Statistics

- for decision making

- deals with collection, organization,
analysis, interpretation of data
- came from the word statisticks
cause it started w/ counting sticks
2 Kinds:
> Descriptive Statistics
- requires descriptive data
-describes the characteristics of a
group of people, places, things, or
events (deductive statistics)
> Inferential Statistics
- draw inferences of large group on
the basis of info obtained from a
small portion of a large group
(inductive statistics)
- not higher than descriptive
statistics
-not all research need this
Ethics and Statistics
- with integrity and honesty
-do right thing
-maintain independent and principled
point of view

makes members similar to each

other
ex: all boys school gender
2. Variable
- property of population or sample
which makes members different from
each other
ex: Gender of UST students
>Dependent ex: test scores
>Independent ex: hours spent
studying
>Nominal numbers as labels
ex: student number
>Ordinal labelled and ranked
ex: size of clothes
>Interval- numbered + rank + unit
of interval; no true 0
ex: temperature
>>Scale Variable ratio
of interval
>Ratio label + rank + equal unit of
interval; has 0
ex: # of votes

Population
- large collection of objects, places or
things

3. Qualitative data
- cant be subjected to meaningful
arithmetic

Parameter
- any numerical value which
describes a population

4. Quantitative data
- numerical in nature

Sample
- small portion/ part of a population
Statistic
- numerical value which describes a
sample
Data
- facts/ set of info gathered
4 Kinds of data:
1. Constant
- Characteristic of a population which

Further divided into:

> Discrete Data
- exact values and obtained by
counting
ex: # of students
> Continuous Data
- infinite values within specified
interval and can be obtained by
measurement
ex: height, weight
Reasons for doing sample
instead of population:

> Population is time consuming

> Cost of study in sampling is
cheaper
> Checking all items in the
population is impossible

Determining sample size

1. Margin of error (+/-)
- 0%-5%; 0% = rare; 5% = maximum
& most common
2. Confidence Interval
- 100% margin of error
ex: if margin of error is 5%, then
confidence interval is 95%
3. Slovins formula (for large
population)

n=

N
1+ N e 2 where:

n= sample size
N= population
e= room/ allowance for error
4. Sample size calculator
_____________________________________
Using Random Sampling
> random #s table
> use manually
> use the computer
Sampling techniques
> Probability Sampling
>> Simple Random direct;
uses random table; fish ball
technique; pseudo random sampling
>> Systematic Random
>> Stratified Random- degree
is involved
ex: 1st year, 2nd year, 3rd year, 4th
year students; economic status
>> Cluster Sampling no
degree involved
ex: Medtech/ Pharmacy/ Biochem
students

> Non-probably Sampling

- good only for a particular group
>> Convenience
>> Quota
>> Purposive
> Direct or Interview
- qualitative research; open-ended
questions; max of 3 interviewees; 1
on 1 (ideal interview); time
consuming; best technique however,
its costly
> Indirect or questionnaire
- quantitative research; has
several respondents; common
- psychologically, we can only
process 7 choices
> Registration
- census
> Experimental
- follow steps and procedures
> Observational
- use only senses
> Provocateur (Interview)
- clinical
-depth
-focused
- non-directive
Data
Primary Data
- 1st hand information
- direct access to data
Secondary Data
- indirect access of data
- published/ unpublished
- printed/ non-printed
ex: books, movies, documents, songs

1st row (Variable Names):

-No merging of rows/columns
-Should have a unique name
-should not start with a number
- no more labels in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc. row
- having numbers or special symbols in the 1st row would create an effect

1. How to freeze 1st column and 1st row

2. How to unfreeze
- just go to freeze panes, drop box appears, click unfreeze panes
3. How to put random values in your datasheet
In the formula bar or selected cell, type:
=rand()
4. If you want the whole column to have random numbers but are too lazy to type =rand() over and over, select the cell
with the random number and drag down to the desired cell

5. To sort, highlight everything, click:

Data-> sort -> sort by (whatever you want) -> OK

6. How to determine how much data you have

Make sure the active cell is free.
In the formula bar or selected cell, type:
=count(start : finish)
example: =count(B2:B11) *press enter*
It would display 10 in the selected cell

Mode->
= mode()
Standard Deviation -> =stdev()
9. How to transfer cells content to another cell without
retyping

7. For example, you wanna know how many people

answered 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 under educational
level, type:
=countif(B2:B11,1)
Output: 2
=countif(B2:B11,2)
Output: 3
=countif(B2:B11,3)
Output: 2
=countif(B2:B11,4)
Output: 2
=countif(B2:B11,5)
Output: 1

10.

8. How to get:
Mean ->
=average()
Median-> = median()

13.How to get data analysis in the Data tab

File-> options-> add-ins-> analysis tool pak-> go
*new window appears*
Check analysis took pak-> OK

11.
12.