A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE AND

PRACTICES OF MOTHERS REGARDING DOMESTIC

METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION IN A SELECTED
RURAL AREA, BANGALORE RURAL WITH A VIEW TO
DEVELOP HEALTH EDUCATION PAMPHLET.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

MS.M.VENKATA VARALAKSHMI
IST YEAR M.Sc. (N) NURSING
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
2011-2013
HARSHA COLLEGE OF NURSING
HARSHA HOSPITAL CAMPUS
NO 193/4, SONDEKOPPA CIRCLE
NH-4, NELAMANGALA,
BANGALORE-5621231

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
1.

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE MS.MS.M.VENKATA VARALAKSHMI

HARSHA COLLEGE OF NURSING

AND ADDRESS

HARSHA HOSPITAL CAMPUS

NO 193/4, SONDEKOPPA CIRCLE
NH-4, NELAMANGALA,
BANGALORE-562123.

2.

Harsha College Of Nursing

NAME OF INSTITUTION

Bangalore

3.

COURSE

OF

STUDY

AND

I year M.Sc. Nursing

Community Health Nursing

SUBJECT
4.

5.

DATE

OF

ADMISSION

TO

COURSE

06/05/2011

TITLE OF THE STUDY

STUDY

TO

ASSESS

THE

KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF

MOTHERS

REGARDING

DOMESTIC

METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION

IN

SELECTED

RURAL

AREA,

BANGALORE RURAL WITH A VIEW TO

DEVELOP

HEALTH

PAMPHLET.

6. 0 BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:

2

EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION:
Water is one of the very crucial natural resources. It is available abundantly on the
surface of earth .There is about 1.4 billion cubic kilometer of water on the earth which
comes about 71percent of the earths surface. About 97 percent of the water on the earth
is in the oceans. The ocean water is salty and is not suitable for human consumption. The
remaining 3 percent of the total water is available in the form of ice sheets, cloud, river,
lakes, ponds, well and springs. Only 1-1.6 percent of the 3 percent of water, is useful for
human consumption.
The water on the surface of earth has its own journey. The water from the ocean
gets evaporated by the suns heat. Evaporated water, rises up into the air and forms clouds
and later fall onto the earth in the form of rain and snow and flows on the earth as
streams, lakes, rivers which ultimately fall in the oceans like air, water is also very
essential for man to survive. But unlike air, man can live without water for about a week
or so. The water which is required for human consumption should be palatable and free
from any kind of impurities so that it is safe and suitable for daily activities1.
The National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme was launched in 1954 by
the govt. of India as part of the health plan to assist the states to provide adequate water
supply and sanitation facilities in the entire country. Provision has been made in the
successive 5yrs plans to improve the water supply. In 1972 a special programme known
as the Accelerated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme. During 5 th plan, rural
water supply was included in the minimum needs programme of the state plans. The
central govt. is supporting the efforts of the states in identifying problems villages
through assistance under Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme. A problem
village has been defined as one where no source of safe water is available within a
distance of 1.6km,or where water is available with in a distance or depth of more than
15meters,or where water source has excess salinity, iron, fluorides and other toxic
elements ,or where water is exposed to the risk of cholera.
The Govt. of India launched the International Drinking Water Supply and
Sanitation Decade Programme in 1981.Tergets were set on coverage-100% coverage for
3

water, both urban and rural,80% for urban sanitation and 25% for rural sanitations and
Swajaldhara was launched on 25thdec.2002 sajaldhara has certain fundamental reform
principles, which need to be adhered to by the state govt. and the implementing agencies.
Swajaldhara is a community led participating programme, which aims at providing safe
drinking water in rural areas, with full ownership of the community, building awareness
among the village community on the management of drinking water project including
better hygiene practices and encouraging water conservation practices along with rain
water harvesting.
Mans health affected by the ingestion of contaminated water either directly or through
food and by the use of contaminated water for purpose of personal hygiene and
recreation. The term water-related diseases include the classical water-borne diseases.
Developing countries carry a heavy burden of water-related diseases, the heaviest being
the diarrhoeal diseases.
In India, water pollution is becoming a serious problem. To protect water from
being contaminated, Parliament in 1974 passed the water (prevention and control of
pollution)Act. The Act seeks to provide legal deterrent against the spread of water
pollution. The Act is a comprehensive piece of legislation. It provides for the constitution
of Central and State Water Boards and Joint Water Boards endowed with wide powers for
controlling pollution.
Much of the ill-health which affects humidity, especially in the developing
countries can be traced to lack of safe and wholesome water supply. Water that is easily
accessible, adequate in quantity, free from contamination, safe and readily available
throughout the year .There can be no state and positive health and wellbeing without safe
water. Water is not only the vital environmental factor to all forms of life, but it has also a
great role to play in socio-economic development of human population. Each country
should develop its own water resources, exploitation and hydrogeology. In 1980,the
United nations general assembly launched the International drinking water supply and
sanitation decade,1981-1990 the aim being to provide all people with adequate supplies
of safe water and sanitation by 1990.In 1981,the 34th World Health Assembly in a
resolution emphasized that safe drinking water is a basic element of primary health
4

care which is the key to the attainment of Health for All by the yr 2000 AD. Water is
also integrated with other PHC components because it is an essential part of health
education, food and nutrition and also MCH. 2

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Unsafe water supplies and inadequate sanitation and hygiene increased the
transmission of diarrhoeal diseases, trachoma, hepatitis and cholera. Although more
people have access to safe water and improved sanitation globally compared with these in
2000, rapid population growth has hampered improvements in many countries. Close to a
billion people are still with out access to improved water supplies. Over 2 billion people
are with out improved sanitation. 3
Millions of people around the world face water shortages. Many millions of
children die every year from water-borne diseases. And drought regularly afflicts some of
the worlds poorest countries. The world needs to respond much better. We need to
increase water efficiency, especially in agriculture. We need to free women and girls from
the daily chore of hauling water, often over great distances. We must involve them in
decision-making on water management. We need to make sanitation a priority.4

1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases (including cholera); 90%
are children under 5, mostly in developing countries.

88% of diarrhoeal disease is attributed to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation

and hygiene.

Improved water supply reduces diarrhoea morbidity by between 6% to 25%, if severe

outcomes are included.

Improved sanitation reduces diarrhoea morbidity by 32%.

Hygiene interventions including hygiene education and promotion of hand washing

can lead to a reduction of diarrhoeal cases by up to 45%.
5

Improvements in drinking-water quality through household water treatment, such as

chlorination at point of use, can lead to a reduction of diarrhoea episodes by between
35% and 39%.

2.4 billion people in the world do not have access to adequate sanitation, about twofifths of the worlds population.

2.2 million people in developing countries, most of them children, die every year
from diseases associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate
sanitation and poor hygiene.

Some 6,000 children die every day from diseases associated with lack of access to
safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene equivalent to 20 jumbo
jets crashing every day.

At any one time it is estimated that half of the worlds hospital beds are occupied by
patients suffering from water-borne diseases.

200 million people in the world are infected with schistosomiasis, of whom 20
million suffer severe consequences. The disease is still found in 74 countries of the
world. Scientific studies show that a 77% reduction of incidence from the disease was
achieved through well designed water and sanitation interventions.

The average person in the developing world uses 10 litres of water a day.

The average person in the United Kingdom uses 135 litres of water every day.

In the past 10 years diarrhoea has killed more children than all the people lost to
armed conflict since World War II.

In China, India and Indonesia twice as many people are dying from diarrhoeal
diseases as from HIV/AIDS.

In 1998, 308,000 people died from war in Africa, but more than two million (six
times as many) died of diarrhoeal disease.

The simple act of washing hands with soap and water can reduce diarrhoeal disease
by one-third.

Following the introduction of the Guatemalan Handwashing Initiative in 2001, there

were 322,000 fewer cases of diarrhoea each year amongst the 1.5 million children
under 5 nationwide in the country's lowest income groups.

In Zambia, one in five children die before their fifth birthday. In contrast in the UK
fewer than 1% of children die before they reach the age of five.

A study in Karachi found that people living in areas without adequate sanitation who
had no hygiene education spend six times more on medical treatments than those with
sanitation facilities.

Waterborne diseases (the consequence of a combination of lack of clean water supply

and inadequate sanitation) cost the Indian economy 73 million working days a year.
And a cholera outbreak in Peru in the early 200s cost the economy US$1 billion in
lost tourism and agricultural exports in just 10 weeks.

Improved water quality reduces childhood diarrhoea by 15-20% BUT better hygiene
through handwashing and safe food handling reduces it by 35% AND safe disposal of
childrens faeces leads to a reduction of nearly 40%.

At any time, 1.5 billion people suffer from parasitic worm infections stemming from
human excreta and solid wastes in the environment. Intestinal worms can be
controlled through better sanitation, hygiene and water. These parasites can lead to
malnutrition, anaemia and retarded growth, depending upon the severity of the
infection.

It is estimated that pneumonia, diarrhoea, tuberculosis and malaria, which account for
20% of global disease burden, receive less than 1% of total public and private funds
devoted to health research.

Ecological sanitation is one option being practised in some communities in China,

Mexico, Vietnam, etc. Excreta contains valuable nutrients. We produce 4.56 kg
7

nitrogen, 0.55 kg phosphorous, and 1.28 kg potassium per person per year from
faeces and urine. This is enough to produce wheat and maize for one person every
year.

One gramme of faeces can contains:10,000,000 Viruses, 1,000,000 bacteria, 1,000

parasite cysts, 100 parasite eggs. 5
The researcher discussed with rural mothers and observed that they have

inadequate knowledge and poor practice of domestic methods of water purification and it
couses water borne diseases to the under five children. The rural mothers show the
negligence in prevention of water borne diseases. Thus the investigator was fascinated to
assess the mothers knowledge, attitude and practices regarding domestic methods of
water purification.
Thus researcher felt that it is essential to emphasize the awareness to the mothers
especially under five children and prevent from waterborne diseases and to educate are
the key determinants in home level of water purification. As a responsibility of nurses, it
is important to help the mother and community to bring awareness of domestic methods
of water purification and prevent from water borne diseases.

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review of literature in the research topic makes the researcher familiar with the
existing studies and provides information which helps to focus on a particular problem
and lay a foundation upon which to base new knowledge. It creates accurate picture of
the information found on the subject 6
8

An imp1ortant aspect of research literature review is to make sure what is already

done in relation to the problem of interest. Several studies which have been conducted in
relation to domestic methods of water purification which needs more focus for the
development of future studies. The related literature has been organized under the
following:
Section-A: Literature related to general information regarding water purification.
Section-B: Literature related to knowledge and practices water purification.
Section C: Literature related to water borne diseases.
Literature related to general information regarding water purification:
A study was conducted in Guatemala to reduce fecal contamination by a simple
system of water purification, storage and hand washing technique. They tested a simple
system of bleach (4.95% free available chlorine) for water purification, narrow mouth
plastic vessels with spigots for disinfecting and storing water and for preparing and
storing beverages, hand washing soap and education for using the system. They select a
randomized controlled intervention among 41 vendors who received the intervention and
42 control vendors, comparing total and fecal coliform bacteria and E. coli bacteria
contamination of market vended beverages, stored water and vendors hands. Sample was
colleted in each six weekly follow-up visits. In the result it was found 40(48%) fecal
coliform and E. coli in 14(17%) from market vended beverages. So when compared with
samples from control vendors it was found decrease of fecal coliform and E. coli bacteria
from stored water and beverages. So the researcher concluded that by using hypochloride
disinfectant, plastic vessel, soap and by health education can reduce fecal contamination
from market vended beverages. 7
A study was conducted in Malawi to examine the effectiveness of technical
intervention. Before traditionally water was collected from river or well. After
improvement of the water supply system water was collected from piped and untreated
surface water from an uninhabited mountain area. This water contain a mean value of 54
faecal coliform per 100ml which is acceptable. During collection of drinking water and
9

storage there is a chance of contamination, which is unhygienic environment. So the

researcher revealed that technical improvement of water supply is not become effective
unless it will be combined along with health education programme in the population.

A comparative study was conducted in Brazil to evaluate the microbiological

quality of treated and untreated water samples from urban and rural communities and the
relationship between coliforms occurrence and average water temperature and of the
rainfall level. A sample collected 3,073 from untreated and treated water from taps 1,594,
reservoir used to store treated water(1,033), spring water(96), and private well (350)
collected for routine testing between four years analysed they find total coliform(TC) and
fecal coliform (FC) bacteria. In the result it was found that highest number of water
contamination from untreated water that is TC(83%) and FC(48%). From the treated
water the coliform bacteria was found 171 of the 1,033 from reservoirs which is higher
than tap water. By the observation the researcher concluded that TC and FC positive
samples appear is similar between treated and untreated water and is influenced
seasonally. The two different periods must be considered for the occurrence of both TC
and DC positive samples: (i) a warm weather period with high percentage of
contamination and (ii) cold weather period there is lower. . 9
In Assam a comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of
wooden charcoal and river sand for its iron adsorption capacity in rural and semi urban
area. The major source of drinking water in that area, contains a excessive amount of iron
in the water. So local people using wooden charcoal and river sand as filter media. The
experiments were carried at a fixed pH with zero dissolved oxygen levels. The study was
indicated the rapid uptake of Fe(II) by wooden charcoal in the first 20 minutes. While the
uptake with sand was relatively slower. The adsorption seemed to govern by diffusion
within pores of adsorbents and Fe(II) removal mechanism appeared to be complex.
Equilibrium studies indicated favorable adsorption of Fe(II) on both adsorbents and
followed Langmuir isotherm. So the researcher concluded that charcoal and sand both
seemed to have potentials for Fe(II) removal. 10
Literature related to knowledge and practices of water purification:
10

The study was conducted in Nepal to improve hygienic practices among the rural
housewives . The study was conducted in two villages where the chemical and biological
water quality was analyzed by some hygienic practices. In one village they given health
education about water hygiene practice and another village not given the education. After
three months the water quality of the houses was tested to ensure the quality aspects of
the hygiene practices. Based on the findings, the chosen methodology was able to
promote a real change in improving to water hygiene practices. So the researcher
revealed that for hygiene practice the housewives need adequate knowledge . 11
A study was conducted in Dhaka to improve the practice on storing water and
handling water from storage containers at home. They given the instruction to used Na
DCC tab. In the 100 households while storing water. One half houses given for health
education another half not given how to used the Na DCC tab. After 4 month the post test
was done in the both group and the storage water was tested. The water quality from first
group was free from E. coli bacteria and second group water was present for E. coli
bacteria. Results indicated that second group not having any idea how much and how to
used the NaDCC tab. This was supported by insignificant improvements in the
microbiological water quality. So the researcher revealed that through health education
can improved the practices for storing and handling water quality.12
A cross-sectional study was done in Ramallah among the mothers to increase
awareness at the household level about certain hygienic practices and to develop water
quality. The quasi-experimental design was selected in two villages where chemical and
biological water quality was analysis as well as residential behavioral aspets related to
hygiene practices before and after intervention. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the
housewives knowledge and practices regarding hygienic practices and water use,
followed by face-to-face health education and awareness sessions to the selected
housewives. After 3month, another assessment was conducted using the same
questionnaire to measure improvement in their knowledge and practices. The water
quality was tested to ensure the water quality. Based on these findings the chosen method
can improved the water quality in the household level. So the study concluded that by
improving knowledge and practices the water hygiene practices also can improved. 13
11

The study was done over 13,000 children in rural India, under the ages of 3years,
it examines the relative effects of the different factors-the quality of water supply,
mothers literacy, housing conditions and the level of development of the villages in which
the children lived contributing to diarrhea. The study highlights the importance of two
factors:that children born to undernourished mothers may be more susceptible to
infection than children whose mothers are well nourished, and that good hygienic
practices within the home, such as washing hands with soap before feeding a child, can
reduce the incidence of diarrhea. The results emphasize the importance of mothers being
literate, of household affluence and of institutional support in promoting domestic
hygiene. 14
Literature related to water borne diseases:
The study was done for chlorination and safe storage of household drinking
water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease. The use chlorination and
storage in special plastic containers of gathered household water for improving microbial
quality and reducing diarrhoeal illness.

Community families were recruited

randomly divided into intervention and control households.

and

Microbes in stored

household water were extensively inactivated by 1-5mg/L doses of hypochlorite.

Escherichia coli level in stored households water were<1/100ml in most intervention
households but readily detectable at high levels in control households. The intervention
reduced household diarrhoeal illness. 15
A study was conducted to improve for safe drinking water in rural areas of
Bangladesh, through drinking water high rates of diarrhoeal decease morbidity indicate
that pathogen transmission continues through

water supply. 200 and 70 tube - well

water samples and 300 water samples from household storage contains were tested for
fecal coliform (Fe) concentration.

The contamination rate for water samples from

covered household storage contain s was significantly lower than uncovered containers.
It is shown that safe drinking water was achieved by the combination of a protected and
high quality sources at the initial point and maintaining quality from the initial supply
point. 16
12

The study was conducted among HIV affected household in rural area to safe
water systems (S. W. S.) and to reduce diarrhea and death. It is a home based health care
package that included rapid diarrhea diagnosis treatment of 196 households with
relatively good water and sanitation coverage. The high SWS cost per DALY gained
was probably caused by a lack of mortality benefit in a trial designed to rapidly treated
diarrhea.

SWS is an effective intervention whose cost effectiveness is sensitive to

diarrhea related morbidity, diarrhea incidence and effective clinical management. 17

The study was conducted to treat microbiological performance of common water
treatment to reduce waterborne diseases. 3 common types of water treatment devices
designed for household used: a ceramic candle gravity filter, an iodine resine gravity
filter and an iodine resine faucent mounted filter. The ceramic candle filter and the iodine
resine faucent filter reduced bacteria by more than 4 logs. The reduction of the M S2
phage and 3 micron micropheres in these devices was lower than log 3.4 and log 2.6
respectively. There were also high levels of residual iodide in treated water from the
iodine based devices. While household water treatment could play an important role and
necessary that consumes can ensured that the devices they purchase and used in the home
are effective and safe. 18

6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A Study to assess the knowledge and practices of mothers regarding domestic
methods of water purification in a selected rural area, Bangalore rural in a view to
develop health education pamphlet.

6.4 OBJECTIVES:
1.

To assess the level of knowledge of mothers regarding domestic methods of

water purification.
13

2. To assess the practices of mothers regarding domestic methods of water

purification.
3. To find out the correlate between knowledge and practices of mothers regarding
domestic methods of water purification with selected demographic variables.
4. To find out the association between knowledge and practices of mothers regarding
domestic methods of water purification with selected demographic variables.
5. To develop the health education module on domestic water purification

based

on the findings.
.
6.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
1. Knowledge- Knowledge is referred to level of understanding and awareness of
mothers regarding domestic methods of water purification.
2. Practices-It refers to methods adopted by mothers for domestic water
purification.
3. Mothers-In this study mothers who are married housewives having under five
children.
4. Domestic methods of water purification-It refers to a process of purifying water
at home level by domestic filtering ,boiling and chemical disinfection of well.
6.6 HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY

H1 -There will be a significant correlation between knowledge and practices of mothers

regarding domestic methods of water purification.
H2 There will be a significant association between knowledge and practices of the
mothers regarding domestic methods of water purification.

6.7 ASSUMPTION
14

1. Mothers may have inadequate knowledge regarding domestic methods of water

purification.
2. Mothers using contaminated water lead to water borne diseases such as typhoid,
dysentery, and diarrhea in under five children.
6.8 DELIMITATION
The study was delimited to
1. The study is delimited to all the mothers of under five children who are residing at
selected rural community.
2. The study is delimited to the period of 4 weeks.
3. The study results and confined to only selected rural community, Bangalore.

6.9 VARIABLES
Research variables on the concept at various levels of abstraction that are entered
manipulated & collected in a study.
Study variables
Study variable includes knowledge and practices of rural mothers regarding domestic
methods of water purification.
Demographic variables- Age, religion, education, occupation, income, type of family,
number of children , sources of water, methods of purification of water.

7. MATERIAL AND METHODS

15

The study is designed to assess the knowledge and practices of mothers

regarding domestic methods of water purification in a selected rural area, Bangalore.
7.1. SOURCE OF DATA:
The data will be collected from mothers of selected rural area in Bangalore.
7.1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:
Non experimental descriptive design.
7.1.2 RESEARCH APPROACH:
Survey approach
7.1.3 SETTING OF THE STUDY:
This study will be conducted in selected rural area in Bangalore.

7.2

METHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATA:

Structured self administered questionnaire will be used to assess the knowledge and
checklist to assess the practice of mothers regarding domestic methods of water
purification.
7.2.1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
Probability sampling technique, Simple random sampling (Lottery method)
7.2.2 SAMPLE SIZE:
The sample of the study consists of 60 Mothers.
Duration of study:
4 weeks

16

7.2.3 SAMPLING CRITERIA:Inclusion criteria:

The study includes mothers who are1. Having under five children.
2. Residing the rural area, Bangalore.
3. Willing to participate in the study.
4. Able to understand Kannada or English
Exclusion criteria:
The study excludes mothers who are1. Not willing to participate.
2. Having domestic filters

7.2.4 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION:

Structured self administered questionnaire will be used to assess the knowledge
and checklist to assess the practice of mothers regarding domestic methods of water
purification.
Procedure for data collection:
Data collection is the gathering of information needed to address a research
problem. A validated structured questionnaire will be used to collect the data about
knowledge and practices of mothers regarding domestic methods of water purification.
7.2.5 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD:
Descriptive statistics
17

-Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to study the demographic variables
of the mothers regarding domestic methods of water purification.
-Mean and standard deviation will be used to determine the level of knowledge and
practices regarding domestic methods of water purification.
Inferential statistics
Pearsons correlation: will be used to assess the relation between knowledge and
practices of mothers regarding domestic methods of water purification.
Chi-square test: will be used to bring out the association between the knowledge and
practice with selected demographic variables. Level of significance was fixed at 5%
level.

7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INTERVENTION OR INVESTIGATION

TO BE CONDUCTED TO THE PATIENTS, OTHER HUMAN OR ANIMALS?
NO. The Study does not Require Any Intervention invasive or Investigation to
Be Conducted to the Patients, Other Human or Animals.
7.4 HAS THE ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR
INSTITUTION?
Permission will be obtained from:
1. The research committee of the college of Nursing.
2. Authorities of selected rural area, Bangalore.
3. Informed consent will take from the mothers who are willing to participate in
the study.

18

8. LIST OF REFERENCE:
1. Gulani k.k. Principles and Practice Community Health Nursing. 1 st ed. Delhi: kumar
publishing house; 2007; 244-245.

2. Park K. Textbook of Preventive and social medicine. 19 th ed. Jabalpur; M/s

Bhanarsidas Bhanot publishers; 2007; 376,377, 567,587.

3. World Health Statistics (WHO) 2009. WHO Library Cataloging Data.WHO-2009:

83-84.

4. Water for life, 2005-2015. International Decade for action. Booklet for the
international water for life Decade. 2005; 20.

19

5. WHO water, Sanitation and Hygiene links to health: Facts and Figure updated nov.
2006. 29kb. Diarrhoea.
6. Kirlinger FN. Foundation of Behavioral Research, 2nd ed. London: Mc.Millan
Company; 1986. P.50.
7. Sobel J, Mahon B, Mendoza CE, Passaro D, Cano F, Baier K et al. Reduction of
Fecal contamination of street-vended beverages in Guatamala by a simple system
for water purification and storage, hand washing and beverage storage. Am J Trop
Med Hyg. 2006 sep; 59(3); 380-87.

8. Lindskog RU, Lindskog PA, Bacteriological contamination of water in rural areas:

an intervention study from Malawi. J Trop Med Hyg. 2005 feb; 91(1): 1-7.

9. . Nagueir G, Nakamura CV, Tognim MC, Abreu Filho BA, Dias Filho BA.
Microbiological quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities, Brazil.
Rev saudapublica. 2003 Apr; 37(2); 232-36.

10. Ahamad KU, Jawed M. Evaluation of media used in indigenous household iron
filter units of rural and semi-urban Assam, India J Env Sci Eng. 2007 Oct; 49(4);
241-46.

11. Ngi TK, Shrestha RR, Dangol B, Maharjon M, Murcott SE. Design for sustainable
development-household drinking water filter for arsenic and pathogen treatment in
Nepal. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard subst Environ Eng. 2007 Oct; 42(12);
1879-88.

12. Lea M Biological sand filters: low-cost bioremediation technique for production of
clean drinking water. Currprotoc Microbial. 2008May; chap 1: unit 1G.1.1-1G.1.28.
20

13. Saud TF, Clasen T, Boisson S, Edmondson P, Shipin O. Household water treatment
using sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tabs: a randomized, controlled trail to
assess microbiological effectiveness in Bangladesh. Am j Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Jan;
76(1): 187-92.

14. Mimi a, Salman R, Water quality and improving Hygienic practices of the rural
community in the Vicinity of Ramallah, Palestine. Int J Env Health Res. 2008 Oct;
18(5): 375-85.

15. Omokhodian FO, Oyemade A, Sridhar MK, Olaseha IO, Olawuyi JF. Diarrhoea in
children of Nigerian Market women: Prevalence, knowledge of causes and
management. J. Diarrhoea Dis Res: 2006 sep, 16(3): 194-200.
16. Luby SP, Syed AH, Faizen MK. Limited effectiveness of home drinking water
purification efforts in Karachi, Pakistan. Int. J. Infect Dis.2004; 4(1): 1-2.

17. Sobey MD, Handzel T, Venezel L. Chlorination and safe storage of household
drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne diseases. Water Sci
Technol 2003 Jan; 47(3): 221-8.

18. Haque BA, Hallman K, Levy J, Bouis H, Ali N, Khan F et al. Rural drinking water
at supply and household levels: quality and management. Int. J Hyg Environ Health.
2006 Sep; 209(5): 451-60.

19. Shnestha RK, Marseille E, Kahn JG, Lule JR, Pitter C, Blandford JM et al. Costeffectiveness of home-based chlorination and safe water storage in reducing
diarrhea among HIV affected household rural Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg.2006
May; 75(5): 884-90.
21

9. SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

10. REMARKS OF THE GUIDE

11. NAME & DESIGNATION OF

11.1 GUIDE NAME & ADDRESS

:
Head of the

Department
Community Health Nursing

11.2 SIGNATURE OF GUIDE

11.3 CO - GUIDE (IF ANY)

11.4 SIGNATURE

:
22

11.5 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

:
Head of the

Department,
Community Health Nursing

11.6 SIGNATURE OF H.O.D

12.1 REMARK OF PRINCIPAL

12.2 SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL

23