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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
English is the most widely used by the countries in the world and become
a commodity that language must be owned and controlled by most people in the
world. Many residents in various countries in the world to wear the English
language as a communication tool in the important international meetings.
Mastery of English is very important because almost all global resources in
various aspects of life using English. (Richards & Rodgers, 1999)
Basic sentence construction is something learned in begining English
language courses; however, as life happens and time goes by, many of these
first learned English fundamentals begin to elude us (Quick Study Academic:
English Grammar & Puntuation, 2013)
Learning and understanding English becomes a necessity that can not be
avoided. By learning English, someone will open horizons and knowledge
internationally. English has the function and big role. One of the implications
that looks are more people are trying to learn to master English. (Crystal, 2001)
One of the things that can not be separated from learning to master the
English language is to understand the way of writing. Writing in English is a
skill that is most difficult because it must have sufficient capacity corresponding
rules of the English language. Some of the points that must be understood in
writing English that clause, types of sentence, and correction symbol (Anker,
Susan. 2009)
Sentence is an organized series of words that allows you to make a
statement, ask a question, express a thought, offer an oppinion an ideas
(Marchel Danesi, Ph.D., 2006).
The English Sentences is an amazing thing. It has a limited set of distinct
part (phrases and clauses), but these parts can be strong together and rearranged
in a seemingly endless variety of ways. Furthermore, there is an incredible
volume of words from which a writer can draw. This flexibility of parts and
variety in vocabulary make it possible to write a sentence that no one has ever
written or even spoken before (Brian Backman, 2008).
To achieve a good quality of writing, needed an effort for perfection in
accordance with procedures English writing. To produce the correct of writing,
is not easy in the process. Certainly found errors in the way of writing. To
investigate faults, takes symbol aimed at marking the wrong points (Maarek,
2009
1.2 Purpose
1.2.1 General Purpose
To demonstrate and explain about the sentence structure in English
1.2.2 Specific Purpose
1. Students can understand the concept of understanding written
English
2. Students can understand the concept of understanding written
information
1.3 Benefits
Students know and understand penggunaam sentence structure in English and
understanding written English
CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION TOPIC
A. Clause and Sentence Structure
1. Clause
Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of words
that contains a subject and a verb. Adjective: clausal (Sidney Greenbaum
and Gerald Nelson, 2009). An examples:
Clauses
Not Clauses
Subject
Verb
Ecology is a science
Subject
Because pollution
Verb
causes cancer
All sentences contain at least one verb clause. Verb clauses are also
referred to as main clauses.
2. Noun Clause
Noun clauses begins with a wh- question word, that whether, and
sometimes if. A noun clause acts like a noun; it can be either the
subject or an object of the independent clause (Oshima, Alice and
Hogue, Ann. 2007)
For example, the following italicized clauses are examples of
noun clauses:
Whether you will pay for the damage is not even a question.
The judge has given that you behaved well after your
arrestsome consideration.
Noun
clauses
prototypically
perform
performed
nominal
by
functions,
noun
phrases.
or
functions
The
nine
The restaurant where you left you purse is known for its unique
pasta dishes.
phrase
modifiers,
and noun
clause
modifiers.
Adjective clauses are also referred to as relative clauses. The
subordinating conjunctions that introduce adjective clauses are also
called relative pronouns.
4. Adverb Clause
Adverb clauses acts like an adverb; that is, it tells where, when,
why, and how. An adverb clause begins with a subordinator, such as
when, while, because, although, if, so, or, that (Oshima, Alice and
Hogue, Ann. 2007)
For example, the following italicized clauses are examples of
adverb clauses:
After she gave the baby a bath, she decided to take a nap.
The girl cannot usually eat beef stew because she is allergic
to carrots.
Type of clause
Independent
Clause
Dependent
Clause
Verb Clause
Noun Clause
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause
Verb
(Complement)
Example:
Water
Subject
evaporates
Verb
Complement
Formula:
Subordinator + Subject + Verb
(Complement)
Or
Subordinator + Independent Clause
water
Subject
evaporates
Verb
Independent Clause
7
1. Noun Clause
a noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Within a sentence, it
may be used as the subject, the direct object, a predicate noun, or an
objective complement. Noun clauses are usually headed by one of the
following words: that, who, whoever, whom, whomever, what, whatever.
Because they are nouns, they frequently become part of the basic structure
of an independent clause (Obrecht, Fred. 2000).
Noun clauses, which function gramatically as nouns:
Example:
They knew that the gun was loaded
The clause which underline have a functions as the direct object of
the verbs in the main clause
3. Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause used as an adverb. Adverb clauses
are usually headed by a subordinating conjunction such as if, unless,
because, before, after, since, as. Because they are adverbs, they are the
most movable of modifiers, and can appear in various positions throughout
the sentence. Remember that all adverbs, including adverb clauses, answer
the questions how, when, where, and why about the verb (Obrecht, Fred.
2000).
Examples:
Because it was so cold that night, Stan started up the main furnace
The adverb clause which underline tells why he start up the main
furnace
I will give you a gold pocket watch when you graduate from high school
The adverb clause which underline tells when will give a gold pocket
watch
2. Sentence Structure
Grammar deals with the rules for combining words into a larger units.
The Largest unit that is described in grammar is normally the sentence.
Sentence is an organized series of words that allows you to make a
statement, ask a question, express a thought, offer an oppinion an so on. In
writing, a sentence starts with capitalized word and ends with a period, a
question mark, or an exclamation mark (Marchel Danesi, Ph.D., 2006).
This is a national definition about sentences : it defines a term by the
the notion or idea it conveys. The difficulty with this definition lies in fixing
what is meant by a complete thought (Sidney Greenbaum, 2009)
The Building blocks of grammar are sentences, clauses, phrases and
words. These four units constitute what is called the gramatically hierarchy,
So sentences are at the top and the largest units of the grammatical hierarchy
(Gerald Nelson, 2011).
Sentences
Clause
when the plane landed, the ground crew removed the cargo.
10
Verb
(Complement)
boils
Verb
11
Comma (,)
Coordinator
12
Reference: Lutz, Gary and Stevenson, Diane. 2005. Grammar Desk Reference: The
Definitive Source for Clear and Correct Writing. Ohio. The Writers Digest
Example
Independent Clause
Conjunctive Adverbs
Semicolon (;)
Comma (,)
13
Formula:
Independent Clause + Semicolon (;) + Independent Clause
Reference: Oshima, Alice and Hogue, Ann. 2007. Introduction to Academic
Writing, Forth Edition. New York. Pearson Education
Example:
Independent Clause
Polland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from communism;
Independent Clause
Semicolon (;)
14
Formula:
Independent Clause + Dependent Clause
Or
Dependent Clause + Comma(,) + Independent Clause
Reference: Oshima, Alice and Hogue, Ann. 2007. Introduction to Academic
Writing, Forth Edition. New York. Pearson Education)
Comma Rule:
In a complex sentence, when the dependent clause comes first, separate
the clause with a comma. When the independent clause comes first, do
not separate them (Oshima, Alice and Hogue, Ann. 2007).
Example:
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
Independent Clause
Comma (,)
The dependent clause in complex sentence can function as adjectives, as
adverbs, or as noun (Gary Lutz, 2005), an Examples:
Mary fried the eggs which her son had brought from the market
Independent Clauses
Mary fried the eggs when her family finaly came downstairs
Independent Clauses
15
Formula:
C ompound sentence + Dependent Clause
Or
Complex sentence + Independent Clause
Example:
Complex Sentence
Dependent Clause
Independent Clause
16
Use
Example
Connect a reason to a
result
Conjunction
For
morning
And
ideas
Nor
But
Or
sentences
ideas
catch them
choices
Yet
Connect equal
contrasting ideas
So
Connects a result to a
reason
morning, so I am little
hungry
17
Subordinating Conjunction
To tell a time
After
As
As soon as
Before
Since
until
When
Whenever
while
Because
Since
As
Where
Wherever
Although
Even though
Though
While
18
Whereas
Relative Pronouns
To refer to people
Who
Whom
That
(informal)
That
When
Conjunctive Adverb
second, finally
19
contrast
To intesify
To make a comparison
To
express
relationship
To
introduce
clarification
To introduce a conclusion In conclusion, in short, to sum up, in sum, in
or summary
brief
Reference: Lutz, Gary and Stevenson, Diane. 2005. Grammar Desk Reference:
The Definitive Source for Clear and Correct Writing. Ohio. The Writers Digest
20
B. Correction Symbols
SYMBOL
P
MEANING
Punctuation
INCORRECT
CORRECT
Missing word
am
I am working in a restaurant
I working in a restaurant
^
=
Capitalization
Needed
VT
Verb Tense
Angeles.
I never worked as a cashier until
VT
Subject-verb
Agreement
SV
TS
Tense Shift
TS
After I went to the store, I eat the the ice cream I bought.
ice cream I bought.
Close Space
Space Needed
Spelling
SP
The maneger is woman.
PL
Plural
21
Unnecessary
Word
Missing Word
WF
Wrong
Word
Form
WW
Wrong Word
WF
Her voice is delighted.
The
food
is
delicious.
WW
The food is delicious. Besides, Therefore, the restaurant is
the restaurant is always crowded. always crowded.
PN
Word
Order
day.
Pronoun
Reference
PN
They are always fresh.
Error
RO
Run-on (Fused
Sentences)
OR
Lily is hardworking: therefore,
she is employee of the month.
OR
Because Lily is hard worker,
she is she is employee of the
month.
OR
Lily is employee of the month
because she is hard worker.
22
CS
Comma Splice
Frag.
Fragment
as
above
run-on
corrections.
Transition
Mt.
SAC
Needed
services.
has
many
Subject
Is open from 6 p.m. until the last The restaurant is open from 6
Needed
customer leaves.
Verb Needed
Prep.
Conj.
Art.
Preposition
Needed
Prep.
We start serving dinner 6.p.m.
Conjunction
The garlic shrimp, fried clams, The garlic shrimp, fried clams,
Needed
broiled lobster are the most and broiled lobster are the most
Article Needed
popular dishes.
popular dishes.
Art.
Diners expect glass of water
Art.
table.
Faulty
Paralleism
Coll
Slang/Colloqui
alism
Coll
I am going 2 class right now
Coll
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DM
Dangling
Modifier
OR
I realized the traffic was
unusually heavy as I went to the
store.
Syn.
Syntax
Syn.
I to the store with Dan went.
Awk.
Awkward
ww
ww
Wrong word
Rep.
Repetitive
is
always
This error occurs, often times, Take out repetitive material and
when a writer repeats the same revise accordingly.
idea, word(s), concepts, ets.
???
Confusing
Passage
Clarify
and
revise
accordingly.
ideas
topic.
for
thoughts/ideas
break
and
in
revise
accordingly
Indent
keyboard.
Reference:
Oshima, Alice and Hogue, Ann. 2007. Introduction to Academic Writing, Forth
Edition. New York. Pearson Education
Maarek, Samia. 2009. The Effectiveness of Correction Symbols as Feedback in
Enhancing Self Correction in Writing The Case of First-Year Students.
Constantine: Mentouri University
24
CHAPTER 3
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Sentence is an organized series of words that allows you to make a
statement, ask a question, express a thought, offer an oppinion an so on. In
writing, a sentence starts with capitalized word and ends with a period, a
question mark, or an exclamation mark (Marchel Danesi, Ph.D., 2006).
A sentence represents an eventuality. An eventuality is an action or an
event or a state of affairs: something that happens or something taht is. The
sentence represents an eventuality by separating out the type of eventuality
from the abstract or concrete things which are involved in the eventuality. The
type of the eventuality is prototypically represented by the verb (Nigel Fabb,
2005)
To achieve a good quality of writing, needed an effort for perfection in
accordance with procedures English writing. To produce the correct of writing,
is not easy in the process. Certainly found errors in the way of writing. To
investigate faults, takes symbol aimed at marking the wrong points (Maarek,
2009).
3.2 Suggestion
From this paper, we hope that the students can understand and know about
written structure of a sentence in English
25
REFERENCE
Anker, Susan. 2009. Real Essay with Readings with 2009 MLA Update: Written
Projects for College, Work, and Everyday Life. New York
Apriyanti, Ida Dkk. 2014. Symbols In Teachers Written Feedback And Their
Meanings. Surabaya
Brian Backman.2008. Building Sentence Skills: Tools for Writing the Amazing
English Sentence. USA. Teacher Created Resources,inc.:
Burton, Barbara S.,MA. 2001. English Grammar Comprehension dwibahasa.
Jakarta. Grasindo
Crystal, David. 2001. Language and the Internet.Cambridge. Cambridge University
Press.
Danesi, Marcel. 2006. Basic American Grammar and Usage: An ESL/EFL
Handbook. New York. Barrons Educational Series.
Fabb, Nigel.2005. Sentence Structure: Second Edition. USA. Routledge
Greenbaum ,Sidney and Gerald Nelson. 2016. An Introduction to English
Grammar, 4th ed. New York. Pearson Education.
Hopper, Paul J. 1999. A Short Course in Grammar. New York: W. Norton &
Company
Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the grammar of English. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Lutz, Gary and Stevenson, Diane. 2005. Grammar Desk Reference: The Definitive
Source for Clear and Correct Writing. Ohio. The Writers Digest
Maarek, Samia. 2009. The Effectiveness of Correction Symbols as Feedback in
Enhancing Self Correction in Writing The Case of First-Year Students.
Constantine: Mentouri University.
Nelson, Gerald. 2011. English an Essential Grammar 2nd edition. New York.
Routledge
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