STRUCTURAL DESIGN

1.) The maximum moment of a simply supported beam whose span length is L, in meter, carrying a
uniformly distributed load of w in N/m, is :
a. WL^2/ 2

b. WL^2 / 4

c. WL^2/8

d. wL^2/10

2.) Loads that are movable or replaceable on structure are known as :

a. Dead Load

b. Live Load

c. Seismic Load

d. Envitl. Load

3.) It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above it.
a. Soft Storey

b. Weak Storey

c. Storey Drift

d. Ordinary moment resisting system

4.) A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to vertical resisting
elements. It includes horizontal bracing system.
a. Shear wall chord

b.Boundary Elements

c. Diaphragm

d. Dual System

5.) These are inert material used in concrete which occupy more than 75% of the volume of the
hardened concrete product.
a. Sand

b. Gravel

c. Debris

d. Aggregates

6.) Steel elements such as wire, cables, bars, rods or strands of wires or a bundle of such elements used
in pre-stressed concrete structures are called:
a. Hangers

b. Stirrups

c. Bundled Bars

d. Tendons

7.) What method of pre-stressing in which tendons are tensioned before concrete is cast in place?
a. Pre-Tensioning b. Pre-Poisoning

c. Pre-casting

d. Pre-stressing

8.) This refers to the substance other than aggregates, cement or water added in small quantity
normally less than 5% of the weight of the cement, to alter the properties of the concrete mix or the
hardened solid.

NSCP

9.) The minimum bend diameter for 10mm dia. through 25mm dia. Bars
a. 12db

b. 6db

c. 10db

d. 8db

10.) Bars larger than ___ mm shall not be bundles in beams.

a. 25mm

b. 16mm

c. 28mm

d. 36mm

11.) Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed to earth.
a. 50mm

b. 75mm

c. 100mm

d. 150mm

12.) In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor for shear and torsion.
a. 0.70

b. 0.75

c. 0.85

d. 0.90

13.) The minimum one way slab thickness for a BOTH ends continuous slab is
a. L/20

b. L/24

c. L/10

d. L/28

14.) Deep simple span flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio greater than
a. 0.40

b. 0.60

c. 0.70

d. 0.75

15.) Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the excavation shall notify in
writing the owner of the adjoining building not less than ____ days before such excavation is to
be made.
a. 10 days

b. 15 days

c. 30 days

d. 45 days

16.) The maximum spacing of ties and spirals in a driven pre-cast concrete pile center to center.
a. 75mm

b. 100mm

c. 125mm

d. 150mm

17.) Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy?

a. Special occupancy structures
d. Standard Occupancy

b. Essential Facilities

c. Hazardous facilities

18.) The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with live load only.
a. L/200

b. L/240

c. L/300

d. L/360

19.) The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with dead load and live load
only.
a. L/200

b. L/240

c. L/300

d. L/360

20.) Spacing for a lateral support for a beam shall not exceed ____ times the least width b of
compression flange or face.
a. 30

b. 40

c. 50

d. 60

III. MISCELLANEOUS

21.) It is an isolated column of masonry or a bearing wall not bonded at the sides into associated
masonry, when its horizontal dimension measured the right angles or the thickness does not exceed
four times its thickness.
a. pedestal

b. pier

c. slender column

d. wall

22.) Method of pre-stressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened.
a. pre-stressing

b. pre-tensioning

c. post-tensioning

d. pre-casting

23.) A material other than aggregate, cementitious material or water, added in small quantities to the
mix in order to produce some (desired) modifications, either to the properties of the mix or of the
hardened product.
a. admixture

b. accelerator

c. hydraulic cement

d. air-entraining agent

24.) A simply supported beam, L meters long, carrying a uniformly distributed load of w in N/m,
produces a maximum shear force of :
a. wL/2

b. wL^2/4

c. 1/2wL^2

d. 1/8wL^2

25.) Structures that are subjected to transverse loads are called :

a. tie rods

b. piles

c. columns

d. beams

26.) Members that are generally vertical, subjected to compressive loads, sometimes with bending
moments are called:
a. Trusses

b. Column

c. Towers

d. Beams

27.) These are referred to permanent loads or unmovable loads.

a. dead loads

b. seismic loads

c. Live loads

d. Environmental Loads

28.) Loads that change position within the span of a beam in short amount of time. These loads are
often exemplified by wheel loads.
a. Dead loads

b. snow loads c. varying loads

d. Moving loads

29.) It is synonym to bending stress

a. normal stress

b. shear stress

c. flexural stress

30.) Adherence between materials such as bricks / mortar, or piles of felt.

a. bond

b. shear

c. bend

d. epoxy

31.) A wall that resist horizontal forces applied in the plane of the wall.
a. Bearing wall b. Shear wall

c. dike

d. dam

d. bearing stress

32.) If the ratio of the short direction to the long direction of a slab is less than 0.5, then the slab is
considered :
a. two-way slab

b. flat slab

c. ground slab

d. one-way slab

33.) In ultimate strength design, the reduction factor for bending is:
a. 0.6

b. 0.7

c. 0.8

d. 0.9

34.) The actual strain by which the concrete falls is 0.004. For safety purposes, the ACI code
allows designers to use:
a. 0.001

b. 0.002

c. 0.003

d. 0.004

35.) The minimum clear cover allowed by the code for slabs, not exposed to weather is:
a. 20mm

b. 30mm

c. 40mm

d. 75mm

36.) A number 8 steel reinforcing bar has a diameter of :

a. 16mm

b. 20mm

c. 25mm

d. 28mm

37.) What do you call your structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent
to a natural disaster?
a. essential facilities b. hazardous facilities
d. standard occupancy structures

c. Special occupancy Structures

38.) It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above or
less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three stories above.
a. weak story

b. soft story

c. story drift

d. multi- story

39.) A structural system without a complete vertical load- carrying space frame.
a. shear wall system b. bearing wall system

c.

44.) which is the correct factored load for strength design method?
a. 1.4 DL + 1.7LL +1.4 EL

b. 1.4 DL + 1.7LL + 1.7 EL

c. 1.4 DL + 1.7LL

d. 1.4 DL + 1.7 EL
45.) It is defined as the unit strength of material
a. Rigidity

b. Hardness

c. Stress

d. Stiffness

46.) The stress developed when the applied load causes adjacent sections within a body to
slide past each other.
a. Axial stress

b. Bearing stress

c. Shearing stress

d. Flexural Stress

47.) It is the contact pressure developed between two bodies

a. bearing stress

b. thermal stress

c. allowable stress

d. strain

48.) The stress induced as a result of restrained deformation due to changes in temperature.
a. Rupture stress

b. thermal stress

c. yield stress

49.) The actual stress in a material under a given loading.

a. axial stress

b. bending stress

c. allowable stress

d. working stress

50.) It is the maximum safe stress that a material can withstand.

a. ultimate stress

b. allowable stress

c. rupture stress

d. strain

51.) A number 8 steel reinforcing bar has a diameter of :

a. 16mm

b. 20mm

c. 25mm

d. 28mm

52.) A simply supported beam, L meters long, carrying a uniformly distributed load of w in N/m,
produces a maximum shear force of :
a. wL/2

b. wL^2/4

c. 1/2wL^2

d. 1/8wL^2

53.) It is an isolated column of masonry or a bearing wall not bonded at the sides into associated
masonry, when its horizontal dimension measured the right angles or the thickness does not exceed
four times its thickness.

54.) Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed to earth.
a. 50mm

b. 75mm

c. 100mm

d. 150mm

55.) It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above it.
a. Soft Storey

b. Weak Storey

c. Storey Drift

d. Ordinary moment resisting system

56.) Members that are generally vertical, subjected to compressive loads, sometimes with bending
moments are called:
a. Trusses

b. Column

c. Towers

d. Beams

57.) Steel elements such as wire, cables, bars, rods or strands of wires or a bundle of such elements
used in pre-stressed concrete structures are called:
a. Hangers

b. Stirrups

c. Bundled Bars

d. Tendons

STEEL DESIGN

1.) The second moment of are of a rectangular section having a width of b and depth of d is:
a. bd^2/8

b. bd^2/6

c. bd^3/12

d. bd^2/12

2.) The recommended design value k-factor for both ends pin connected.
a. 0.5

b. 1.0

c. 0.7

d. 2.0

3.) The theoretical value of k- factor for both ends restrained.

a. 0.5

b. 1.0

c. 0.7

d. 2.0

4.) The critical slenderness ratio is the upper limit of elastic buckling failure , where its average
column stress is equal to ____.
a. 0.5Fy

b. 1.0Fy

c. 0.75Fy

d. 2.0Fy

5.) The allowable stress for compression members whose largest effective slenderness ratio of
any unbraced segment is less than the square root of [2piE/Fy] as per AISC standard is ___.
a. {1-[(KL/r)^2 2Cc^2] * Fy/FS
c. piEFy / [1.6 (L/200r)

b. 12pi^2E / [23*(KL/r)^2]

d. S/3 +3 (KL/r) / 8 Cc (KL/r)^3 / 8Cc^3

6.) The allowable stress for a tension in structural steel in terms of gross area is taken ___ % of
specified allowable yield stress.
a. 50

b. 60

c. 75

d. 85

7.) A wide flange section W21X62 has a nominal depth of ____ millimetres.
a. 472

b. 533

c. 635

d. 826

NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHALL NOT BE LARGER

THAN:
1/5 the narrowest dimension between side forms
1/3 the depth of slabs
the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires,
bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts

DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS
-

ASTM A 184 Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats

ASTM A 185 Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain
ASTM A 496 Steel Wire, Deformed
ASTM A 497 Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed
ASTM A 615M Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars
ASTM A 616M Rail-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars
ASTM A 617M Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars
ASTM A 706M Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars
ASTM A 767M Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars
ASTM A 775M Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars
ASTM A 884M Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Fabric
ASTM A 934M Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars

PRESTRESSING TENDONS
-

ASTM A 416M Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire

ASTM A 421 Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire
ASTM A 722 Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar

CURING
concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10C and in
a moist condition for at least the first 7 days after placement
high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10C and in a moist
condition for at least the first 3 days

CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

-

they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of cross

section when embedded within a column

they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of
slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded
they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center
conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in
compression the displaced concrete, provided:
o
they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard
Schedule 40 steel pipe
o
they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not less
than 3 diameters on centers
concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or
weather, or less than 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with
ground
reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete section
shall be provided normal to the piping

CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of
slabs, beams and girders
joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of
intersecting beams

STANDARD HOOKS
180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar
90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar
for stirrup and tie hooks:
o
16mm diameter bar and smaller 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end
of bar, or
o
20 and 25mm diameter bar 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of
bar, or
o
25mm diameter bar and smaller 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at free
end of bar

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS

-

bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) 4db (inside diameter)
bar size of 10mm through 25mm 6db
bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm 8db

SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT

the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not
less than 25mm
the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not be
less than 25mm between layers
in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance
between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm
in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural
reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab thickness,
nor farther than 450mm

BUNDLED BARS
shall be limited to 4 bars in 1 bundle
shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams
individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members
shall terminate at different points with at least 40db stagger
where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar
diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter
derived from the equivalent total area
minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle,
but need not be greater than 50mm

PRESTRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS

center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member shall
not be less than 5db for wire, nor 4db for strands

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE

(NONPRESTRESSED)
-

concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75mm

o
o

concrete exposed to earth or weather:

20mm through 36mm diameter bar 50mm
16mm diameter bar and smaller 40mm

concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:

slabs, walls, joists:
45 to 60mm diameter bars 40mm
36mm diameter bar and smaller 20mm
beams, columns:
primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40mm
shells, folded plate members:
20mm diameter bar and larger 20mm
16mm diameter bar and smaller 12mm

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRECAST CONCRETE

o

concrete exposed to earth or weather:

wall panels:
45mm and 60mm diameter bars 40mm
36mm diameter bar and smaller 20mm
other members:
45mm and 60mm diameter bars 50mm
20mm through 36mm diameter bar 40mm
16mm diameter bar and smaller 30mm

concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:

slabs, walls, joists:
45mm and 60mm diameter bars 30mm
36mm diameter bar and smaller 15mm
beams, columns:
primary reinforcement db but not less than 15mm and need not exceed 40mm
ties, stirrups, spirals 10mm
shells, folded plate members:
20mm diameter bar and larger 15mm
16mm diameter bar and smaller 10mm

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

-

concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75mm

o
o

concrete exposed to earth or weather:

wall panels, slabs, joists 25mm
other members 40mm

o
o

concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:

slabs, walls, joists 20mm
beams, columns:
primary reinforcement 40mm
ties, stirrups, spirals 25mm
shells, folded plate members:
16mm diameter bar and smaller 10mm
other reinforcement db but not less than 20mm

OFFSET BARS
slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1 in
6
portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points
of bend
offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms
where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be
offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset
column faces, shall be provided

SPIRALS
for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm
diameter
clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm
anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1 extra turns of spiral
bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit
spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or
welded
in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or
width of capital is 2 times that of the column
plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:
o
ASTM A 615M
o
ASTM A 616M
o
ASTM A 617M
plain wire shall conform to:
o
ASTM A 82 Steel Wire, Plain

TIES

10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or smaller
12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and bundled bars
vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
o
16db of longitudinal bars
o
48db of tie bars
o
least dimension of compression member
ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side
along the tie
ties shall be located vertically not more than a tie spacing above the top of
footing or slab in any story
where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column, termination of
ties not more than 75mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets
shall be permitted

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than
5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm
spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m

T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded
together
width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not
exceed:
o
the span length of the beam,
o
8 times the slab thickness, or
o
the clear distance to the next web
for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width
shall not exceed:
o
1/12 the span length of the beam,
o
6 times the slab thickness, or
o
the clear distance to the next web
transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab
thickness, nor 450mm

JOIST CONSTRUCTION

ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more
than 3 times the minimum width of rib
clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm
slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear
distance between ribs nor less than 40mm
when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than
1/12 the clear distance between ribs, or less than 50mm
where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be at
least 25mm greater than the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at any point

REQUIRED STRENGTH
dead load and live load
o
U = 1.4D + 1.7L
dead load, live load and wind load
o
U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
o
U = 0.9D + 1.3W
dead load, live load and earthquake load
o
U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E
o
U = 0.99D + 1.1E
STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR
o
o
-

flexure without axial load, 0.90

axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90
axial compression and axial compression with flexure:
spiral reinforced, 0.75
tie reinforce, 0.70
shear and torsion, 0.85
bearing on concrete, 0.70
post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS

UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not supporting or attached
to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections)
o
o
o
o

solid one-way slabs:

simply supported, L/20
one end continuous, L/24
both ends continuous, L/28
cantilever, L/10

o
o
o
o

beams or ribbed one-way slabs:

simply supported, L/16
one end continuous, L/18.5
both ends continuous, L/21
cantilever, L/8

for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)

DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width b
of compression flange or face

LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for
bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars
enclosed by spirals

SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed
members or 600mm
SPLICES
lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter
lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length required for
individual bars within the bundle
individual bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap
entire bundles shall not be lap spliced
bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced
transversely farther apart than 1/5 the required lap splice length, or 150mm
splices shall be staggered at least 600mm

WALLS
o

minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
0.0012 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield

strength not less than 420Mpa, or

o
0.0015 for other deformed bars, or
o
0.0012 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)

minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o
0.0020 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield
strength not less than 420 Mpa, or
o
0.0025 for other deformed bars, or
o
0.0020 for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)
in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm
diameter bars shall be provided around all window and door openings. Such bars shall
be extended to develop the bar beyond the corners of the openings but not less than
600mm

NON-BEARING WALLS
thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance
between members that provide lateral support

MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH

depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for
footings on soil, or not less than 300mm for footings on piles

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS)

the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a supporting
member
maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:
o
d/4
o
8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
o
24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
o
300mm
where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2
throughout the length of the member

STRUCTURAL STEEL

LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS

for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio
preferably should not exceed 200
for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio
preferably should not exceed 300

ALLOWABLE STRESSES
-

for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area, 0.60Fy

for tension in structural steel based on effective net area, 0.50Fu
for tension on pin-connected members based on net area, 0.45Fy
for tension on eyebars on the body area, 0.60Fy
for flexural members with compact sections, Fb = 0.66Fy
for flexural members with non-compact sections, Fb = 0.60Fy

PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall
not be less than 2/3 of the net area across the pinhole
width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness
pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the pin diameter

SHEAR CONNECTORS
shear connectors shall have at least 25mm of lateral concrete cover
diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2 times the thickness of the flange
to which they are welded
minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6 diameters along
the longitudinal axis and 4 diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis maximum
center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall not exceed 8 times the total slab
thickness

WELDS

weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not
less than 1 times the thickness of the material in which the hole is made
groove welds:
o
effective area = effective length of the weld x effective throat thickness
o
effective length = width of the part joined
o
effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove weld = thickness of
the thinner part joined
o
minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration groove welds =

3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)

5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)

6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)

8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm)

10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm)

12mm (thicker part joined over 57 to 150mm)

16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)

o
effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld =

flare bevel groove, 5/16R

flare V-groove, R
fillet welds:
o
effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective throat thickness
o
effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance from the root of the
joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld
o
minimum size of fillet welds =

3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)

5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)

6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)

8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)

o
maximum size of fillet welds along edges =

not greater than the thickness of the material (material less than 6mm thick)

not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.6mm (material 6mm or
more in thickness)
o
minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis of strength shall
not be less than 4 times its nominal size
o
if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld should not exceed
its effective length
o
effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less than
4 times the weld size, with a minimum of 38mm
o
in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined,
but not less than 25mm

o
slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or
members shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously around the corners for a
distance not less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld
plug and slot welds:
o
diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the thickness of the
part containing it plus 8mm, nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 3mm or 2
times the thickness of the weld
o
minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length
shall be 4 times the width of the slot
o
minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be 2 times the
length of the slot
o
length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld
o
width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus
8mm, nor shall it be larger than 2 times the thickness of the weld
o
thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick = thickness of the
material
o
thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick = the thickness of
the material but not less than 16mm

FASTENERS
distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall
not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the fastener
maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of
parts in contact shall be 12 times the thickness of the connected part, but shall not
exceed 150mm

CAMBER
trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately
the dead-load deflection
crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be cambered for
approximately

Zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuring structural system and height

The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be determined by the following
factors.
14
Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at least 3 approved recording
accelerographs.
Owner
Maintenance and service of accelorographs shall be provided by the ___
Occupant of the building
Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the allowable limits and shall be
liable for any failure on the structure due to overloading
Load duration
The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate of periods of intermittent
application of the same load
14 sq. m
Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the design live load may be reduced
1.50 sq. m
Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist loads onto which they are subjected
1/240 of wall span
Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal applied.
Perpendicular to said wall
1/120 of wall span
Maximum deflection of flexible finished wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal
applied perpendicular to said wall
60 sq. m
Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unit
Base
The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure of the level
at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported
Collector
A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to vertical
elements of the lateral force resisting system
Diaphragm
A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting
elements it includes horizontal bracing system
Base Shear V
The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure

Boundary element
An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm
Brace Frame
An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or accentric type which is provided to resist
lateral forces
Building Frame System
A essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads
Dual System
A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and Shear Walls or
Braced Frame
Eccentric Brace Frame (EBF)
The form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace intersects a beam at a point away
from the column girder joint
Joints
The entire assemblage at the Intersection of the members
Girder
The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam
-the major horizontal supporting member of the floor system
Diaphragm Strut
An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load, which collects and transfers diaphragm
shear to vertical resisting elements of distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may
take axial tension or compression
Diaphragm Chord
The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial stresses
analogous to the flanges of a beam
Essential facilities
Those structures which are necessary for emergency post earthquake operations
Lateral Force Resisting System
That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces
Ordinary Moment Resisting Space Frame
Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior
Story Drift
The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
Strength
The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads within the deformation limits

prescribed in this document

Platform
The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural system
Horizontal Bracing system
Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm
Structure
An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces
Bearing Wall System
A structural system without complete vertical load carrying space frame. This system provides
support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames
Building Frame system
A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads.
Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames
Moment Resisting Frame System
A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads.
Moments resisting space frames provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of
members.
Weak story
Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that the story above
Time History Analysis
An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical model of the structure is subjected
to a ground motion time history. The structures time dependant dynamic response to these motion is
obtained through numerical integration of its equations of motions.
Orthogonal Effect
The effect on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than parallel to the
direction of resistance under consideration
P-delta effect
The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads
acting on the laterally displaced building frame
Admixture
Material other than water aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete and
added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties
Plain Concrete
Concrete that does not conform to definition of reinforced concrete
Pedestal
Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral dimension of

less than three (3 m)

Modulus of Elasticity
Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional
limit of material
-in the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for ___
Jacking Force
In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing
tendons
Embedment Length
Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section
Effective Prestress
Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead
load and superimposed loads
Development Length
Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a
critical section
Curvature friction
Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile
Structural Lightweight Concrete
Concrete containing lightweight aggregate
Bonded tendon
Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting
Structural Steel
ASTM A36
ASTM A514
High Yield Strength Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding
TRUE
True or False, bar larger than 32mm in diameter shall not be bundled in beams
40 mm
Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed concrete for beams and columns for primary
reinforcement
Poissons Ratio
In a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of the ratio transverse strain to the
corresponding longitudinal strain
Slenderness Ratio

In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration
Torsion
A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line
Flat slab
A type of concrete floor which has no beam
Shear
The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part
Deformation
A change in shape of a material when subjected to the action of force
Yielding Stress
The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively the material sustain without
failure
Stress
It means that by which a body develops internal resistance to stress
-Intensity of force per unit area
Allowable Stress
The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without permanent deformation
remaining upon the complete release of stress
Tie / Stirrup
Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
Stiffness Ration
The measure of stiffness of a material
Punching Shear
The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes hole through it
Deflection
The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it
6 inches
Nominal thickness of a timber
Equilibrium
The sum of forces in the orthogonal directions and the sum of all moments about any points are zero
2 years
The complete records of tests conducted (slump, compression test, etc.) shall be preserved and
made available for inspection during the progress of construction and after completion of the project
for a period of not less than ___
Not less than 1x4

Wood board should have a thickness specification

Run
The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight
Portable Hand router
A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth cutting and curving on solid
wood
Knots
Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake, star shake and ___
Smoothed and planed lumber
Dressed lumber is referred to ___
Live load
It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all
Cross cut saw
The other kind of handsaw other than rip cut saw
Effective Length
The distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks
Volume
The amount of space measured in cubic units
Contraction Joint
An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements between them
Total Run
The total of all tread widths in a stair
Bond stress
The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces
Purlin
A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a rafter
Size of dead load deflection
Size of camber for a 25 meters steel truss
Shear connector
A connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of channel which resists horizontal
shear between elements
Shear Stress (Shearing Stress)
The force per unit area of cross section which tend to produce shear

Hooks Law
The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and strain
4 x diameter of bolt
Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connection measured from center of bolts parallel for parallel to
grain loading is equal to ___
4 x diameter of bolt
According to the provision of the NSCP on timber connection and fastening the loaded edge
distance for perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least
2.5
NSCP specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to grain loading shall be at least
___ times bolt diameter for L/d ratio of 2
12 mm
Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and fastening in accordance with NSCP
specifications
50
Simple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not exceeding ___
11 diameters
Nails and spikes for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in the NSCP specifications shall
have a required penetration of not less than __
1/6 depth of member
Notches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the NSCP specifications shall not
exceed
Middle third span
Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the
the depth
Notches in the top and bottom of joist shall not exceed
.60 of specified yield strength
Allowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area
.50 of specified minimum tensile strength
Allowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area
0.45 Fy
Allowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net area
0.40 Fy
Allowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area effective in resisting shear
100%

For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed live load shall be increased
sufficiently to provide for same, for supports of elevators the increase shall be
200
The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed ___
240
The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not exceed ___
40 mm
Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete exposed to
earth or weather
20 mm
Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete not exposed
to earth or weather
7 days
Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist
condition for at least the first ___ days after placement
7 days
If concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall be air-dried for ___ days before
test and shall be tested dry.
3 days
Cutting for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at
least the ___days after placement
25 mm
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be db (diameter of bar) but not less
than ___
180 deg. Bend +4db extension but not less than 65 mm at the end of bar
Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean
90 deg. Bend + 6db extension at free end
Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller
90 deg. Bend + 12db extension at free end
Standard hooks for stirrups and thie hooks 20-25 mm bar
-12 mm
Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depth greater than 200 mm
+-50 mm
Allowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of reinforcement
40 db

Individual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at
different points with a stagger of at least
3 db
Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of member shall not be less than ___ for
strands
4 db
Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each of member shall to be less than ___ for wire
75 mm
Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place against permanently exposed
earth or weather using bars larger than 36 mm