Combustor

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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Combustion
chamber. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2012.

Combustor

Flame stabilized by cyclone.

A combustor is a component or area of a gas turbine, ramjet, or scramjet engine where

combustion takes place. It is also known as a burner, combustion chamber or flame holder. In
a gas turbine engine, the combustor or combustion chamber is fed high pressure air by the
compression system. The combustor then heats this air at constant pressure. After heating, air
passes from the combustor through the nozzle guide vanes to the turbine. In the case of a ramjet
or scramjet engines, the air is directly fed to the nozzle.
A combustor must contain and maintain stable combustion despite very high air flow rates. To do
so combustors are carefully designed to first mix and ignite the air and fuel, and then mix in
more air to complete the combustion process. Early gas turbine engines used a single chamber
known as a can type combustor. Today three main configurations exist: can, annular and cannular
(also referred to as can-annular tubo-annular). Afterburners are often considered another type of
combustor.
Combustors play a crucial role in determining many of an engines operating characteristics, such
as fuel efficiency, levels of emissions and transient response (the response to changing conditions
such a fuel flow and air speed).

Contents

[hide]

1 Fundamentals
o 1.1 History
o 1.2 Components
o 1.3 Air flow paths

2 Types
o 2.1 Can
o 2.2 Cannular
o 2.3 Annular

3 Emissions

4 Afterburners

5 Ramjets

6 Scramjets

7 Notes

8 References

[edit] Fundamentals

Combustor on a Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet

The objective of the combustor in a gas turbine is to add energy to the system to power the
turbines, and produce a high velocity gas to exhaust through the nozzle in aircraft applications.
As with any engineering challenge, accomplishing this requires balancing many design
considerations, such as the following:

Completely combust the fuel. Otherwise, the engine is just wasting the unburnt fuel.

Low pressure loss across the combustor. The turbine which the combustor feeds needs
high pressure flow to operate efficiently.

The flame (combustion) must be held (contained) inside of the combustor. If combustion
happens further back in the engine, the turbine stages can easily be damaged.
Additionally, as turbine blades continue to grow more advanced and are able to withstand
higher temperatures, the combustors are being designed to burn at higher temperatures
and the parts of the combustor need to be designed to withstand those higher
temperatures.

Uniform exit temperature profile. If there are hot spots in the exit flow, the turbine may
be subjected to thermal stress or other types of damage. Similarly, the temperature profile
within the combustor should avoid hot spots, as those can damage or destroy a combustor
from the inside.

Small physical size and weight. Space and weight is at a premium in aircraft applications,
so a well designed combustor strives to be compact. Non-aircraft applications, like power
generating gas turbines, are not as constrained by this factor.

Wide range of operation. Most combustors must be able to operate with a variety of inlet
pressures, temperatures, and mass flows. These factors change with both engine settings
and environmental conditions (I.e., full throttle at low altitude can be much different than
idle throttle at high altitude).

Environmental emissions. There are strict regulations on aircraft emissions of pollutants

like carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, so combustors need to be designed to minimize
those emissions. (See Emissions section below)

Sources:[1][2]

[edit] History
Advancements in combustor technology focused on several distinct areas; emissions, operating
range, and durability. Early jet engines produced large amounts of smoke, so early combustor
advances, in the 1950s, were aimed at reducing the smoke produced by the engine. Once smoke
was essentially eliminated, efforts turned in the 1970s to reducing other emissions, like unburned
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (for more details, see the Emissions section below). The
1970s also saw improvement in combustor durability, as new manufacturing methods improved

liner (see Components below) lifetime by nearly 100 times that of early liners. In the 1980s
combustors began to improve their efficiency across the whole operating range; combustors
tended to be highly efficient (99%+) at full power, but that efficiency dropped off at lower
settings. Development over that decade improved efficiencies at lower levels. The 1990s and
2000s saw a renewed focus on reducing emissions, particularly nitrogen oxides. Combustor
technology is still being actively researched and advanced, and much modern research focuses
on improving the same aspects.[3]

[edit] Components

Case
The case is the outer shell of the combustor, and is a fairly simple structure. The casing generally
requires little maintenance.[4] The case is protected from thermal loads by the air flowing in it, so
thermal performance is of limited concern. However, the casing serves as a pressure vessel that
must withstand the difference between the high pressures inside the combustor and the lower
pressure outside. That mechanical (rather than thermal) load is a driving design factor in the case.
[5]

Diffuser
The purpose of the diffuser is to slow the high speed, highly compressed, air from the
compressor to a velocity optimal for the combustor. Reducing the velocity results in an
unavoidable loss in total pressure, so one of the design challenges is to limit the loss of pressure
as much as possible.[6] Furthermore, the diffuser must be designed to limit the flow distortion as
much as possible by avoiding flow effects like boundary layer separation. Like most other gas
turbine engine components, the diffuser is designed to be as short and light as possible.[7]
Liner
The liner contains the combustion process and introduces the various airflows (intermediate,
dilution, and cooling, see Air flow paths below) into the combustion zone. The liner must be

designed and built to withstand extended high temperature cycles. For that reason liners tend to
be made from superalloys like Hastelloy X. Furthermore, even though high performance alloys
are used, the liners must be cooled with air flow.[8] Some combustors also make use of thermal
barrier coatings. However, air cooling is still required. In general, there are two main types of
liner cooling; film cooling and transpiration cooling. Film cooling works by injecting (by one of
several methods) cool air from outside of the liner to just inside of the liner. This creates a thin
film of cool air that protects the liner, reducing the temperature at the liner from around 1800
kelvins (K) to around 830 K, for example. The other type of liner cooling, transpiration cooling,
is a more modern approach that uses a porous material for the liner. The porous liner allows a
small amount of cooling air to pass through it, providing cooling benefits similar to film cooling.
The two primary differences are in the resulting temperature profile of the liner and the amount
of cooling air required. Transpiration cooling results in a much more even temperature profile, as
the cooling air is uniformly introduced through pores. Film cooling air is generally introduced
through slats or louvers, resulting in an uneven profile where it is cooler at the slat and warmer
between the slats. More importantly, transpiration cooling uses much less cooling air (on the
order of 10% of total airflow, rather than 20-50% for film cooling). Using less air for cooling
allows more to be used for combustion, which is more and more important for high performance,
high thrust engines.[9][10]
Snout
The snout is an extension of the dome (see below) that acts as an air splitter, separating the
primary air from the secondary air flows (intermediate, dilution, and cooling air; see Air flow
paths section below).[11]
Dome / swirler
The dome and swirler are the part of the combustor that the primary air (see Air flow paths
below) flows through as it enters the combustion zone. Their role is to generate turbulence in the
flow to rapidly mix the air with fuel.[8] Early combustors tended to use bluff body domes (rather
than swirlers), which used a simple plate to create wake turbulence to mix the fuel and air. Most
modern designs, however, are swirl stabilized (use swirlers). The swirler establishes a local low
pressure zone that forces some of the combustion products to recirculate, creating the high
turbulence.[11] However, the higher the turbulence, the higher the pressure loss will be for the
combustor, so the dome and swirler must be carefully designed so as not to generate more
turbulence than is needed to sufficiently mix the fuel and air.[12]
Fuel injector

Fuel injectors of a cannular combustor on a Pratt & Whitney JT9D turbofan

The fuel injector is responsible for introducing fuel to the combustion zone and, along with the
swirler (above), is responsible for mixing the fuel and air. There are four primary types of fuel
injectors; pressure-atomizing, air blast, vaporizing, and premix/prevaporizing injectors.[8]
Pressure atomizing fuel injectors rely on high fuel pressures (as much as 500 pounds per square
inch (psi) to atomize[nb 1] the fuel. This type of fuel injector has the advantage of being very
simple, but it has several disadvantages. The fuel system must be robust enough to withstand
such high pressures, and the fuel tends to be heterogeneously atomized, resulting in incomplete
or uneven combustion which has more pollutants and smoke.[13][14]
The second type of fuel injector is the air blast injector. This injector "blasts" a sheet of fuel with
a stream of air, atomizing the fuel into homogeneous droplets. This type of fuel injector led to the
first smokeless combustors. The air used is just some amount of the primary air (see Air flow
paths below) that is diverted through the injector, rather than the swirler. This type of injector
also requires lower fuel pressures than the pressure atomizing type.[14]
The vaporizing fuel injector, the third type, is similar to the air blast injector in that primary air is
mixed with the fuel as it is injected into the combustion zone. However, the fuel-air mixture
travels through a tube within the combustion zone. Heat from the combustion zone is transferred
to the fuel-air mixture, vaporizing some of the fuel (mixing it better) before it is combusted. This
method allows the fuel to be combusted with less thermal radiation, which helps protect the liner.
However, the vaporizer tube may have serious durability problems with low fuel flow within it
(the fuel inside of the tube protects the tube from the combustion heat).[15]
The premixing/prevaporizing injectors work by mixing or vaporizing the fuel before it reaches
the combustion zone. This method allows the fuel to be very uniformly mixed with the air,
reducing emissions from the engine. One disadvantage of this method is that fuel may auto-ignite
or otherwise combust before the fuel-air mixture reaches the combustion zone. If this happens
the combustor can be seriously damaged.[16]
Igniter
Most igniters in gas turbine applications are electrical spark igniters, similar to automotive spark
plugs. The igniter needs to be in the combustion zone where the fuel and air are already mixed,
but it needs to be far enough upstream so that it is not damaged by the combustion itself. Once
the combustion is initially started by the igniter, it is self sustaining and the igniter is no longer
used.[17] In can-annular and annular combustors (see Types of combustors below), the flame can
propagate from one combustion zone to another, so igniters are not needed at each one. In some
systems ignition-assist techniques are used. One such method is oxygen injection, where oxygen
is fed to the ignition area, helping the fuel easily combust. This is particularly useful in some
aircraft applications where the engine may have to restart at high altitude.[18]

[edit] Air flow paths

Primary air
This is the main combustion air. It is highly compressed air from the high pressure compressor
(often decelerated via the diffuser) that is fed through the main channels in the dome of the
combustor and the first set of liner holes. This air is mixed with fuel, and then combusted.[19]
Intermediate air
Intermediate air is the air injected into the combustion zone through the second set of liner holes
(primary air goes through the first set). This air completes the reaction processes, cooling the air
down and diluting the high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2).[20]
Dilution air
Dilution air is airflow injected through holes in the liner at the end of the combustion chamber to
help cool the air to before it reaches the turbine stages. The air is carefully used to produce the
uniform temperature profile desired in the combustor. However, as turbine blade technology
improves, allowing them to withstand higher temperatures, dilution air is used less, allowing the
use of more combustion air.[20]
Cooling air
Cooling air is airflow that is injected through small holes in the liner to generate a layer (film) of
cool air to protect the liner from the combustion temperatures. The implementation of cooling air
has to be carefully designed so it does not directly interact with the combustion air and process.
In some cases, as much as 50% of the inlet air is used as cooling air. There are several different
methods of injecting this cooling air, and the method can influence the temperature profile that
the liner is exposed to (see Liner, above).[21]

[edit] Types

Arrangement of can-type combustors for a gas turbine engine, looking axis on, through the
exhaust. The blue indicates cooling flow path, the orange indicates the combustion product flow
path.

[edit] Can
Can combustors are self contained cylindrical combustion chambers. Each "can" has its own fuel
injector, igniter, liner, and casing.[22] The primary air from the compressor is guided into each
individual can, where it is decelerated, mixed with fuel, and then ignited. The secondary air also
comes from the compressor, where it is fed outside of the liner (inside of which is where the
combustion is taking place). The secondary air is then fed, usually through slits in the liner, into
the combustion zone to cool the liner via thin film cooling.[23]
In most applications, multiple cans are arranged around the central axis of the engine, and their
shared exhaust is fed to the turbine(s). Can type combustors were most widely used in early gas
turbine engines, owing to their ease of design and testing (one can test a single can, rather than
have to test the whole system). Can type combustors are easy to maintain, as only a single can
needs to be removed, rather than the whole combustion section. Most modern gas turbine
engines (particularly for aircraft applications) do not use can combustors, as they often weigh
more than alternatives. Additionally, the pressure drop across the can is generally higher than
other combustors (on the order of 7%). Most modern engines that use can combustors are
turboshafts featuring centrifugal compressors.[24][25]

[edit] Cannular

Cannular combustor for a gas turbine engine, viewing axis on, through the exhaust.
The next type of combustor is the cannular combustor; the term is a portmanteau of "can
annular". Like the can type combustor, can annular combustors have discrete combustion zones
contained in separate liners with their own fuel injectors. Unlike the can combustor, all the
combustion zones share a common ring (annulus) casing. Each combustion zone no longer has to
serve as a pressure vessel.[26] The combustion zones can also "communicate" with each other via
liner holes or connecting tubes that allow some air to flow circumferentially. The exit flow from
the cannular combustor generally has a more uniform temperature profile, which is better for the
turbine section. It also eliminates the need for each chamber to have its own igniter. Once the fire
is lit in one or two cans, it can easily spread to and ignite the others. This type of combustor is
also lighter than the can type, and has a lower pressure drop (on the order of 6%). However, a
cannular combustor can be more difficult to maintain than a can combustor.[27] An example of a
gas turbine engine utilizing a cannular combustor is the General Electric J79 The Pratt &
Whitney JT8D and the Rolls-Royce Tay turbofans use this type of combustor as well.[28]

[edit] Annular

Annular combustor for a gas turbine engine, viewed axis on looking through the exhaust. The
small orange circles are the fuel injection nozzles.

The final, and most commonly used, type of combustor is the fully annular combustor. Annular
combustors do away with the separate combustion zones and simply have a continuous liner and
casing in a ring (the annulus). There are many advantages to annular combustors, including more
uniform combustion, shorter size (therefore lighter), and less surface area.[29][30] Additionally,
annular combustors tend to have very uniform exit temperatures. They also have the lowest
pressure drop of the three designs (on the order of 5%).[31] The annular design is also simpler,
although testing generally requires a full size test rig. An engine that uses an annular combustor
is the CFM International CFM56. Most modern engines use annular combustors; likewise, most
combustor research and development focuses on improving this type.
Double annular combustor
One variation on the standard annular combustor is the double annular combustor (DAC). Like
an annular combustor, the DAC is a continuous ring without separate combustion zones around
the radius. The difference is that the combustor has two combustion zones around the ring; a
pilot zone and a main zone. The pilot zone acts like that of a single annular combustor, and is the
only zone operating at low power levels. At high power levels, the main zone is used as well,
increasing air and mass flow through the combustor. GE's implementation of this type of
combustor focuses on reducing NOx and CO2 emissions.[32] A good diagram of a DAC is
available from Purdue. Extending the same principles as the double annular combustor, triple
annular and "multiple annular" combustors have been proposed and even patented.[33][34]

[edit] Emissions
One of the driving factors in modern gas turbine design is reducing emissions, and the combustor
is the primary contributor to a gas turbine's emissions. Generally speaking, there are five major
types of emissions from gas turbine engines: smoke, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide
(CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).[35][36]
Smoke is primarily mitigated by more evenly mixing the fuel with air. As discussed in the fuel
injector section above, modern fuel injectors (such as airblast fuel injectors) evenly atomize the
fuel and eliminate local pockets of high fuel concentration. Most modern engines use these types
of fuel injectors and are essentially smokeless.[35]
Carbon dioxide is a product of the combustion process, and it is primarily mitigated by reducing
fuel usage. On average, 1 kg of jet fuel burned produces 3.2 kg of CO2. Carbon dioxide
emissions will continue to drop as manufacturers make gas turbine engines more efficient.[36]
Unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are highly related. UHCs
are essentially fuel that was not completely combusted, and UHCs are mostly produced at low
power levels (where the engine is not burning all the fuel).[36] Much of the UHC content reacts
and forms CO within the combustor, which is why the two types of emissions are heavily related.
As a result of this close relation, a combustor that is well optimized for CO emissions is
inherently well optimized for UHC emissions, so most design work focuses on CO emissions.[35]

Carbon monoxide is an intermediate product of combustion, and it is eliminated by oxidation.

CO and OH react to form CO2 and H. This process, which consumes the CO, requires a relatively
long time ("relatively" is used because the combustion process happens incredibly quickly), high
temperatures, and high pressures. This fact means that a low CO combustor has a long residence
time (essentially the amount of time the gases are in the combustion chamber).[35]
Like CO, Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced in the combustion zone. However, unlike CO, it is
most produced during the conditions that CO is most consumed (high temperature, high pressure,
long residence time). This means that, in general, reducing CO emissions results in an increase in
NOx and vice versa. This fact means that most successful emission reductions require the
combination of several methods.[35]

[edit] Afterburners
Main article: Afterburner
An afterburner (or reheat) is an additional component added to some jet engines, primarily those
on military supersonic aircraft. Its purpose is to provide a temporary increase in thrust, both for
supersonic flight and for takeoff (as the high wing loading typical of supersonic aircraft designs
means that take-off speed is very high). On military aircraft the extra thrust is also useful for
combat situations. This is achieved by injecting additional fuel into the jet pipe downstream of
(i.e. after) the turbine and combusting it. The advantage of afterburning is significantly increased
thrust; the disadvantage is its very high fuel consumption and inefficiency, though this is often
regarded as acceptable for the short periods during which it is usually used.
Jet engines are referred to as operating wet when afterburning is being used and dry when the
engine is used without afterburning. An engine producing maximum thrust wet is at maximum
power or max reheat (this is the maximum power the engine can produce); an engine producing
maximum thrust dry is at military power or max dry.
As with the main combustor in a gas turbine, the afterburner has both a case and a liner, serving
the same purpose as their main combustor counterparts. One major difference between a main
combustor and an afterburner is that the temperature rise is not constrained by a turbine section,
therefore afterburners tend to have a much higher temperature rise than main combustors.[37]
Another difference is that afterburners are not designed to mix fuel as well as primary
combustors, so not all the fuel is burned within the afterburner section.[38] Afterburners also often
require the use of flameholders to keep the velocity of the air in the afterburner from blowing the
flame out. These are often bluff bodies or "vee-gutters" directly behind the fuel injectors that
create localized low speed flow in the same manner the dome does in the main combustor.[39]

[edit] Ramjets
Main article: Ramjet

Ramjet engines differ in many ways from traditional gas turbine engines, but most of the same
principles hold. One major difference is the lack of rotating machinery (a turbine) after the
combustor. The combustor exhaust is directly fed to a nozzle. This allows ramjet combustors to
burn at a higher temperature. Another difference is that many ramjet combustors do not use liners
like gas turbine combustors do. Furthermore, some ramjet combustors are dump combustors
rather than a more conventional type. Dump combustors inject fuel and rely on recirculation
generated by a large change in area in the combustor (rather than swirlers in many gas turbine
combustors).[40] That said, many ramjet combustors are also similar to traditional gas turbine
combustors, such as the combustor in the ramjet used by the RIM-8 Talos missile, which used a
can-type combustor.[41]

[edit] Scramjets

Diagram illustrating a scramjet engine. Notice the isolator section between the compression inlet
and combustion chamber. (Illustration from The Hy-V Scramjet Flight Experiment.)
Main article: Scramjet
Scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) engines present a much different situation for the
combustor than conventional gas turbine engines (scramjets are not gas turbines, they generally
have few or no moving parts). While scramjet combustors may be physically quite different than
conventional combustors, they face many of the same design challenges, like fuel mixing and
flame holding. However, as its name implies, a scramjet combustor must address these
challenges in a supersonic flow environment. For example for a scramjet flying at Mach 5, the
air flow entering the combustor would nominally be Mach 2. One of the major challenges in a
scramjet engine is preventing shock waves generated by combustor from traveling upstream into
the inlet. If that were to happen, the engine may unstart, resulting in loss of thrust, amongst other
problems. To prevent this, scramjet engines tend to have an isolator section (see image)
immediately ahead of the combustion zone.[42]

[edit] Notes
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Combustors

1. ^ While atomize has several definitions, in this context it means to form a fine spray. It is not
meant to imply that the fuel is being broken down to its atomic components.

[edit] References
Notes
1.

^ Flack, p. 440.

2.

^ Mattingly, Heiser, and Pratt, p. 325.

3.

^ Koff, Bernard L. (2004). Gas Turbine Technology Evolution: A Designers Perspective. Journal
of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 20, No. 4, JulyAugust 2004

4.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, pp. 11920.

5.

^ Mattingly, Heiser, and Pratt, p. 378.

6.

^ Mattingly, Heiser, and Pratt, p. 375.

7.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, p. 121.

8.

^ a b c Mattingly, p. 760.

9.

^ Mattingly, Heiser, and Pratt, pp. 3724.

10.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, pp. 1247.

11.

^ a b Henderson and Blazowski, p. 124.

12.

^ Flack, p. 441.

13.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, p. 127.

14.

^ a b Mattingly, Heiser, and Pratt, p. 379.

15.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, p. 128.

16.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, p. 129.

17.

^ Mattingly, Heiser, and Pratt, p. 368.

18.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, pp. 12930.

19.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, p. 110.

20.

^ a b Henderson and Blazowski, p. 111.

21.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, pp. 111, 1257.

22.

^ Benson, Tom. Combustor-Burner. NASA Glenn Research Center. Last Updated 11 Jul 2008.
Accessed 6 Jan 2010.

23.

^ Flack, p. 442.

24.

^ Flack, pp. 4423.

25.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, p. 106.

26.

^ Mattingly, Heiser, and Pratt, pp. 3778.

27.

^ Flack, pp. 4424.

28.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, pp. 1067.

29.

^ Henderson and Blazowski, p. 108.

30.

^ Mattingly, p. 757.

31.

^ Flack, p. 444.

32.

^ CFM'S Advanced Double Annular Combustor Technology. Press Release. 9 Jul 1998. Accessed
6 Jan 2010.

33.

^ Ekstedt, Edward E., et al (1994). U.S. Patent 5,323,604 Triple annular combustor for gas turbine
engine].

34.

^ Schilling, Jan C., et al (1997). U.S. Patent 5,630,319 Dome assembly for a multiple annular
combustor].

35.

^ a b c d e Verkamp, F. J., Verdouw, A. J., Tomlinson, J. G. (1974). Impact of Emission Regulations

on Future Gas Turbine Engine Combustors. Journal of Aircraft. June 1974. Vol. 11, No. 6. pp. 340344.

36.

^ a b c Sturgess, G.J., and Zelina, J., Shouse D. T., Roquemore, W.M. (2005). Emissions Reduction
Technologies for Military Gas Turbine Engines. Journal of Propulsion and Power. MarchApril 2005. Vol.
21, No. 2. pp. 193217.

37.

^ Mattingly, pp. 7701.

38.

^ Flack, pp. 4456.

39.

^ Mattingly, p. 747.

40.

^ Stull, F. D. and Craig, R. R. (1975). Investigation of Dump Combustors with Flameholders. 13th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Pasadena, CA. 2022 January 1975. AIAA 75-165

41.

^ Waltrup, P.J. and White M.E., Zarlingo F., Gravlin E. S. (2002). History of U.S. Navy Ramjet,
Scramjet, and Mixed-Cycle Propulsion Development. Journal of Propulsion and Power. Vol. 18, No. 1,
JanuaryFebruary 2002.

42.

^ Goyne, C. P., Hall, C. D., O'Brian, W. F., and Schetz, J. A. (2006). The Hy-V Scramjet Flight
Experiment. 14th AIAA/AHI Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference. AIAA
2006-7901. Nov 2006.

Bibliography

Flack, Ronald D. (2005). "Chapter 9: Combustors and Afterburners". Fundamentals of

Jet Propulsion with Applications. Cambridge Aerospace Series. New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81983-1. http://books.google.com/books?
id=MLlmJSRUY50C&pg=PA440.

Henderson, Robert E.; Blazowski, William S. (1989). "Chapter 2: Turbopropulsion

Combustion Technology". In Oates, Gordon C.. Aircraft Propulsion Systems Technology
and Design. AIAA Education Series. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics. ISBN 0-930403-24-X.

Mattingly, Jack D.; Heiser, William H.; Pratt, David T. (2002). "Chapter 9: Engine
Component Design: Combustion Systems". Aircraft Engine Design. AIAA Education
Series (2nd ed.). Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN
1-56347-538-3.

Mattingly, Jack D. (2006). "Chapter 10: Inlets, Nozzles, and Combustion Systems".
Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets. AIAA Education Series. Reston, VA:
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 1-56347-779-3.
[show]

Aircraft gas turbine engine components, systems and terminology

Types

Propfan

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components

Terminology

Turbojet

Turboprop

Turboshaft

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Afterburner (reheat)

Axial compressor

Centrifugal compressor

Combustor

Constant speed drive

Propelling nozzle

Turbine blade

Bypass ratio

Compressor stall

Core power

Core size

Flameout

Integrated engine pressure ratio (IEPR)

Windmill restart

Propeller governor

Autofeather

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Proprotor

Scimitar propeller

Variable pitch

Terminology

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