, ANSWER

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1.- What is a computer network?
is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by
communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information
__________________________________________________________
2.- How have networks evolved through the years?
Today, computer networks are the core of modern communication. All modern
aspects of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) are computer-controlled,

and telephony increasingly runs over the Internet Protocol, although not
necessarily the public Internet. The scope of communication has increased
significantly in the past decade, and this boom in communications would not have
been possible without the progressively advancing computer network
3.- How does a computer network work?
A computer network allows computers to exchange data. Networked computing devices
exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable or wireless media like Wi-Fi. The best-known computer
network is the Internet.
esa es la 3ra
4ta
4.- How was the internet incorporated into networks?
The Internet is the set of subnets is not new that the internet is a wireless network too,
which share the registered IP address space and exchange information about the
reachability of those IP addresses using the Border Gateway Protocol. Typically, the
human-readable names of servers are translated to IP addresses, transparently to users, via
the directory function of the Domain Name System (DNS).
5.- How did networks became so popular around the world?
Because the money over the Internet, there can be business-to-business (B2B), business-toconsumer (B2C) and consumer-to-consumer (C2C) communications. Today, computer
networks are the core of modern communication. All modern aspects of the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) are computer-controlled, and telephony increasingly runs over
the Internet Protocol, although not necessarily the public Internet. The scope of
communication has increased significantly in the past decade, and this boom in
communications would not have been possible without the progressively advancing
computer network

THINK ABOUT
Did you organize the reading about computer network to better understand
it?
Were you aware of your responsibility as a student of English?