M31 Knig9404 Ism C31 PDF

31
FUNDAMENTALS OF CIRCUITS
Conceptual Questions
31.1. Calculate I = V/R.
2V
=1A
2
2V
Ic =
=2A
1
Ia =
1V
= 0.5 A
2
1V
Id =
=1A
1
Ib =
Ic > Ia = Id > I b .
31.2. No. This is not a complete circuit. A connection from the outer metal case of the bulb to the negative end of
the battery is required to make a complete circuit.
31.3. V12 = 3 V. There is no current through the resistor so there is no potential difference across the resistor.
31.4. R1 dissipates more power, since P = I 2 R and the same current flows through each resistor.
31.5. R2 dissipates more power, since P = (V ) 2 /R and both resistors have the same potential drop V because they
are connected in parallel.
31.6. Calculate P = (V ) 2 /R.
Pa =
( V ) 2
R
Pc =
(2V )2
= 8Pa
1R
2
Pb
( 1 V )
= 2
Pd =
2R
1
= Pa
8
(2V ) 2
= 2 Pa
2R
Pc > Pd > Pa > Pb .

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31-1
31-2
Chapter 31
31.7. The two resistors are in series, as can be seen by redrawing the circuit as follows:
31.8. Increase. Recall Vbat = R /(R + r ), where is the ideal battery voltage. As R increases, Vbat also increases.
This makes sense since less current flows through the circuit, thus there is a smaller potential drop in the battery due
to its internal resistance. In the case of no current (battery disconnected, R ), Vbat = .
31.9. Bulb A gets brighter and bulb B goes out. When the switch is closed all the current travels along this zero
resistance path rather than through bulb B. With less resistance in the circuit the current is larger, so bulb A burns
brighter.
31.10. (a) A > B = C. All current flowing from the battery must go through bulb A, then the current splits at the
junction with half going through B and half through C. With the same resistance for each bulb, the larger current
means more brightness.
(b) Bulbs B and C go out because now there is a zero resistance wire along which all the current will flow. Now the
total resistance in the circuit has decreased, so the current increases and bulb A will burn brighter.
31.11. Applying Kirchhoffs loop law around the outside edge of the circuit,
V1 = IR V12 = 0 V12 = IR
That is, the potential difference V12 between points 1 and 2 is the potential supplied by the battery minus the
potential lost in resistor R. When bulb B is in place, a current I flows through the resistor and bulb. In that case, V12
is less than . However, if bulb B is removed, the current no longer flows and I = 0 A. Thus, V12 (no bulb) = .
Thus, the potential difference V12 increases when bulb B is removed.
31.12. The brightness of each bulb stays the same. The ground wire is not part of a complete circuit so no current
will flow down it. The current through the bulbs remains the same.
31.13. R2 > R3 > R1. A larger resistance makes a larger time constant t = RC , which means it takes longer for the
voltage to decrease. The size of the initial voltage makes no difference. The R2 curve decays the most slowly, so R2 is
the largest, and the R1 curve decays the most rapidly, so R1 is the smallest.
Fundamentals of Circuits
31-3
Exercises and Problems

Section 31.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams
31.1. Solve:
From the circuit in Figure EX31.1, we see that the 50 and 100 resistors are connected in series across the battery.
The 75 resister is also connected across the battery in parallel with the first 50 and 100 resistors.
31.2. Solve: In Figure EX31.2, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the 50 resistor, whose other
end is connected to the 100 resistor and the capacitor, which are in parallel. Thus, we have a resistor connected in
series with a parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor.
Section 31.2 Kirchhoffs Laws and the Basic Circuit

31.3. Model: Assume that the connecting wires are ideal.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX31.3.
Solve: The current in the 2 resistor is I1 = 4 V/2 = 2 A to the right. The current in the 5 resistor is I 2 = (15 V)/
(5 ) = 3 A downward. Let I be the current flowing out of the junction. Kirchhoffs junction law then gives
I = I1 I 2 = 2 A 3 A = 1 A
Thus, 1 A of current flows into the junction (i.e., to the left).
31.4. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires and an ideal battery for which Vbat = E .
Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX31.4. We will choose a clockwise direction for I. Note that the choice of the
currents direction is arbitrary because, with two batteries, we may not be sure of the actual current direction. The 3 V
battery will be labeled 1 and the 6 V battery will be labeled 2.
Solve: (a) Kirchhoffs loop law, going clockwise from the negative terminal of the 3 V battery gives
Vclosed loop = (V )i = Vbat 1 + VR + Vbat 2 = 0
i
9V
= 0.5 A
18
Thus, the current through the 18 resistor is 0.5 A. Because I is positive, the current is to the right (i.e., clockwise).
+3 V (18 ) I + 6 V = 0
I=
31-4
Chapter 31
(b)
Assess: The graph shows a 3 V gain in battery 1, a 9 V loss in the resistor, and a gain of 6 V in battery 2. The final
potential is the same as the initial potential, as required.
31.5. Model: The batteries and the connecting wires are ideal.
Solve: (a) Choose the current I to be in the clockwise direction. If I ends up being a positive number, then the current
really does flow in this direction. If I is negative, the current really flows counterclockwise. There are no junctions,
so I is the same for all elements in the circuit. With the 9 V battery labeled 1 and the 6 V battery labeled 2,
Kirchhoffs loop law gives
Vi = Vbat 1 + VR + Vbat 2 = +E1 IR E2 = 0

E1 E2 9 V 18 V
=
= 0.9 A
R
10
Note the signs: Potential is gained in battery 1, but potential is lost both in the resistor and in battery 2. Because I is
negative, we can say that I = 0.9 A and flows from right to left through the resistor.
(b) In the graph below, we start at the lower-left corner of the circuit and travel clockwise around the circuit (i.e.,
against the current). We start by losing 9 V going through battery 1, then loss VR = IR = 9 V going through the
I=
resistor. We then gain 18 V going through battery 2. The final potential is the same as the initial potential, as required.
31.6. Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX31.6. Define the current I as a clockwise flow.
Solve: There are no junctions, so conservation of current tells us that the same current flows through each circuit
element. From Kirchhoffs loop law,
Vi = Vbat + V12 + V33 = 0
As we go around the circuit in the direction of the current, potential is gained in the battery (Vbat = Ebat = +30 V)
and potential is lost in the resistors (Vres = IR). The loop law gives
Ebat = IR1 IR2 = I ( R12 + R33 )
I=
Ebat
30 V 2
=
= A
R12 + R33 45 3
31-5
Now that we know the current, we can find the potential difference across each resistor:
V12 = IR12 = (2/3 A)(12 ) = 8.0 V
V33 = IR33 = (2/3 A)(33 ) = 22 V
Section 31.3 Energy and Power

31.7. Model: The 1500 W rating is for operating at 120 V.
Solve: The hair dryer dissipates 1500 W at VR = 120 V. Thus, the hair dryers resistance is
R=
(VR ) 2 (120 V) 2
=
= 9.60
PR
1500 W
The current in the hair dryer when it is used is given by Ohms law:
V
120 V
I= R =
= 12.5 A
R
9.60
31.8. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires and an ideal battery.

Solve: The power dissipated by each resistor can be calculated from Equation 31.14, PR = I 2 R, provided we can
find the current through the resistors. Let us choose a clockwise direction for the current and solve for the value of I
by using Kirchhoffs loop law. Going clockwise from the negative terminal of the battery gives
(V )i = Vbat + VR1 + VR 2 = 0
+ 12 V IR1 IR2 = 0
I=
12 V
12 V
2
=
= A = 0.40 A
R1 + R2 12 + 18 5
The power dissipated by resistors R1 and R2 is:
PR1 = I 2 R1 = (0.40 A) 2 (12 ) = 1.9 W
PR2 = I 2 R2 = (0.40 A)2 (18 ) = 2.9 W
31.9. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires and that both bulbs have the same rated voltage (normally 120 V in
the United States, although this value does not matter for this problem).
Solve: If the bulbs are operated at their rated voltage VRating , their resistance is
(VRating ) 2
60 W = (VRating ) 2 /R60
R60 =
100 W = (VRating ) 2 /R100
R100 =
60 W
(VRating ) 2
100 W
When operated with the battery of unknown voltage, the power output of the bulbs will be different. We shall call
these powers P60 and P100 . We know that the same current must run through both bulbs, so we can express their
power output in terms of their known resistance and the current I:
P60 = I 2 R60

P100 = I 2 R100
(VRating )2 /(60 W) 100 W

P60
I 2R
= 2 60 =
=
>1
P100 I R100 ( VRating ) 2 /(100 W) 60 W
Therefore, the 60 W bulb emits more power (or is brighter) than the 100 W bulb, so the response is A.
31.10. Model: The 100 W rating is for operating at 120 V.
Solve: A standard bulb uses V = 120 V. We can use the power dissipation to find the resistance of the filament:
P=
V 2
R
R=
V 2 (120 V)2
=
= 144
P
100 W
31-6
Chapter 31
But the resistance is related to the filaments geometry:

R=
L
A
L
r2
r=
L
(9.0 107 m)(0.070 m)
=
= 1.18 105 m = 11.8 m
R
(144 )
The filaments diameter is d = 2r = 24 m.
31.11. Solve: (a) The average power consumed by a typical American family is
kWh
kWh
1000
= 1000
=
kW = 1.389 kW
month
30 24 h 720
Because P = (V )I with V being the voltage of the power line to the house,
Pavg = 1000
I avg =
Pavg
V
1389 W
= 11.6 A
120 V
(b) Because P = ( V ) 2 /R,
Ravg =
(V ) 2 (120 V) 2
=
= 10.4
Pavg
1389 W
31.12. Solve: The cost of running the waterbed 25% of the time for a year is
24 hr kW $0.12
(0.25)(450 W)(365 days)
= $118
day 1000 W kW hr
To two significant figures, the cost is $120.
Section 31.4 Series Resistors

Section 31.5 Real Batteries
31.13. Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX31.13.
Solve: The three resistors are in series. The total resistance is 200 , so the unknown resistance R is
Req 50 200 50
Req = R + 50 + R = 2 R + 50 R =
=
= 75
2
2
31.14. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires and an ideal battery.

Solve: As shown in Figure EX31.14, a potential difference of 5.0 V causes a current of 100 mA through the three
resistors in series. The situation is the same if we replace the three resistors with an equivalent resistor Req . That is, a
potential difference of 5.0 V across Req causes a current of 100 mA through it. From Ohms law,
Req =
VR
I
R + 15 + 10 =
5.0 V
100 mA
R = 25
31.15. Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX31.15.

Solve: (a) Apply Kirchhoffs circuit law to the circuit shown in Figure EX31.15:
1.5 V
Vbatt = 0 Ir = 0 r = =
= 0.65
I 2.3 A
(b) The power dissipated is
P = I 2 r = (2.3 A) 2 (0.65 ) = 3.5 W
31.16. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires but not an ideal battery.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure 31.18.
31-7
Solve: From Equation 31.21, the potential difference across the battery is
E
R
9.0 V
Vbat =
r = R
1 = (20 )
1 = 1.2
R+r
8.5 V
Vbat
Assess: 1 is a typical internal resistance for a battery. This causes the batterys terminal voltage in the circuit to
be 0.5 V less than its emf.
31.17. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires but not an ideal battery.
Visualize: The circuit for an ideal battery is the same as the circuit in Figure EX31.17, except that the 1 resistor
is not present.
Solve: In the case of an ideal battery, we have a battery with E = 15 V connected to two series resistors of 10 and
20 resistance. Because the equivalent resistance is Req = 10 + 20 = 30 and the potential difference across
Req is 15 V, the current in the circuit is

I=
V
E
15 V
=
=
= 0.50 A
Req Req 30
The potential difference across the 20 resistor is

V20 = IR = (0.50 A)(20 ) = 10 V
In the case of a real battery, we have a battery with E = 15 V connected to three series resistors: 10 , 20 , and an
internal resistance of 1 . Now the equivalent resistance is
= 10 + 20 + 1 = 31
Req
The potential difference across Req is the same as before E = 15 V. Thus,
I =
E
15 V
V
=
=
= 0.4839 A
31
Req
Req
Therefore, the potential difference across the 20 resistor is
= I R = (0.4839 A)(20 ) = 9.68 V

V20
That is, the potential difference across the 20 resistor is reduced from 10 V to 9.68 V due to the internal resistance
of 1 of the battery. The percentage change in the potential difference is
10.0 V 9.68 V
100% = 3.2%
10.0 V
Section 31.6 Parallel Resistors

31.18. Visualize:
The figure shows a metal wire of resistance R that is cut into two pieces of equal length. This produces two wires
each of resistance R/2.
Solve: Since these two wires are connected in parallel,
1
1
1
2 2 4
R
=
+
= + =
Req =
4
Req R/2 R/2 R R R
31.19. Visualize: The three resistors in Figure EX31.19 are equivalent to a resistor of resistance Req = 75 .
Solve: Because the three resistors are in parallel,
31-8
Chapter 31
1
1
1
1 2
1
400 + R
= +
+ = +
=
Req R 200 R R 200 (200 ) R
R=
Req = 75 =
(200 ) R
=
(400 + R )
200
400
1+
400
= 240
200
1
75
31.20. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires.

Solve: The resistance R is given by Ohms law, R = VR /I R . To determine I R we use Kirchhoffs junction law.
The input current I splits into the three currents I10 , I15 , and I R . That is,
2.0 A = I10 + I15 + I R =
8V
8V
+
+ IR
10 15
20
I R = 2.0 A 15
A=
2
3
Using this value of I R in Ohms law gives

R=
8V
= 12
2 A
3
31.21. Model: The connecting wires are ideal with zero resistance.
Solve:
For the first step, the 10 and 40 resistors are in series and the equivalent resistance is 50 . Likewise, the
55 and 20 resistors give an equivalent resistance of 75 . For the second step, the 75 and 50 resistors
are in parallel and the equivalent resistance is
1
1
1
50 + 75 = 30
For the third step, the 30 and 10 resistors are in series and the equivalent resistance is 40 .
Solve:
31-9
For the first step, the two 60 W resistors and the 45 resistor are in parallel. Their equivalent resistance is
1
2
1
5
=
+
=
Req 1 = 18
Req 1 60 45 90
For the second step, resistors 42 and Req 1 = 18 are in series. Therefore,
Req 2 = Req 1 + 42 = 18 + 42 = 60
For the third step, the resistors 40 and Req 2 = 60 are in parallel. So,
1
1
1
=
+
Req 3 60 40
Req 3 = 24
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is 24 .
Solve:
For the first step, the two resistors in the middle of the circuit are in parallel, so their equivalent resistance is
1
1
1
=
+
Req 1 = 50
Req 1 100 100
The three 100 resistors at the end are in parallel. Their equivalent resistance is
1
Req 2
1
1
1
+
+
100 100 100
Req 2 = 33.3
For the second step, the three resistors are in series, so their equivalent resistance is
100 + 50 + 33.3 = 183
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is 183 .
Solve:
In the first step, the resistors 100 , 100 , and 100 in the top branch are in series. Their combined resistance is
300 . In the middle branch, the two resistors, each 100 , are in series, so their equivalent resistance is 200 . In
the second step, the three resistors are in parallel. Their equivalent resistance is
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Req = 54.5
Req 300 200 100
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is 54.5 .
31-10
Chapter 31
Section 31.8 Getting Grounded

31.25. Model: The connecting wires and the batteries are ideal with zero resistance.
Solve: By definition, the potential at the grounded point is zero. The 9 V battery raises the potential of point a 9 V
above ground, so point a is at 9 V. Now apply Kirchhoffs current law to the circuit to find the current running
through it. Starting at the lower-left (grounded) corner and proceeding clockwise, this gives
9 V I (2 ) 6 V I (1 ) = 0
3 V
=1 A
3
I=
Thus, the potential difference across the 2 resistor is Vres = (1 A)(2 ) = 2 V, so the potential at the upperright corner is 9 V 2 V = 7 V. The potential drop going through the right-side battery is 6 V, so point b is 7 V
6 V = 1 V. Thus, the potential at point a is at 9 V and the potential at point b is at 1 V.
Assess: To check, we can find the potential difference across the bottom resistor and verify that we find a potential
of zero volts at the grounded point. The potential difference across the bottom resistor is Vres = (1 A)(1 ) = 1 V,
which when added to the potential at point b gives zero volts, as expected.
31.26. Model: The connecting wires and the batteries are ideal with zero resistance.
Solve: By definition, the potential at the grounded point is zero. The 5 V battery raises the potential of point a 5 V
above ground, so point a is at 5 V. Now apply Kirchhoffs current law to the circuit to find the current running
through it. Starting at the lower-right (grounded) corner and proceeding counterclockwise, this gives
5 V I (4 ) 15 V I (1 ) = 0
I=
10 V
= 2 A
5
(Note that the negative sign means the current actually flows clockwise.) Thus, the potential difference across the 2
resistor is Vres = (2 A)(4 ) = 8 V, so the potential at the upper-left corner is 5 V + 8 V = 13 V. The potential
drop going through the left-side battery is 15 V, so point b is 13 V 15 V = 2 V. Thus, the potential at point a is at
5 V and the potential at point b is at 2 V
Assess: To check, we can find the potential difference across the bottom resistor and verify that we find a potential of
zero volts at the grounded point. The potential difference across the bottom resistor is Vres = ( 2 A)(1 ) = 2 V,
which when added to the potential at point b gives zero volts, as expected.
Section 31.9 RC Circuits

31.27. Solve: Noting that the unit of resistance is the ohm (V/A) and the unit of capacitance is the farad (C/V), the
unit of RC is
V C C
C
RC = = =
=s
A V A C/s
31.28. Model: Assume ideal wires as the capacitors discharge through the two 1 k resistors.
Visualize: The circuit in Figure EX31.28 has an equivalent circuit with resistance Req and capacitance Ceq .
Solve: The equivalent capacitance is Ceq = 2 F + 2 F = 4 F, and the equivalent resistance is
1
1
1
=
+
Req 1 k 1 k
Req = 0.5 k
Thus, the time constant for the discharge of the capacitors is
= ReqCeq = (0.5 k)(4 F) = 2 103 s = 2 ms
31.29. Model: Assume ideal wires as the capacitors discharge through the two 1 k resistors.
Visualize: The circuit in Figure EX31.29 has an equivalent circuit with resistance Req and capacitance Ceq .
31-11
Solve: The equivalent capacitance is
1
1
1
=
+
Ceq = 1 F
Ceq 2 F 2 F
and the equivalent resistance is Req = 1 k + 1 k = 2 k. Thus, the time constant for the discharge of the capacitors is
= ReqCeq = (2 k)(1 F) = 2 103 s = 2 ms

Assess: The capacitors will be almost entirely discharged 5 = 5 2 ms = 10 ms after the switch is closed.
31.30. Model: The capacitor discharges through a resistor. Assume that the wires are ideal.
Solve: The decay of the capacitor charge is given by the Equation 31.33: Q = Q0e t/ . The time constant is
= RC = (1.0 k)(10 F) = 0.010 s

The initial charge on the capacitor is Q0 = 20 C and it decays to 10 C in time t. That is,
10 C = (20 C)e /(0.010 s)
10 C
ln
=
0.010 s
20 C
= (0.010 s)(ln 2) = 6.9 ms
31.31. Model: The capacitor discharges through a resistor. Assume ideal wires.
Visualize: The switch in the circuit in Figure EX31.31 is in position a. When the switch is in position b the circuit
consists of a capacitor and a resistor.
Solve: (a) The switch has been in position a for a long time, which means the capacitor is fully charged to a charge
Q0 = C V = C = (4 F)(9 V) = 36 C
Immediately after the switch is moved to the b position, the charge on the capacitor is Q0 = 36 C. The current
through the resistor is
VR
9V
=
= 0.36 A
R
25
Note that, as soon as the switch is closed, the potential difference across the capacitor VC appears across the 25
I0 =
resistor.
(b) The charge Q0 decays as Q = Q0e t/ , where
= RC = (25 )(4 F) = 100 s
Thus, at t = 50 s, the charge is
Q = (36 C)e 50 s/100 s = (36 C)e0.5 = 22 C
and the resistor current is
I = I 0e t/ = (0.36 A)e50 s/100 s = 0.22 A
(c) Likewise, at t = 200 s, the charge is Q = 4.9 C and the current is I = 49 mA.
31.32. Model: A capacitor discharges through a resistor. Assume ideal wires.

Solve: A capacitor initially charged to Q0 decays as Q = Q0e t/RC . We wish to find R so that a 1.0 F capacitor will
discharge to 10% of its initial value in 2.0 ms. That is,

(0.10)Q0 = Q0e(2.0 ms)/R (1.0 F)
ln(0.10) =
2.0 103 s
R(1.0 106 F)
R=
2.0 103 s
(1.0 106 F)ln(0.10)
= 0.87 k
Assess: A time constant of = RC = (870 )(1.0 106 F) = 0.87 ms is reasonable.
31.33. Model: A capacitor discharges through a resistor. Assume ideal wires.

Solve: The discharge current or the resistor current follows Equation 31.35: I = I 0et/RC . We wish to find the
capacitance C so that the resistor current will decrease to 25% of its initial value in 2.5 ms. That is,
2.5 103 s
0.25 I 0 = I 0e (2.5 ms)/(100 )C ln(0.25) =
C = 18 F
(100 )C
31-12
Chapter 31
31.34. Model: Assume ideal wires.

Solve: Because the bulbs are identical, they all have the same resistance, which we shall call R. The equivalent
resistance of the left-hand branch is
( Req ) L = R + (1/R + 1/R )1 = R + R/2 = 3R/2

The equivalent resistance of the right-hand branch is
( Req ) R = R + R = 2 R
The voltage difference across the equivalent resistance of the left-hand and right-hand branches is , so the currents
flowing through the left- and right-hand branches are
IL =
( Req ) L
1
, IR =
=
3R
( Req ) R 2 R
Thus, the current flowing through bulbs S and T is I R . The current flowing through bulb P is I L and that flowing
through bulbs Q and R is I L /2. Because the brightness is proportional to the power P = I 2 R, ordering the bulbs in
terms of current will give the same result as ordering them in terms of brightness. Thus, ordering the bulbs from
brightest to dimmest gives
P >S=T >Q=R
so the response is C.
31.35. Model: Assume ideal wires.

Visualize: The following equivalent circuits will be useful, where we have labeled three points in the circuits a, b,
and c. The unlabeled resistors all have resistance R.
Solve: Because the bulbs are identical, they all have the same resistance, which we shall call R. The bulb brightness
is proportional to the power P = V 2 /R, so we shall calculate the voltage difference across each bulb. First, we find
the potential at points a, b, and c with respect to point d (i.e., the negative terminal of the battery), which we shall
assign as the zero of the potential. The potential at point a is , so Va = . Considering the last equivalent circuit
above, we see that the current flowing around the circuit is

Va
5
I=
=
R + 3R/5 8 R
Therefore, the potential at point b is
5 3
Vb = Va IR =
=
8
8
Considering the second-to-last circuit, we see that the current flowing from point b to point d must be
IR =
Vb
2 3
=
=
3R/2 3R 8 4 R
so, looking at the second circuit, we can find the potential at point c:
R 3 R
Vc = Vb I R =
=
2 8 4 R 2 4
31-13
In the following table, we put the bulbs and the potential difference across them:
Bulb
P
Potential Difference
5
V = Vb Va =
8
Power
3
8
9 2
64 R
1 2
64 R
V = Vd Vb =
V = Vc Vb =
V = Vc Vb =
V = Vd Vc =
25 2
64 R
1 2
64 R
4 2
64 R
Thus, ordering the bulbs from brightest to dimmest gives

P >Q >T >R =S
so the response is D.
31.36. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires and an ideal power supply.
Visualize:
The two light bulbs are basically two resistors in series.

Solve: A 75 W (120 V) light bulb has a resistance of
V 2 (120 V) 2
=
= 192
R=
75 W
P
The combined resistance of the two bulbs is
Req = R1 + R2 = 192 + 192 = 384
The current I flowing through Req is
I=
V 120 V
=
= 0.3125 A
Req 384
Because Req is a series combination of the two equivalent resistors, the current 0.3125 A flows through both
resistors. Thus the power dissipated by each bulb is
P = I 2 R1 = (0.3125 A) 2 (192 ) = 19 W
31.37. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires and an ideal power supply.
Visualize:
31-14
Chapter 31
Solve: We have two resistors in series such that Req = Rbulb + Rcontacts . Rbulb can be found from the fact that we have
a 100 W (120 V) bulb:

V 2 (120 V) 2
=
= 144
100 W
P
We have a total resistance of Req = 144 + 5.0 = 149 . The current flowing through Req is
Rbulb =
I=
V 120 V
=
= 0.8054 A
Req 149
Because Req is a series combination of Rbulb and Rcontacts , this current flows through both the bulb and the contact. Thus,
Pbulb = I 2 Rbulb = (0.8054 A) 2 (144 ) = 93 W
Assess: The corroded contact changes the circuits total resistance and reduces the current below that at which the
bulb was rated. So, it makes sense for it to operate at less than full power.
31.38. Model: Assume the eel is an ideal battery and that it connects to its prey by ideal connecting wires.
Solve: (a) The power delivered by the eel is P = VI . The energy of the pulse is E = Pt , or
E = VIt = (450 V)(0.80 A)(1.0 ms) = 0.36 J
(b) The total charge that flows is Q = It = (0.80 A)(1.0 ms) = 0.80 mC.
31.39. Model: The wires and battery are ideal.

Visualize:
Solve: We can find the equivalent resistance necessary for the battery to deliver 9 W of power:
(V )2
(V )2 (6.0 V)2
R=
=
= 4.0
P=
9.0 W
R
P
The combination of the 2.0 , 3.0 , and 6.0 resistors that make 4.0 is shown in the figure above. The
3.0 and 6.0 parallel combination has an equivalent resistance of 2.0 , which when added to the 2.0
resistor in series totals 4.0 equivalent resistance.
31.40. Visualize:
31-15
Solve: (a) The three resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance of

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Req = 4.0
Req 12 12 12
(b) One resistor in parallel with two series resistors has an equivalent resistance of
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
=
Req = 8.0
Req 12 + 12 12 24 12 8.0
(c) One resistor in series with two parallel resistors has an equivalent resistance of
1
1
1
= 12 +
+
Req
12 12
= 12 + 6 = 18
(d) The three resistors in series have an equivalent resistance of

12 + 12 + 12 = 36
31.41. Model: Use the laws of series and parallel resistances.

Visualize:
Solve: Despite the diagonal orientation of the 12 resistor, the 6 , 12 , and 4 resistors are in parallel because
they have a common connection at both the top end and at the bottom end. Their equivalent resistance is
1
1
1
Req =
+
+
6 12 4
=2
The trickiest issue is the 10 resistor. It is in parallel with a wire, which is the same thing as a resistor with R = 0 .
The equivalent resistance of 10 in parallel with 0 is
1
1
Req =
+
10
0
= () 1 =
1
=0
In other words, the wire is a short circuit around the 10 , so all the current goes through the wire rather than the
resistor. The 10 resistor contributes nothing to the circuit. So the total circuit is equivalent to a 2 resistor in
series with the 2 equivalent resistance in series with the final 3 resistor. The equivalent resistance of these
three series resistors is
Rab = 2 + 2 + 3 = 7
31.42. Model: Assume the batteries and the connecting wires are ideal.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure P31.42.
Solve: The two batteries in this circuit are oriented to oppose each other. The curent will flow in the direction of
the battery with the greater voltage. The direction of the current is counterclockwise because the 12 V battery is
greater. There are no junctions, so the same current I flows through all circuit elements. Applying Kirchhoffs loop
law in the counterclockwise direction and starting at the lower-right corner,
Vi = 12 V I (12 ) I (6 ) 6 V IR = 0
31-16
Chapter 31
Note that the IR terms are all negative because were applying the loop law in the direction of current flow, and the
potential decreases as current flows through a resistor. We can solve to find the unknown resistance R:
6 V (18 ) I 6 V (18 )(0.25 A)
=
=6
6 V I (18 ) IR = 0 R =
0.25 A
I
The power is P = I 2 R = (0.25 A) 2 (6 ) = 0.4 W.
31.43. Model: Assume that the connecting wires are ideal but the battery is not ideal.
Visualize:
Solve: The figure shows a variable resistor R connected across the terminals of a battery that has an emf and an
internal resistance r. Using Kirchhoffs loop law and starting from the lower-left corner gives
+ Ir IR = 0 = I ( r + R )
From the point in Figure P31.43 that corresponds to R = 0 , we have

= (6 A)(r + 0 ) = (6 A) r
From the point that corresponds to R = 10 , we have
= (3 A)( r + 10 )
Combining the two equations gives
(6 A)r = (3 A)(r + 10 ) 2r = r + 10 r = 10
Also, = (3 A)(10 + 10 ) = 60 V.
Assess: With = 60 V and r = 10 , the equation = I (r + R) is satisfied by all values of R and I on the graph in
Figure P31.43.
31.44. Model: The connecting wires are ideal, but the battery is not.
Visualize: Please refer to Fig. P31.44. We will designate the current in the 5 resistor I 5 and the voltage drop V5 .
Similar designations will be used for the other resistors.

Solve: Since the 10 resistor is dissipating 40 W,
2
P10 = I10
R10 = 40 W
I10 =
P10
40 W
=
= 2.0 A
10
R10
Because the 5 resistor is in series with the 10 resistor, the same current must run through the 5 resistor.
Therefore, the power dissipated by the 5 resistor is
P5 = I 2 R5 = (2.0 A) 2 (5 ) = 20 W
The potential drop across the two left-hand resistors is the same as that across the right-hand resistor, so the power
dissipated by the 20 resistor is
P20 =
2
V20
(V + V ) 2 (I R + I R )2 (2.0 A)2 (5 + 10 )2
= 5 10 = 10 5 10 10 =
= 45 W
20
R20
R20
R20
31.45. Model: Assume that the connecting wires are ideal, but the battery is not. The battery has internal
resistance. Also assume that the ammeter does not have any resistance.
31-17
Solve: When the switch is open,
Ir I (5.0 ) = 0 V = (1.636 A)(r + 5.0 )
where we applied Kirchhoffs loop law starting from the lower-left corner. When the switch is closed, the current I
comes out of the battery and splits at the junction. The current I = 1.565 A flows through the 5.0 resistor and the
rest (I I ) flows through the 10.0 resistor. Because the potential differences across the two resistors are equal,
I (5.0 ) = ( I I )(10.0 ) (1.565 A)(5.0 ) = ( I 1.565 A)(10.0 )
I = 2.348 A
Applying Kirchhoffs loop law to the left loop of the closed circuit gives
Ir I (5.0 ) = 0 V = (2.348 A)r + (1.565 A)(5.0 ) = (2.348 A)r + 7.825 V
Combining this equation for with the equation obtained from the circuit when the switch was open gives
(2.348 A) r + 7.825 V = (1.636 A)r + 8.18 V (0.712 A)r = 0.355 V r = 0.50
We also have = (1.636 A)(0.50 + 5.0 ) = 9.0 V.
31.46. Model: Assume that the connecting wire and the battery are ideal.
Solve: The middle and right branches are in parallel, so the potential difference across these two branches must be
the same. The currents are known, so these potential differences are
Vmiddle = (3.0 A) R = Vright = (2.0 A)( R + 10 )
This gives R = 20 . The middle resistor R is connected directly across the battery, thus (for an ideal battery with no
internal resistance) the potential difference Vmiddle equals the emf of the battery. That is,
= Vmiddle = (3.0 A)(20 ) = 60 V
31.47. Model: The connecting wires are ideal.

Visualize:
Solve: Let the current in the circuit be I. The terminal voltage of the 2.5 V battery is Va Vb . This is also the
terminal voltage of the 1.5 V battery. Va Vb can be obtained by noting that
Vb + 2.5 V I (0.70 ) = Va
Va Vb = 2.5 V I (0.70 )
To determine I, we apply Kirchhoffs loop law starting from the lower-left corner:
+2.5 V I (0.70 ) I (0.30 ) 1.5 V = 0 V I = 1.0 A
Thus, Va Vb = 2.5 V (1.0 A)(0.70 ) = 1.8 V. That is, the terminal voltage of the 1.5 V and the 2.5 V batteries is 1.8 V.
31.48. Model: The connecting wires are ideal.

Visualize: Please refer to Figure 31.20.
Solve: (a) The internal resistance r and the load resistance R are in series, so the total resistance is R + r and the
current flowing in the circuit due to the emf is I = /(R + r ). The power dissipated by the load resistance is
P = I 2R =
E 2R
( R + r )2
31-18
Chapter 31
This is not the power EI generated by the battery, but simply the power dissipated by the load R. The power is a
function of R, so we can find the maximum power by setting dP/dR = 0:
dP
E2
2E 2 R
E 2 ( R + r ) 2E 2 R E 2 ( r R)
=
=
=
=0
2
3
dR ( R + r )
(R + r)
( R + r )3
( R + r )3
That is, the power dissipated by R is a maximum when R = r.

(b) The loads maximum power dissipation will occur when R = r = 1.0 , in which case
P=
E 2R
(R + r)
(9.0 V) 2 (1.0 )
(2.0 ) 2
= 20 W
(c) When R is very small (R 0 ), the current is a maximum (I /r ) but the potential difference across the
load is very small (V = IR 0 V). So the power dissipation of the load is also very small (P = I V 0 W).
When R is very large (R ), the potential difference across the load is a maximum (V ) but the current is
very small (I 0 A). Once again, P is very small. If P is zero both for R 0 and for R , there must be some
intermediate value of R where P is a maximum.
31.49. Model: The batteries are ideal, the connecting wires are ideal, and the ammeter has a negligibly small
resistance.
Solve: Kirchhoffs junction law tells us that the current flowing through the 2.0 resistance in the middle branch is
I1 + I 2 = 3.0 A. We can therefore determine I1 by applying Kirchhoffs loop law to the left loop. Starting clockwise
from the lower-left corner,
+9.0 V I1 (3.0 ) (3.0 A)(2.0 ) = 0 V
I1 = 1.0 A
I 2 = (3.0 A I1) = (3.0 A 1.0 A) = 2.0 A
Finally, to determine the emf , we apply Kirchhoffs loop law to the right loop and start counterclockwise from the
lower-right corner of the loop:
+ I 2 (4.5 ) (3.0 A)(2.0W) = 0 V (2.0 A)(4.5 ) 6.0 V = 0 V = 15 V
31.50. Visualize: Please refer to Figure P31.50.
Solve: Because the 4 resistor is grounded at both ends, the potential difference across this resistor is zero. That is,
no current flows through the 4 resistor, and the negative terminals of both batteries are at zero potential. To
determine the current in the 2 resistor, we apply Kirchhoffs loop law. We assume that current I flows clockwise
through the 2 resistor. Starting from the lower-left corner, the sum of the potential differences across various
elements in the circuit is
+9 V I (2 ) 3 V = 0 V I = 3 A
31.51. Solve: Let the units guide you. For the incandescent bulb, the life-cycle cost pbulb is
pbulb = $0.50 + (0.060 kW)(0.10 $/kW h)(1,000 h) = $6.50
This will give 1,000 hours, so the cost for 10,000 hours is $65.00. For the fluorescent tube, the cost for 10,000 hours is
ptube = $5 + (0.015 kW)(0.10 $/kW h)(10,000 h) = $20
Assess: The lifetime cost of the fluorescent bulb is one-third that of the incandescent bulb.
31.52. Solve: (a) The cost per month of the 1000 W refrigerator is
1 kW 30 day 24 h
$0.10
(1000 W)
(0.20)
(1 month) = $14.40
1000 W 1 month 1 day
1 kW h
(b) The cost per month of a refrigerator with a 800 W compressor is $11.52. The difference in the running cost of the
two refrigerators is $2.88 per month. So, the number of months before you recover the additional cost of $100 (of the
energy-efficient refrigerator) is $100/$2.88 = 34.7 months.
31-19
31.53. Visualize: Please refer to Figure P31.53.

Solve: (a) Only bulb A is in the circuit when the switch is open. The bulbs resistance R is in series with the internal
resistance r, giving a total resistance Req = R + r. The current is
1.50 V
=
= 0.231 A
R + r 6.50
This is the current leaving the battery. But all of this current flows through bulb A, so I A = I bat = 0.231 A.
I bat =
(b) With the switch closed, bulbs A and B are in parallel with an equivalent resistance Req = 12 R = 3.00 . Their
equivalent resistance is in series with the batterys internal resistance, so the current flowing from the battery is
1.50 V
I bat =
=
= 0.428 A
Req + r 3.50
But only half this current goes through bulb A, with the other half through bulb B, so I A = 12 I bat = 0.214 A.
(c) The change in I A when the switch is closed is 0.017 A. This is a decrease of 7.4%.
31.54. Model: The battery and the connecting wires are ideal.
Visualize:
The figure shows the two circuits formed from the circuit in Figure P31.54 when the switch is open and when the
switch is closed.
Solve: (a) Using the rules of series and parallel resistors, we have simplified the circuit in two steps as shown in
figure (a) above. A battery with emf = 24 V is connected to an equivalent resistor of 3 . The current in this
circuit is (24 V)/(3 ) = 8 A. Thus, the current that flows through the battery is I bat = 8 A. To determine the
potential difference Vab , we will find the potentials at point a and point b and then take the difference. To do this,
we need the currents I a and I b . We note that the potential difference across the 3- 3- branch is the same as the
potential difference across the 5- 1- branch, so
= 24 V = I a (3 + 3 ) I a = 4 A = I b
Now, Vc I a (3 ) = Va , and Vc I b (5 ) = Vb . Subtracting these two equations give us Vab :
Va Vb = I b (5 ) I a (3 ) = (4 A)(5 ) (4 A)(3 ) = +8 V
(b) Using the rules of series and parallel resistors, we simplifi the circuit as shown in figure (b), above. A battery
with emf = 24 V is connected to an equivalent resistor of 21
. The current in this circuit is (24 V) 21
=
8
8
9.143 A. Thus, the current that flows through the battery is I bat = 9 A. When the switch is closed, points a and b are
connected by an ideal wire and must therefore be at the same potential. Thus Vab = 0 V.
31-20
Chapter 31
31.55. Model: The voltage source and the connecting wires are ideal.
Solve: Let us first apply Kirchhoffs loop law starting clockwise from the lower-left corner:
+Vin IR I (100 ) = 0 V
I=
Vin
R + 100
The output voltage is
For Vout
Vin
Vout
100
=
Vout = (100 ) I = (100 )

Vin R + 100
R + 100
= Vin /10, the above equation can be simplified to obtain R:
Vin /10
100
=
Vin
R + 100
R + 100 = 1000
R = 900

Visualize: Please refer to Figure P31.56. Because the ammeter we have shows a full-scale deflection with a current
of 500 A, we must not pass a current greater than this through the ammeter.
Solve: The maximum potential difference is 5.0 V and the maximum current is 500 A. Using Ohms law,
V = I A ( R + Rammeter ) 5.0 V = (500 106 A)( R + 50.0 )
R = 9.95 k
To two significant figures, the resistance is 10 k.

Visualize: Please refer to Figure P31.57. Because the ammeter we have shows a full-scale deflection with a current
of 500 A = 0.500 mA, we must not allow a current more than 0.500 mA to pass through the ammeter. Because we
wish to measure a maximum current of 50 mA, we must split the current in such a way that a maximum of 0.500 mA
flows through the ammeter with the remaining 49.500 mA flowing through the resistor R.
Solve: (a) The potential difference across the ammeter and the resistor is the same. Thus,
VR = Vammeter
(b) The effective resistance is
(49.500 103 A) R = (0.500 103 A)(50.0 )
R = 0.505
1
1
1
=
+
Req = 0.500
Req 0.505 50.0
Visualize:
The figure shows how to simplify the circuit in Figure P31.58 using the laws of series and parallel resistances. We
have labeled the resistors as R6 = 6 , R10 = 10 , R4 = 4 , and R5 = 5 .
Solve: R5 and R10 are combined to get R5,10 = 15 , and R6 and R6 and R4 are combined to obtain R6,4 = 10 .
The voltage across both branches is 24 V, so the currents through the branches are
I 5,10 =
R5,10
24 V
= 1.6 A,
15
I 6,4 =
R6,4
24 V
= 2.4 A
10
31-21
Thus, the 1.6 A runs through both resistors R5 and R10 , and 2.4 A runs through resistors R6 and R4 . The potential
drop across each resistor can be found using Ohms law:
V5 = I 5,10 R5 = (1.6 A)(5 ) = 8 V
V10 = I 5,10 R10 = (1.6 A)(10 ) = 16 V
V6 = I 6,4 R6 = (2.4 A)(6 ) = 14.4 V
V4 = I 6,4 R4 = (2.4 A)(4 ) = 9.6 V
The table below summarizes the results:
Resistor
5
10
6
4
Potential difference (V)

8
16
14.4
9.6
Current (A)
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.4
Assess: Note that the potential differences across both branches of the circuit sum to 24 V, as required.
Visualize:
The figure shows how to simplify the circuit in Figure P31.59 using the laws of series and parallel resistances.
Having reduced the circuit to a single equivalent resistance, we will reverse the procedure and build up the circuit
using the loop law and the junction law to find the current and potential difference across each resistor.
Solve: From the last circuit in the diagram,
12 V
I=
=
=2A
6 6
Thus, the current through the battery is 2 A. As we rebuild the circuit, we note that series resistors must have the
same current I and that parallel resistors must have the same potential difference V .
In Step 1, the 6 resistor is returned to a 3 and 3 resistor in series. Both resistors must have the same 2 A
current as the 6 resistance. We then use Ohms law to find
V3 = (2 A)(3 ) = 6 V
31-22
Chapter 31
As a check, 6 V + 6 V = 12 V, which was V of the 6 resistor. In Step 2, one of the two 3 resistances is returned
to the 4 , 48 , and 16 resistors in parallel. The three resistors must have the same V = 6 V. From Ohms law,
I4 =
6V
= 1.5 A
4
Resistor
3
4
48
16
I 48 =
6V 1
= A
48 8

6
6
6
6
I16 =
6V 3
= A
16 8
Current (A)
2
1.5
1/8
3/8
Assess: Note that the currents flowing through the three parallel resistors sum to the 2 A flowing through the battery,
as required.
Visualize:
The figure shows how to simplify the circuit in Figure P31.60 using the laws of series and parallel resistances. We
will reverse the procedure and build up the circuit using the loop law and junction law to find the current and
potential difference of each resistor.
Solve: Having found Req = 6 , the current from the battery is I = (24 V)/(6 ) = 4 A. As we rebuild the circuit, note
that series resistors must have the same current I and that parallel resistors must have the same potential difference V .
31-23
In Step 1 of the figure above, the 6 equivalent resistor is returned to 2 and 4 resistors in series. Both resistors
must have the same 4 A as the 6 equivalent resistor. We use Ohms law to find V2 = 8 V and V4 = 16 V. As a
check, 8 V + 16 V = 24 V, which was V of the battery. In Step 2, the 4 resistor is returned to the two 8 resistors
in parallel. Both resistors must have the same V = 16 V as the 4 resistor. From Ohms law,
I8 = (16 V)/(8 ) = 2 A. As a check, 2 A + 2 A = 4 A, which was the current I of the 4 equivalent resistor. In Step
3, the 8 resistor is returned to the two 4 resistors in series. Both resistors must have the same 2 A as the 8
equivalent resistor. We use Ohms law to find V4 = 8 V. As a check, 8 V + 8 V = 16 V, which was V of the 8
equivalent resistor. Finally, in Step 4, the lower 4 resistor is returned to the 6 and 12 resistors in parallel. Both
resistors must have the same V = 8 V as the 4 equivalent resistor. From Ohms law, I 6 = (8 V)/(6 ) = 4/3 A and
I12 = (8 V)/(12 ) = 2/3 A. As a check, I 6 + I12 = 2 A, which was the current I of the 4 equivalent resistor. The
results are summarized in the table below.

Resistor
2
4
6
8
12

8
8
8
16
8
Current (A)
4
2
4/3
2
2/3
Visualize:
31-24
Chapter 31
Having reduced the circuit to a single equivalent resistance, we will reverse the procedure and build up the circuit
using the loop law and the junction law to find the current and potential difference of each resistor.
Solve: From the last circuit in the figure and from Kirchhoffs loop law,
I=
12 V 3 V
=1 A
6 +3
Thus, the current through the batteries is 1 A. As we rebuild the circuit, we note that series resistors must have the
same current I and that parallel resistors must have the same potential difference.
In Step 1 of the above figure, both resistors must have the same 1 A current. We use Ohms law to find
V3 = (1 A)(3 ) = 3 V
V6eq = 6 V
As a check we sum the voltages around the circuit starting at the lower-left corner: 12V 6 V 3 V 3 V = 0 V, as
required. In Step 2, the 6 equivalent resistor is returned to the 24 and 8 resistors in parallel. The two resistors
must have the same potential difference V = 6 V. From Ohms law,
I8eq =
6V 3
= A
8 4
I 24 =
6V 1
= A
24 4
31-25
As a check, 3/4 A + 1/4 A = 1 A which was the current I of the 6 equivalaent resistor. In Step 3, the 8
equivalent resistor is returned to the 3 and 5 resistors in series, so the two resistors must have the same current
of 3/4 A. We use Ohms law to find
9
15
3
3
V
V3eq = A (3 ) = V
V5 = A (5 ) =
4
4
4
4
As a check, 9/4 V + 15/4 V = 24/4 V = 6 V, which was V of the 8 equivalent resistor. In Step 4, the 3 equivalent
resistor is returned to 4 and 12 resistors in parallel, so the two must have the same potential difference
V = 9/4 V. From Ohms law,
I4 =
9/4 V 9
A
=
4 16
I12 =
9/4 V 9
A
=
12 48
As a check, 9/16 A + 9/48 A = 3/4 A, which was the same as the current through the 3 equivalent resistor. The
results are summarized in the table below.
Resistor
24
3
5
4
12

6
3
15/4
9/4
9/4
Current (A)
1/4
1
3/4
9/16
9/48
Visualize:
Solve: The resistance of Req is
1
1
Req =
+
20 5
5
=
20
=4
Apply Kirchhoffs loop law, starting from the lower-right corner:

V = 100 V I (2 ) I (4 ) I (4 )
I=
100 V
= 10 A
2 +4 +4
The voltage difference across the equivalent resistor is V = IReq = (10 A)(4 ) = 40 V, which is also the voltage
difference across both resistors that make up this equivalent resistor. Thus, the current through the 20 resistor is
I 20 =
V 40 V
=
= 2.0 A
R20 20
31-26
Chapter 31
31.63. Model: The wires and batteries are ideal.

Visualize:
Solve: Assign currents I1, I 2 , and I 3 as shown in the figure above. If I 3 turns out to be negative, well know it
really flows right to left. Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule counterclockwise to the top loop from the top-right corner:
I1(5 ) + 12 V I3 (10 ) + 3 V = 0
Apply the loop rule counterclockwise to the bottom loop starting at the lower-left corner:
I 2 (5 ) + 9 V 3 V + I 3 (10 ) = 0
Note that, because we went against the current direction through the 10 resistor, the potential increased across this
resistor. Apply the junction rule to the right middle junction:
I1 = I 2 + I3.
These three equations can be solved for the current I 3:
( I1 + I 2 )(5 ) + 9 V 2 I 3 (10 ) = 0 I 3 (5 ) + 9 V 2 I3 (10 ) = 0
I3 =
9
A
25
The result is I 3 = 9/25 A = 0.12 A flowing from left to right (as shown in the figure above).

Visualize:
Solve: The circuit has been redrawn for clarity. Assign the currents I1, I 2 , and I3 as shown in the figure. To find the
power dissipated by the 2 resistor, we must find the current through it. Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule clockwise to
the left loop from the bottom-left corner:
+12 V I1 (4 ) I 3 (2 ) = 0.
Apply the loop rule clockwise to the right loop starting at the top-right corner:
+15 V I 2 (4 ) + I 3 (2 ) = 0
31-27
Note that, because we went against the current direction through the 2 resistor, the potential increased. Apply the
junction rule to the lower junction:
I1 = I 2 + I 3
These three equations can be solved for the current I 3 by subtracting the second equation from the first, then making the
substitution I 2 I1 = I3 which was derived from the third equation. The result is I 3 = 3/8 A. The power dissipated
in the resistor is
2
9
3
W = 0.3 W
P2 = I 32 R2 = A (2 ) =
32
8

Visualize:
Solve: If no power is dissipated in the 200 resistor, the current through it must be zero. To see if this is possible, set up
Kirchhoffs rules for the circuit, then assume the current through the 200 resistor is zero and see if there is a solution.
Assume the unknown battery is oriented with its positive terminal at the top and define currents I1, I 2 , and I 3 as
shown in the figure above. Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule clockwise to the left loop:
50 V I1 (100) I 3 (200) = 0
Apply Kirchhoffs loop rule counterclockwise to the right hand loop:
I 2 (300 ) I 3 (200 ) = 0
The junction rule yields
I1 + I 2 = I3.
Now assume I 3 = 0 and solve for . In that case, the first equation gives
I1 =
50 V 1
= A.
100 2
From the third equation, I 2 = I1, so the second equation gives us

1
A (300 ) = 150 V
2
Thus = 150 V and it is oriented with the positive terminal on the bottom, opposite to our guess.
= I 2 (300 ) =
31.66. Model: The wires are ideal, but the batteries are not.
Visualize:
31-28
Chapter 31
Solve: (a) The good battery alone can drive a current through the starter motor
12 V
I=
= 200 A
(0.01 + 0.05 )
(b) Alone, the dead battery drives a current
8.0 V
I=
= 14.5 A 15 A
(0.50 + 0.05 )
(c) Let I1, I 2 , and I 3 be defined as shown in the figure above. Kirchhoffs laws applied to the good- and dead-battery
loop, good-battery and starter-motor loop, and the top middle junction yield three equations in the three unknown
currents:
12 V I1 (0.01 ) I 3 (0.05 ) = 0
12 V I1 (0.01 ) I 2 (0.50 ) 8.0 V = 0
I1 = I 2 + I 3
Substituting for I1 from the third equation into the first and second equations gives
12 V I 2 (0.01 ) I 3 (0.06 ) = 0
4 V I 2 (0.51 ) I 3 (0.01 ) = 0
Solving for I 2 from the first equation,

I2 =
12 V I3 (0.06 )
(0.01 )
Substituting into the second equation and solving for I 3 yields the current through the starter motor is 199 A. To a
single significant figure, this is 200 A.
(d) Substituting the value for I 3 into the expression for I 2 yields the current through the dead battery as 3.9 A. To a
single significant figure, this is 4 A.
Assess: The good battery is charging the dead battery as well as running the started motor. A total of 203 A flows
through the good battery.

Visualize:
Solve: The circuit is redrawn above for clarity and the currents are shown. We must find I5 .
Repeatedly apply Kirchhoffs rules to the loops. The loop rule applied clockwise about the three triangles yields
Left: 9 V I1 (6 ) I 3 (12 ) = 0
I1 = 1.5 A 2 I 3
Center: I 4 (24 ) + I 3 (12 ) = 0
I 4 = I 3/2
Right: 15 V I 2 (10 ) I 4 (24 ) = 0
I 2 = 1.5 A 2.4 I 4
The junction rule applied at the bottom corners gives equations into which the results above may be substituted:
I1 = I 3 + I5
I 4 = I 2 + I5
1.5 A 2 I 3 = I 3 + I 5
I 5 = 1.5 A 3I 3
I 4 = 1.5 A 2.4 I 4 + I 5
I5 = 3.4 I 4 1.5 A
31-29
Using I 4 = I3/2 and solving for I 3 gives

1.5 A 3I 3 = 3.4( I 3/2) 1.5 A
I3 =
30
A
47
201
30
I 5 = 1.5 A 3
A =
A = 0.41 A
94
47
Since the result is negative, 0.40 A flows from left to right through the bottom wire.
31.68. Model: Assume ideal wires. The capacitor discharges through the resistor.
Solve: (a) The capacitor discharges through the resistor R as Q = Q0e t/ . For Q = Q0 /2,
Q0
t
1
= Q0e t/10 ms ln =
2
0.010 s
2
t = (0.010 s)ln(0.5) = 6.9 ms
(b) If the initial capacitor energy is U 0 , we want the time when the capacitors energy will be U = U 0 /2. Noting that
U 0 = Q02 /(2C ), this means Q = Q0 / 2. Applying the equation for the discharging capacitor gives
Q0
= Q0e t/10 ms
2
t
1
ln
= 0.010 s
2
1
t = (0.010 s)ln
= 3.5 ms
2
31.69. Solve: (a) The capacitor discharges through the resistor R as I = I 0et/ . This may be recast as
ln( I ) = ln( I 0 ) t/
Therefore, if we plot ln(I) vs. t, the slope s will be related to the resistance according to s = t/ and the initial current
can be found from the y-intercept (from which we shall find the initial capacitor voltage). The plot is shown below.
The slope is s = 0.76977, so the resistance is

1
1
0.76977 s 1 = =
RC
R=
1
(0.76977 s 1)(20 F)
= 65 k
(b) The y-intercept of the graph is 6.6136, so the initial current is
ln( I 0 ) = 6.6136
I 0 = e 6.6136 = 1.342 mA
The initial voltage on the capacitor may be found using Ohms law:
V0 = I 0 R = (1.342 mA)(64.954 k) = 87 V
31.70. Solve: The capacitor discharges through the resistor (i.e., the patients chest) according to Q = Q0e t/ (see
Equation 31.31). At t = 40 ms, Q = 0.95Q0 , which gives
Q
= 0.95 = e t/ = e t/(RC )
Q0
R=
t
(40 ms)
=
= 5.2 k
C ln(0.95) (150 F)ln(0.95)
31-30
Chapter 31
31.71. Model: The capacitor discharges through the resistor, and the wires are ideal.
Solve: In an RC circuit, the charge at a given time is related to the original charge as Q = Q0e t/ . For a capacitor
Q = C V , so V = V0e t/ . From the Figure P31.71, we note that V0 = 30 V and V = 10 V at t = 4 ms. So,
10 V = (30 V)e4 ms/R (50 10
F)
10 V
4 103 s
ln
=
R (50 106 F)
30 V
R=
4 103 s
(50 106 F)ln
( 13 )
= 73
31.72. Model: The capacitor discharges through the resistors. The wires are ideal.
Solve: The charge Q on the capacitor charged to 50 V is
Q = C V = (0.25 F)(50 V) = 12.5 C
When this fully charged capacitor is connected in series with a 25 resistor and a 100 resistor, it will dissipate
all its stored energy
Q 2 (12.5 C) 2
UC =
=
= 312.5 106 J
2C 2(0.25 F)
through the two resistors. Energy dissipated by the resistor is I 2 R, which means the 100 resistor will dissipate
four times more energy than the 25 resistor at any given time. Thus, the energy dissipated by the 25 resistor is
25
6
312.5 106
= 62.5 10 J = 63 J
25
100
Solve: (a) A very long time after the switch has closed, the potential difference VC across the capacitor is . This
is because the capacitor charges until VC = while the charging current approaches zero.
(b) The full charge of the capacitor is Qmax = C (VC )max = C .
(c) In this circuit, I = + dQ/dt because the capacitor is charging; that is, because the charge on the capacitor is
increasing.
(d) From Equation 31.36, capacitor charge at time t is Q = Qmax (1 e t/ ). Therefore,
I=
dQ
d
1
1 t/ t/
= C (1 et/ ) = C et/ = C
= e
e
dt
dt
R

RC
A graph of I as a function of t is shown below.
31-31
31.74. Model: The connecting wires are ideal. The capacitors discharge through the resistors.
Visualize:
The figure shows how to simplify the circuit in Figure P31.74 using the laws of series and parallel resistors and the
laws of series and parallel capacitors.
Solve: The 30 and 20 resistors are in parallel and are equivalent to a 12 resistor. This 12 resistor is in
series with the 8 resistor so the equivalent resistance of the circuit Req = 20 . The two 60 F capacitors are in
series producing an equivalent capacitance of 30 F. This 30 F capacitor is in parallel with the 20 F capacitor
so the equivalent capacitance Ceq of the circuit is 50 F. The time constant of this circuit is
= ReqCeq = (20 )(50 F) = 1.0 ms

The current due to the three capacitors through the 20 equivalent resistor is the same as through the 8 resistor.
So, the voltage across the 8 resistor follows the decay equation V = V0et/ . For V = V0 /2, we get
V0
= V0e t/1.0 ms
2
t
1
ln =
1.0 ms
2
t = 0.69 ms
31.75. Solve: The resistivity of aluminum is 2.8 108 m and we want the wire to dissipate 7.5 W when connected
to a 1.5 V battery. The resistance of the wire must be
V2
V 2 (1.5 V) 2
R=
=
= 0.30
R
P
7.5 W
Using the formula for the resistance of a wire,
L
L
R=
0.30 = (2.8 108 m) 2 L = (3.366 107 m 1) r 2
A
r
P=
We need another relation connecting L and r. Making use of the mass density of aluminum gives
1.0 103 kg
r 2L
= 2700 kg/m3
Using the value of L obtained above,

r 2 (3.366 107 m 1 )r 2 = 1.179 107 m3
r 2 L = 1.179 107 m3
r 4 = 3.50 1015 m 4
r = 2.43 104 m = 0.243 mm
Thus, the diameter of the wire is 0.49 mm and the length is

L = (3.366 107 m 1 )(2.43 104 m) 2 = 2.0 m
Assess: It is reasonable to make a 2.0 m long wire with a diameter of 0.49 mm from an aluminum block of 1.0 g.
31.76. Model: Assume the battery and the connecting wires are ideal.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure CP31.76.
Solve: (a) If the switch has been closed for a long time, the capacitor is fully charged and there is no current flowing
through the right branch that contains the capacitor. Therefore, a voltage of 60 V appears across the 60 resistor
and a voltage of 40 V appears across the 40 resistor. That is, maximum voltage across the capacitor is 40 V. Thus,
the charge on the capacitor is
Q0 = C = (40 V)(2.0 106 F) = 80 C
31-32
Chapter 31
(b) Once the switch is opened, the battery is disconnected from the capacitor. The capacitor C has two resistances
(10 and 40 , which give a 50 equivalent resistance) in series and discharges according to Q = Q0et/RC . For
Q = 0.10Q0 ,
t
(50 )(2.0 F)
t = (50 )(2.0 F)ln(0.10) = 0.23 ms
0.10Q0 = Q0et/[(50 )(2.0 F)] ln(0.10) =
31.77. Solve: The capacitors voltage is given by V = Q /C. The charge Q may be found by integrating the current
provided by the capacitor-charging circuit:
Q (t = 20 ms) =
20 ms
20 ms
I (t )dt = I 0
et / dt = I 0 et /
20 ms
0
= I 0 1 e (20 ms)/
Using the given values of I 0 = 65 mA and = 40 ms, we find Q = 1.02 mC. Thus, after 20 ms, the voltage on the
capacitor is
V=
Q 1.02 1023 C
=
= 20 V
C
50 F
Visualize: Please refer to Figure 31.38a.
Solve: After the switch closes at t = 0 s, the capacitor begins to charge. At time t, let the current and the charge in
the circuit be i and q, respectively. Also, assume clockwise direction for the current i. Using Kirchhoffs loop law and
starting clockwise from the lower-left corner of the loop,
q
dq
q
dq
dt
+ E iR = 0 E =
R+
RCdq = ( C q )dt
=
C
dt
C
C q RC
Integrating both sides gives
Q
dq
dt
C q = RC [ln( C q)]0
0
t
C Q
ln
=
C
RC
t
RC
ln( C Q ) + ln( C ) =
C Q t/RC
=e
C
t
RC
Q = C (1 e t/RC )
Letting Qmax = C and = RC , we get Q = Qmax (1 e t / ).
Visualize: Please refer to Figure 31.38a.
Solve: (a) According to Equation 31.36, the charge on the capacitor increases according to Q = Qmax (1 e t / )
during charging. Therefore, the current in the circuit behaves as

I=
dQ
C t/RC t/RC
1
= Qmax (e t/ ) =
= e
e
dt
RC
R
Using Equation 31.8, the power supplied by the battery as the capacitor is being charged is
2
Pbat = I = et/RC = et/RC

R
R
Because Pbat = dU /dt , we have
dU = Pbat dt
dU = Pbat dt =
2
R
et/RC dt =
RCet/RC = 2C
0
R
31-33
That is, the total energy which has been supplied by the battery when the capacitor is fully charged is 2C.
(b) The power dissipated by the resistor as the capacitor is being charged is
Presistor = I 2 R =
2
R2
Re 2t /RC
Because Presistor = dU /dt , we have

dU = Presistor dt
dU = R e
2t /RC
dt
U resistor =
2 RC
2C
e 2t /RC =
R 2
2
0
(c) The energy stored in the capacitor when it is fully charged is

2
1 Qmax
1 C 2E 2 1 2
=
= CE
2 C
2 C
2
(d) For energy conservation, the energy delivered by battery is equal to the energy dissipated by the resistor R plus
the energy stored in the capacitor C. This is indeed the case because U bat = E 2C , U resistor = 12 E 2C , and U C = 12 E 2C.
UC =
Visualize: Please refer to Figure CP31.80.
Solve: (a) During charging, when the neon gas behaves like an insulator, the charge on the capacitor increases
according to Equation 31.36; that is, Q = Qmax (1 e t / ). Because Q = C VC ,
VC = VC0 (1 e t / ) = (1 e t / )
Let us say that the period of oscillation begins when V = Voff and it ends when V = Von . Then,
Voff = (1 etoff / )
Voff
= etoff /
= ln
Voff
toff
Because the period T = ton toff , we have
Voff
Voff
T = ln
ln
= ln
= RC ln
Von
Voff
Von
Von
(b) Substituting the given values into the above expression and noting that and T = 1/f = 0.10 s gives
90 V 20 V
0.10 s = R(10 106 F)ln

90 V 80 V
R=
0.10 s
(10 106 F)ln(7)
= 5.1 k
31.81. Model: The battery is ideal.

Solve: The variable-resistane wire may be thought of as an infinite series of infinitesimally small resistors of
resistance
( x)dx
dR =
A
where A is the cross-sectional area of the wire. Because resistors in series add, we can integrate this expression to
find the total resistance R of the wire:
R=
1
A
2.0 cm
(x)dx =
1
A
2.0 cm
x 2
6
(2.5
10
)
1+
m dx
1.0
m

2.0 m
2.5 106
x3
x
+
3.0 m 2 0
(0.50 103 m)2
2.5 106
(2.0 m)3
2.0
m
+
= 15
3.0 m 2
(0.50 103 m)2
We can use Ohms law to find the current through this wire if it were attached to a 9.0 V battery:
I=
V 9.0 V
=
= 0.60 A
R 15

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31

31.6. Calculate P = (V ) 2 /R.

Pc > Pd > Pa > Pb .

Thus, the potential difference V12 increases when bulb B is removed.

Exercises and Problems

Section 31.2 Kirchhoffs Laws and the Basic Circuit

Vi = Vbat 1 + VR + Vbat 2 = +E1 IR E2 = 0

Section 31.3 Energy and Power

31.8. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires and an ideal battery.

The power dissipated by resistors R1 and R2 is:

PR1 = I 2 R1 = (0.40 A) 2 (12 ) = 1.9 W

PR2 = I 2 R2 = (0.40 A)2 (18 ) = 2.9 W

100 W = (VRating ) 2 /R100

(VRating )2 /(60 W) 100 W

31.10. Model: The 100 W rating is for operating at 120 V.

But the resistance is related to the filaments geometry:

The filaments diameter is d = 2r = 24 m.

(b) Because P = ( V ) 2 /R,

Section 31.4 Series Resistors

31.14. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires and an ideal battery.

31.15. Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX31.15.

Req is 15 V, the current in the circuit is

The potential difference across the 20 resistor is

Therefore, the potential difference across the 20 resistor is

= I R = (0.4839 A)(20 ) = 9.68 V

Section 31.6 Parallel Resistors

31.20. Model: Assume ideal connecting wires.

Using this value of I R in Ohms law gives

The equivalent resistance of the circuit is 24 .

Section 31.8 Getting Grounded

Section 31.9 RC Circuits

Thus, the time constant for the discharge of the capacitors is

= ReqCeq = (0.5 k)(4 F) = 2 103 s = 2 ms

Solve: The equivalent capacitance is

= ReqCeq = (2 k)(1 F) = 2 103 s = 2 ms

= RC = (1.0 k)(10 F) = 0.010 s

= (0.010 s)(ln 2) = 6.9 ms

31.32. Model: A capacitor discharges through a resistor. Assume ideal wires.

discharge to 10% of its initial value in 2.0 ms. That is,

Assess: A time constant of = RC = (870 )(1.0 106 F) = 0.87 ms is reasonable.

31.33. Model: A capacitor discharges through a resistor. Assume ideal wires.

31.34. Model: Assume ideal wires.

( Req ) L = R + (1/R + 1/R )1 = R + R/2 = 3R/2

31.35. Model: Assume ideal wires.

above, we see that the current flowing around the circuit is

Thus, ordering the bulbs from brightest to dimmest gives

The two light bulbs are basically two resistors in series.

a 100 W (120 V) bulb:

31.39. Model: The wires and battery are ideal.

Solve: (a) The three resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance of

(d) The three resistors in series have an equivalent resistance of

31.41. Model: Use the laws of series and parallel resistances.

From the point in Figure P31.43 that corresponds to R = 0 , we have

Similar designations will be used for the other resistors.

Solve: When the switch is open,

Ir I (5.0 ) = 0 V = (1.636 A)(r + 5.0 )

I (5.0 ) = ( I I )(10.0 ) (1.565 A)(5.0 ) = ( I 1.565 A)(10.0 )

= Vmiddle = (3.0 A)(20 ) = 60 V

31.47. Model: The connecting wires are ideal.

terminal voltage of the 1.5 V battery. Va Vb can be obtained by noting that

31.48. Model: The connecting wires are ideal.

That is, the power dissipated by R is a maximum when R = r.

intermediate value of R where P is a maximum.