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Soculpo

Society

The people who interact in a


defined
territory
and
share
culture

Types of Society

Gerhard Lenski focuses on


sociocultural evolution, the
changes that occur as a society
acquires new technology.
The
more
technological
information a society
has,
the faster it changes.
Technology sends ripples of
change through a societys
entire way of life.

Type
of
Society

Populati
on Size

Productive
Technolog
y

Hunting
and
Gatherin
g
Societies

25-40
people

Primitive
weapons

Horticult
ural and
Pastoral
Societies

Settleme
nts
of
several
hundred
people,
connect
ed
through
trading
ties
to
form
societies
of
several
thousan
d people

Agrarian
Societies

Industrial
Societies

PostIndustrial
Society

Culture: The Original


Definition

Settlement
Pattern

Example
s

Nomadic

Bushmen
of
Africa

E.B.
Tylor,
anthropologys
founder, gave a definition to
start with:
That complex whole which
includes
Knowledge, beliefs, arts,
morals, law, custom
And any other capabilities and
habits
Acquired
by
man
[both
genders]
As a member of society

Characteristics of society:

All cultures have at least five


characteristics in common:
Culture is learned
Culture is based on symbols
Culture is shared
Culture
is
patterned
or
integrated
Culture is usually adaptive

Hand
tools,
domestica
tion
of
animals

Horticultura
lists
form
relatively
permanent
settlements
;
pastoralists
are
nomadic

Middle
East
Societies
(5000
B.C.)

Animaldrawn
plow

Egypt
during
the
construct
ion
of
the Great
Pyramids
;
Medieval
Europe

Personality

Millions
of
people

Cities
become
common,
though
they
generally
contain
a
small
proportion
of
the
population
Cities
contain
most of the
population

(Most
societies
today in
Europe,
North
America,
Japan

Millions
of
people

Advanced
sources of
energy;
mechaniz
ed
production

Millions
of
people

Computer
s
that
support an
informatio
n-based
economy

Population
remains
concentrate
d in cities

Japan,
Europe
and
North
America

Socialization

The lifelong social experience


by which individuals develop
their human potential and learn
culture. It can be acquired
through imitation, conditioning,
suggestion or formal instruction.

a persons fairly consistent

patterns of acting, thinking and


feeling, is shaped by both
biology (nature) and social
experience (nurture)
Nature
o Instincts

inherited
behavior patterns
o (ex. the maternal instinct)

Soculpo

Nurture
o To raise, bring up, train or
educate
o American
psychologist
John B. Watson believed
o that all behavior could be
learned (nurture)

Examples of Factors
Influencing Personality
Development
Parents
o Childs first attachment is
to mother
o Later, both parents serve
as role models
and
shape perception of sex
roles and
family
membership
Culture
o A
societys
cultural
environment
may
determine
which
personality
traits
are
emphasized
o For example, in the
Philippines,
children from the higher
class
are
taught
creativity
but
children
from
the lower class are taught
to conform.

Understanding how we
become who we are: Key
Contributors
Processes of socialization
Sigmund Freud
(Personality)
Erik Erikson (Stages of
Psychosocial
Development)
Jean Piaget (Cognitive
Development)
Lawrence Kohlberg (Moral
Development)

Sociological Theories: Forming


our self concept
Charles Horton Cooley
(Looking-Glass Self)
George Herbert Mead
(Social Behavior)

Resocialization: Total
Institutions
o

o
o
o
o

A total institution refers to a


setting in which people are
isolated from the rest of society
and manipulated by an
administrative staf
All spheres of daily life are
observed by staf
Environment is highly
standardized (food, uniforms,
activities)
Formal rules and daily
schedules
dictate
activities
Involves 2+ million Americans,
who are confined
against their will in prison or
mental hospitals

Social interaction
Status is a social position that
an individual occupies.
A status set consists of all the
statuses a person holds at a
given time.
Ascribed and achieved statuses.
An ascribed status is a social
position that someone receives
at birth or involuntarily assumes
later in life.
An achieved status is a social
position that someone assumes
voluntarily and that reflects
personal ability and efort.
A master status is a status
that has special importance for
social identity, often shaping a
persons entire life.

Soculpo
A role consists of behavior
expected of someone who holds
a particular status.
Role set refers to a number of
roles attached to a single
status.
Role conflict refers to conflict
among roles corresponding to
two or more diferent statuses.
It can be reduced by
compartmentalizing our lives.
Role strain refers to
incompatibility among roles
corresponding to a single
status.
Role exit is the process by
which people disengage from
important social roles.

Gender

human sexual behavior is


learned, the result of a
socialization process within a
socio-cultural context; without
learning anything about sex,
humans would not know how to
make love
only animals are born with a
sex instinct while humans only
have a sex drive a potential
for, rather than a determinant
of, sexual desire or action
Sexual dimorphism - refers to
diferences in male and female
biology besides the contrast in
breast and genitals
Refers to the cultural
construction of male and female
characteristics
Gender roles tasks and
activities a culture assigns to
the sexes
Gender roles are highly
subjective

Gender Sterotypes

oversimplified but strongly


held ideas about the

characteristics of males and


females

Gender stratification

unequal distribution of
rewards (especially valued
resources like power,
prestige, human rights and
personal freedom) between
men and women, reflecting
their diferent positions in a
social hierarchy.

Sexual revolution

it has encouraged tolerance for


various forms of sexual
behavior, i.e. homosexuality
it has weakened the double
standard that allows men to
have premarital sex but
condemns women for doing so
it also resulted in the upsurge of
premarital pregnancies among
teenage girls who are
emotionally unready for
intercourse
it brought a fundamental
change in the perceived
purpose of sex for married
couples

Sexual orientation

Refers to a persons habitual


sexual attraction to, and sexual
activities with, persons of the
opposite sex (heterosexuality),
the same sex (homosexuality),
or both sexes(bisexuality).
Asexuality is the indiference
toward or lack or attraction to
either sex.

Deviance

defined as the recognized


violation of cultural norms.
What deviant actions or
attitudes have in common is
some element of diference that

Soculpo

causes us to regard another


person as an outsider.
Deviance calls forth social
control, attempts by society to
regulate peoples thoughts and
behavior.
The criminal justice system is
a formal response to an
individuals alleged violations of
law from police, courts, and
prison officials.

The social foundations of


deviance

Deviance varies according to


cultural norms.
People become deviant as
others define them that way.
Both norms and the way people
define rule-breaking involve
social power.

The Functions of
Deviance: StructuralFunctional Analysis

Labeling Deviance:
Symbolic-Interaction
Analysis

Emile Durkheim: The functions


of deviance:
1. Deviance affirms cultural
values and norms.
2. Responding to deviance
clarifies moral boundaries.
3. Responding to deviance
promotes social unity.
4. Deviance encourages social
change.

Mertons strain theory

The strain between our


cultures emphasis on wealth
and the limited opportunity to
get rich gives rise, especially
among the poor, to theft, the
sale of drugs, or other street
crime.

Mertons four types of


deviance responses to
failure:

Innovation.
Ritualism.
Retreatism.
Rebellion.

Labeling theory is the idea


that deviance and conformity
result, not so much from what
people do, but from how others
respond.
Primary deviance refers to
passing episodes of norm
violation; and secondary
deviance is when an individual
repeatedly violates a norm and
begins to take on a deviant
identity.
A stigma is a powerfully
negative social label that
radically changes a persons
self-concept and social identity,
operating as a master status.
Stigmas are deepened by
retrospective labeling, the
interpretation of someones
past consistent with present
deviance.

Hirschis control
theory.

Control theory states that social


control depends on imagining
the consequences of ones
behavior.
Hirschi asserts that conformity
arises from four types of social
controls:
Attachment.
Commitment.
Involvement.
Belief.

Deviance and Inequality:


Social-Conflict Analysis
Principles of deviance and power:

Soculpo

The norms of any society


generally reflect the interests of
the rich and powerful.
The powerful have the
resources to resist deviant
labeling.
The laws may be inherently
unfair.

Types of Crimes
White-collar crime consists of
crimes committed by persons of
high social position in the
course of their occupations.
It is usually controlled by civil
rather than criminal law.

Most white-collar criminals are


treated leniently.
Corporate crime refers to the
illegal actions of a corporation
or people acting on its behalf.
Organized crime is a business
supplying illegal goods or
services.
Hate crimes are criminal acts
carried out against a person or
a persons property by an
ofender motivated by racial or
other bias.
Victimless crimes are
violations of law in which there
are no readily apparent victims.

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