Challenges and Solutions For GPS Receiver Test: Agenda

Challenges and
Solutions for GPS

Receiver Test
Presenter: Mirin Lew

January 28, 2010
2010 Agilent Technologies
Agenda
GPS technology concepts
GPS and GNSS overview
Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
Basic tests required for GPS receiver verification

Test solutions
Signal creation for GPS receiver test
A-GPS test systems
GNSS = Global Navigation Satellite Systems
GPS and GNSS Overview

GPS: Global Positioning System
System owned and operated by the U.S.
government
Civilian service freely available to users
worldwide
Military service available to selected
agencies only
GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite
System
General term for any satellite-based
navigation system
Includes multiple systems worldwide
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Galileo
Joint effort of European Community and European Space Agency
2 test satellites in orbit, contracts awarded for first 14 satellites, up to 32
satellites operational by 2014
Interoperability agreement signed with GPS
4 services (open service, paid commercial service, safety of life service,
public regulated service) as compared to 2 GPS services (public and
private)
Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
Russian system first launched by Soviet Union in 1982
Became non-functional for most applications in the 1990s
Currently being restored, 22 satellites in orbit as of Dec. 2009
Particularly good coverage over upper latitudes (Northern Europe)
Compass (Beidou-2)
Chinese system
3 satellites are up, 12 satellites by 2012 to provide regional service
Eventually 30 satellites
GNSS Related Systems

Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS)
Geostationary satellites transmit correction and integrity data for GNSS
system over the GNSS frequency. Provides increased positioning accuracy.
Europe:
European Geostationary
Overlay Service (EGNOS)
North America:
Wide Area
Augmentation System
(WAAS)
India:
GPS and GEO Augmented
Navigation (GAGAN)
India: Indian
Regional Navigation Satellite System
(INRSS) - 2012
Japan:
Multifunctional Satellite
Based Augmentation
Satellite System (MSAS)
Japan:
Quazi Zenith Satellite
System (QZSS) - 2013
Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS)

Intended for improved coverage over limited areas
GPS Technology Overview

Constellation of 24 active satellites in orbit (up
to 32 satellites total)
Each satellite transmits its current location and
time
Each satellite transmission is synchronized to
the rest by atomic clock
Minimum of 4 satellites required for 3D location
calculation
Major segments of the system
Space: Satellites or Space Vehicles (SV) orbiting the
Earth twice a day at 20,200 km
Control: Ground stations provide navigation
information update and SV control
User: GPS receiver
How Does GPS Work in the Real World?

Space Segment
GPS Data
Uplink data:
Satellite orbital information
Position constants
Clock correction factors
Atmospheric data
Almanac
Monitor Stations
Master
Control
Station
User
Control segment
GPS Transmitted Signal

Satellite GPS signal has 3 components:
Carrier wave: 1575.42 MHz (L1) & 1227.60 MHz (L2)
Ranging (pseudo-random) codes: Coarse acquisition (C/A) code and precise (P) code
Navigation message: 50 bit/s contains ephemeris data (detailed orbital information for the
transmitting satellite) and almanac data (more general orbital information for all satellites)
L1 Carrier 1575.42 MHz
90
C/A Code 1.023 MHz
L1 Signal
+
Navigation Data 50 Hz
(Civilian use)
modulo 2 adder
modulator
P Code 10.23 MHz
+
L2 Carrier 1227.6 MHz
L2 Signal
(Military use)
Navigation Message
Navigation message
25 pages/frames
37,500 bits
12.5 minutes
Sub-frame 1
Sub-frame 2
300 bits
6 seconds
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Sub-frame 3
Sub-frame 4
Sub-frame 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TLM
HOW
TLM
HOW
Handover word (HOW)

30 bits
0.6 seconds
Almanac
17 bits
Time of week
TOW
7 bits
6 bits
parity
reserved
6 bits
Partial
almanac &
other data
ID
16 bits
Ephemeris
TLM
HOW
Ephemeris
parity
8 bits
preamble
Telemetry word (TLM)

30 bits
0.6 seconds
Satellite health
and clock
correction data
TLM
HOW
TLM
HOW
Frame (page)
1500 bits
30 seconds
Worst Case: 30 seconds to receive full ephemeris data

12.5 minutes to receive full almanac data
Almanac and Ephemeris Files

Almanac File
Contains data on the health and general orbital information for every satellite in the constellation.
Updated weekly.
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/GPS/almanacs.htm
Ephemeris File
Contains detailed information on the orbit of an individual satellite. Updated every 2 hours.
http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gnss_datasum.html#brdc
Data from the almanac can be used to create a scenario file that contains the
satellite information for a specific date, time, and location.
Ephemeris data files can be used to create a GPS signal that more accurately
represents the actual signals broadcast at that date, time, and location.
Agenda


Test solutions
A-GPS test systems
GNSS = Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Technique for cellular network to assist mobile phones GPS receiver to lock to
satellites and achieve location fix more quickly
Fulfills U.S. FCCs E911 directive which mandated fast and accurate location of mobile
phones by emergency services
Needed due to low GPS signal levels that may be seen by mobile phones when indoors or
in areas without direct view of sufficient satellites
Allows mobile phones GPS receiver to acquire location fix much more quickly
Base station provides assistance data to mobile phones. Data includes:
Navigation: precise satellite orbital information

Almanac: coarse orbital information
Time of Week: GPS time
Ionosphere: single frequency (L1) correction factors
Reference location: initial estimate of location
Acquisition assistance: data to aid in locating or tracking satellites
Real-time integrity: list of bad satellites
UTC model: leap second time correction for GPS time
How Does A-GPS Work in the Real World?

Space Segment
Uplink data:
Satellite ephemeris
Position constants
Clock correction factors
Atmospheric data
Almanac
Monitor Stations
GPS Assistance
Server
Network Downlink:
Coarse Time
Ephemeris Data
Coarse Location
(100m accuracy)
Almanac
Master
Control
Station
Control segment
Cellular Network
User
A-GPS Operation
Assistance Data Transportation
Control plane: Uses dedicated messaging on network control channels
User plane: Uses existing standard Internet protocol (IP) based data
connections; also called Secure User Plane Location (SUPL)
A-GPS Modes
Mobile station/user equipment (MS/UE) Assisted (older method)
MS/UE supplies GPS measurements to network
Network combines with assistance server data, calculates and transmits
location back to mobile
Typically used with control plane
MS/UE Based (newer method)

MS/UE uses assistance data to calculate location
Transmits location back to BS
Used with user plane (less network dependent)
Agenda


Test solutions
A-GPS test systems
Typical Tests for GPS Receiver Verification

Time To First Fix (TTFF)
Cold, warm, hot start conditions
Sensitivity
Acquisition sensitivity
Tracking sensitivity
Location Accuracy
Absolute and relative accuracy
Moving GPS receiver accuracy
Satellite tracking accuracy
Time to First Fix (TTFF)

For cold, warm, hot start conditions
Time between start of GPS signal and the acquisition of a location fix by
the GPS receiver
May be tested under different conditions or states of the GPS receiver:
Cold start: Receiver does not have time or position information, no valid
ephemeris (or almanac) data (typical TTFF 30-50 sec, may be up to several
minutes)
Warm start: Last position and approximate time known, valid almanac, no valid
ephemeris data (typical TTFF 30-40 sec)
Hot start: Time and last position known, valid almanac and ephemeris (typical
TTFF 1-5 sec)
Need to specify satellite power level when testing TTFF
Test requires a multi-satellite GPS signal with valid navigational messages
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Acquisition sensitivity
Tracking sensitivity
Sensitivityminimum = -174dBm/Hz + C/Nominimum + NFreceiver
Minimum level of signal that allows GPS receiver to acquire or track the GPS signal
(may also be specified in terms of C/No)
Acquisition sensitivity: minimum level to successfully perform TTFF under cold
start (typically around -140 to -150 dBm)
Tracking sensitivity: minimum level to maintain location fix once it has been
attained (typically -150 to -160 dBm)
Test requires multi-satellite GPS signal with valid navigational messages for TTFF,
and real-time satellite power control to reduce power levels to test sensitivity
Location Accuracy
Location Accuracy
Absolute and relative accuracy
Moving GPS receiver accuracy
Satellite tracking accuracy
Absolute location accuracy: Closeness of the receivers calculated
location fix to the ideal (simulated) location
Relative location accuracy: Compares location fixes between tests
May be tested for both stationary and moving GPS receivers
Satellite tracking accuracy: Track location of single satellite
Tests require multi-satellite GPS signal for location fix, repeatable test
scenarios, moving GPS receiver scenarios, and ability to vary power and
other satellite parameters to test tracking
Secondary GPS Verification Tests
Calculate reacquisition time

Time required to resume location fix following loss of
signal
RF interference measurements
Measures the ability of the GPS receiver to operate in
the presence of interfering (jamming) signals (second RF
source required)
Why You Need GPS Simulation
GPS simulation offers the following advantages over live satellite

signals:
Repeatability
Ensure exact replication of the signal conditions for each test
Flexibility
Use different scenarios to simulate different locations and times, with different
satellites and orbits
Control
Use standard test scenarios throughout your process
Stress Testing
Turn individual satellites on/off and change satellite power
Reduce satellite visibility
Introduce specific, known impairments
Requirements for GPS Test Signals

GPS Signal Simulation
Feature
Test Challenges Met
Multiple channels to simulate multiple

satellites (4 to 15)
Minimum of 4 for TTFF. 15 allows you to

reproduce all satellites visible from any
location.
Stationary and moving GPS receiver

scenarios
Test more realistic case of moving GPS

receiver as well as simple stationary case
Real-time satellite power adjustments,

satellite visibility on/off
Test sensitivity, ability to reacquire satellite

signals
Custom scenario generation capability
Flexibility to create scenarios for any date,

time, or location
TTFF
Sensitivity
Accuracy
Requirements for GPS Test Signals

Impairments
Feature
Test Challenges Met
Multipath signals (requires more

channels)
Simulate real-world situation with reflected

signals from obstructions
Reduced satellite visibility: partial or

complete, elevation mask
Test loss of visibility due to tunnels,

mountains, or other obstructions
Ionospheric and tropospheric modeling
Account for atmospheric effects on GPS

signals (refraction, delay)
Add calibrated AWGN
Add broadband noise to control C/No of

GPS signal
TTFF
Sensitivity
Accuracy
Agenda


Test solutions
A-GPS test systems
Agilent GPS Receiver Test Solutions

E4438C-409 GPS Personality
N7609B Signal Studio for Global Satellite

Navigation Systems (GNSS)
MXG Signal Generator or
ESG Signal Generator
ESG Signal
Generator
Real-time GPS Signal Generation for

RealManufacturing and GPS verification
Perform standard GPS verification tests
Accuracy
Sensitivity
Pre-configured scenarios
8 satellites simulation
Up to 4 hours simulation time
A-GPS Bench-top Solution with the 8960
Basic GPS verification

without impairments
PXB Baseband
Generator and Channel
Emulator
Real--time GPS Signal Generation for R&D

Real
Perform standard GPS verification tests with impairments:
Multipath signals (24 total channels)
Real-time control of satellite visibility and power
Introduce atmospheric effects (ionospheric and
tropospheric)
Add calibrated AWGN
Edit or create new scenarios (option RFP)
Up to 15 visible satellites
Moving GPS receiver scenarios
Up to 8 hours simulation time (8 channels)
A-GPS Pre-conformance Solution with the 8960
Advanced GPS verification

with impairments for full characterization
N7609B Signal Studio for GNSS
PERFORMANCE: Create the GPS signals

required for full GPS receiver verification
FLEXIBILITY: PXB/MXG platform will allow
signal creation of other wireless standards
EXPANDABILITY: Integrate into A-GPS
pre-conformance system with 8960 addition
Recent new features in blue
Agilent N5106A PXB

Baseband Generator and Channel Emulator
Industry-Leading Baseband Performance
Up to 6 baseband generators (BBG)
120 MHz BW & 512 MSa of playback memory per BBG
Support I/Q outputs or upconvert to RF with ESG/MXG
512 MSa RF and digital I/Q signal capture
Advanced Channel Emulation with AWGN

Up to 8 real-time faders with up to 24 paths/fader and dynamic
fading
Supports MIMO fading and channel models, antenna setup, and
custom correlation matrix
Comprehensive Signal Creation Tools

Multi-frame Signal Studio applications running in the PXB
Arb: LTE FDD, Mobile WiMAX, W-CDMA, GSM/EDGE, 802.11

WLAN, digital video, LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA
Real-time: LTE FDD, GPS, DVB-T/H
Support Matlab, SystemVue, ADS waveform playback
Save Time, Maximize the Value of Your Investment

Automated power calibration including RF instruments in seconds
Leverage existing MXA for RF input, MXG/ESG for RF output, and
N5102A for digital I/Q input/output
On-site upgrade of baseband and I/O cards in one hour
www.agilent.com/find/pxb
Page 27
Real-time Satellite Simulation with 24 Channels

Navigation Mode
Real-world GPS satellite signals
with actual navigation data
Simulate up to 15 satellites
24 channels can be used for lineof-sight satellite signals or
multipath signals
Up to 8 hours playback time with 8
satellites
Stationary (static) or moving GPS
receiver (dynamic) scenarios
Screen shot from u-Center software by u-blox AG
N7609B User Interface

Real-time Individual Satellite Control
Turn off these

5 satellites
Reduce power in
these 3 satellites
by 6 dB
N7609B User Interface
Screen shot from u-Center software by u-blox AG
24 Channel Simulation
Static Test Mode
Test satellite tracking capability of a GPS receiver or IC
24 channels
Select SV PRN ID
Individual power, delay (in chips or ms), and Doppler shift settings
Custom 30-bit GPS word input
Unlimited playback time
Scenario Generation (Option RFP)

Create scenarios for any time, date, and location
Create static or dynamic scenarios for
stationary or moving GPS receivers
Up to 15 satellites (depends on
scenario)
Specify moving scenarios through a
NMEA (GGA) format file
Include ionospheric or tropospheric
impairment models
Specify elevation mask for urban
canyon environment
For A-GPS:
Input ephemeris data into the
scenario
Output ephemeris and A-GPS
assistance data for each scenario
Scenario Editing (Option RFP)

Customize scenarios with multipath impairments
Add multipath signals for
any visible satellite
Up to 24 channels (combined
satellite and multipath)
Specify Doppler shift, delay,
and power offset for each
multipath
Other editing features:
Delete channel
Channel power offset
Equalize all satellite
power
Trim scenario play time
Scenario Editing
Graphical Display of Channels & Satellites vs. Time
N7609B + PXB and MXG/ESG

Summary
Reliability and repeatability in GPS signal simulation
Perform standard GPS receiver tests
Time to First Fix (Cold, warm, or hot start conditions)
Location accuracy (Relative, absolute, moving receiver, satellite
tracking)
Sensitivity (acquisition and tracking)
Interference testing (requires 2nd RF source)
Flexibility in configuring and customizing GPS receiver tests
signals
Stationary or moving GPS receiver conditions
Satellite channel power adjustments in real-time
Introduction of multipath signals
Reduced satellite visibility (partial or complete loss of visibility)
Introduce ionospheric and tropospheric impairments
GPS signals with calibrated AWGN
N7609B + PXB and MXG/ESG

Summary
Scenario generation capability
Stationary or moving GPS receiver scenarios
NMEA (GAA format) file input mode for scenario creation
Up to 8 hours playback time with 8 channels
Scenario editing
Create custom scenarios with the following editing capabilities
Multipath impairment
Individual satellite power adjustments
Deletion of specific satellites visibility during the scenario playback period
Static test mode
Test GPS tracking capability for any combination of satellite PRNs (varying
Doppler shift, power, and delay settings)
Ability to integrate into A-GPS test solution with the 8960
Agenda


Test solutions
A-GPS test systems
A-GPS Test Solution Overview

Satellite Simulator
(E4438C-409 ESG or
N7609B with PXB)
GPS Assistance
Server
Assistance Data
User
Cellular Network

Satellite Simulator
(E4438C-409 ESG or
N7609B with PXB)
A-GPS
Data
GPS Assistance
Server
Assistance Data
Assistance
Data
User
Cellular Network
Control Plane mode
Base Station Emulator

(8960 Series Wireless
Communications
Test Set)

Satellite Simulator
(E4438C-409 ESG or
N7609B with PXB)
A-GPS
Data
GPS Assistance
Server
Location Server
Emulator
(E6965A Software)
Assistance Data
Assistance
Data
User Plane mode
User
Cellular Network
Base Station Emulator
(8960 Series Wireless
Communications
Test Set)
CTIA Over-the-Air (OTA) Mobile Phone Testing

U.S. wireless carriers require compliance to
CTIA specs, which mandate OTA A-GPS testing
Key test is Total Isotropic Sensitivity (TIS),
performed in an anechoic chamber with antenna
positioning system: measures GPS receiver
sensitivity under A-GPS conditions and GPS
antenna patterns
Test systems available from Agilent partners
ETS-Lindgren and Satimo, incorporating E4438C
ESG signal generator with Opt. 409 GPS
personality, 8960 with Lab Application, and
custom test software/drivers
Design Verification and Pre-Conformance Test

GS-9000 A-GPS Design Verification Test Systems:
Scalable systems for R&D engineers who are designing and testing A-GPS
capabilities in chipsets and mobile devices. Solutions cover GSM, W-CDMA, and
cdma2000.
GS-9000 Lite
Prototype Phase
R&D Product Life Cycle

Pre-Certification
Certification
GS-9000 Standard
GS-9000 Lite Capabilities:

Bench top System for R&D
3GPP Defined Test Cases 2G/3G (51.010/34.171)
Sensitivity Coarse Time Alignment (70.11.5.1/5.2.1)
Nominal Accuracy (70.11.6/5.3)
Dynamic Range (70.11.7/5.4)
GPS and A-GPS measurements

TTFF (time to first fix)
Raw satellite data (Satellite ID, C/No, Doppler, Code Phase,
and Pseudo Range Error)
Reporting of latitude and longitude with mobile based
methodology
2D error calculation and reporting
Multiple GPS scenarios (8)
Flexibility to test beyond the standards for R&D

Individual satellite power control
GPS time advancing
Sensitivity searches
Power sweeps
User friendly GUI, test executive, test automation

GS-9000 Standard Capabilities:

Comprehensive System for Pre-Conformance Test
3GPP Defined Test Cases 2G/3G (51.010/34.171)

Sensitivity Coarse Time Alignment (70.11.5.1/5.2.1)
Sensitivity Fine Time Alignment (70.11.5.2/5.2.2)
Nominal Accuracy (70.11.6/5.3)
Dynamic Range (70.11.7/5.4)
Multi-path performance (70.11.8/5.5)
Moving Scenario and Periodic Update (5.6)
GPS and A-GPS Measurements

Support A-GPS over the user plane with the
E6965A Location Server Emulator (SUPL server)
TTFF (time to first fix)
Raw satellite data (Satellite ID, C/No, Doppler,
Code Phase, and Pseudo Range Error)
Positions estimation with Mobile-Assisted
methodology
Reporting of latitude and longitude with mobile
based methodology
2D error calculation and reporting
Multiple GPS scenarios (12)
Flexibility to test beyond the standards for R&D
Individual satellite power control
GPS time advancing
Sensitivity searches
Power sweeps
User defined GPS scenarios
Complete test executive for test plan creation and
execution
For More Information

Agilent Resources
Application Notes:
GPS Receiver Testing, Literature number 5990-4934EN http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/59904943EN.pdf
Functional A-GPS Receiver Testing Using 8960 Wireless Communications Test Set and E4438C ESG
Vector Signal Generator, Literature number 5989-9141EN http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/59899141EN.pdf
Agilent GPS solutions: www.agilent.com/find/gps
Agilent A-GPS solutions: www.agilent.com/find/agps
Upcoming Webcast on Feb. 4th: How to Test A-GPS Capable Cellular Devices and Why Testing is Required
www.agilent.com/find/A-GPSwebcast
Industry Resources
GPS Tutorials and Links:
http://www.ublox.com/en/tutorials-links-gps.html
http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.shtml
U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center: GPS status, almanacs, link to ephemeris data, general GPS information:
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/default.htm
European Space Agency: Information on Galileo: http://www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html
Russian Space Agency: Information on GLONASS, almanac: http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru

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Challenges and Solutions For GPS Receiver Test: Agenda

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Challenges and

Solutions for GPS

Presenter: Mirin Lew

2010 Agilent Technologies

Basic tests required for GPS receiver verification

GNSS = Global Navigation Satellite Systems

2010 Agilent Technologies

GPS and GNSS Overview

2010 Agilent Technologies

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

2010 Agilent Technologies

GNSS Related Systems

Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS)

2010 Agilent Technologies

GPS Technology Overview

2010 Agilent Technologies

How Does GPS Work in the Real World?

2010 Agilent Technologies

GPS Transmitted Signal

C/A Code 1.023 MHz

P Code 10.23 MHz

Handover word (HOW)

Telemetry word (TLM)

Worst Case: 30 seconds to receive full ephemeris data

2010 Agilent Technologies

Almanac and Ephemeris Files

2010 Agilent Technologies

GPS technology concepts

Basic tests required for GPS receiver verification

2010 Agilent Technologies

Assisted GPS (A-GPS)

Base station provides assistance data to mobile phones. Data includes:

Navigation: precise satellite orbital information

2010 Agilent Technologies

How Does A-GPS Work in the Real World?

2010 Agilent Technologies

MS/UE Based (newer method)

GPS technology concepts

Basic tests required for GPS receiver verification

2010 Agilent Technologies

Typical Tests for GPS Receiver Verification

2010 Agilent Technologies

Time to First Fix (TTFF)

Time To First Fix (TTFF)

2010 Agilent Technologies

Secondary GPS Verification Tests

Calculate reacquisition time

2010 Agilent Technologies

Why You Need GPS Simulation

GPS simulation offers the following advantages over live satellite

Requirements for GPS Test Signals

Test Challenges Met

Multiple channels to simulate multiple

Minimum of 4 for TTFF. 15 allows you to

Stationary and moving GPS receiver

Test more realistic case of moving GPS

Real-time satellite power adjustments,

Test sensitivity, ability to reacquire satellite

Custom scenario generation capability

Flexibility to create scenarios for any date,

Requirements for GPS Test Signals

Test Challenges Met

Multipath signals (requires more