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CEN 330 - Concrete Design I

Introduction

T. Salem

Reinforced Concrete Structures


Reinforced concrete is a dominant structural
material in engineered construction.

Fig. 1-1 Massive reinforced concrete oil drilling structure.


Fig. 1-2 Concrete arch bridge.

Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete


Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in
tension.

Fig. 1-3.

Plain concrete beam fails when cracks form.


In reinforced concrete beam, tension forces
for equilibrium are developed in the bars.
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Reinforced Concrete Members


RC structures consist of a series of members
that interact to support the loads.

Factors Affecting Choice of RC


The choice of material (RC, steel, timber)
depends on:
1. Economy.

RC floor systems are thinner than steel systems overall


reduction in height of building (lower wind load, savings in
claddings). But pay attention to construction time.

2. Suitability of material for architectural and


structural function.
Concrete can be given any desired shape and texture by
means of the forms and finishing techniques.

Factors Affecting Choice of RC


3. Fire resistance.
Concrete has 1-3 hour fire rating without fireproofing. Steel
or timber must be fireproofed to attain similar ratings.

4. Rigidity.

Due to the greater stiffness and mass of a concrete


structure, vibrations are seldom a problem.

5. Low maintenance.

Concrete members require less maintenance than steel or


timber.

6. Availability of materials.

Sand, gravel, water, cement and concrete mixing facilities


are widely available, and steel bars can be transported easily.
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Factors Affecting Choice of RC


Some factors may cause one to select other
material:
1. Low tensile strength.

Tensile strength = (1/10) Compressive strength.

2. Forms and shoring.

Construction of cast-in-place structures involves:


(a) construction of the forms, (b) removal of these
forms, (c) shoring the new concrete to support its
weight until its strength is adequate.

Factors Affecting Choice of RC


3. Low strength per unit of weight or volume.

Compressive strength of concrete = 5-10% that of steel.


Unit density of concrete = 30% that of steel.
Concrete structures require larger volume and bigger weight.

4. Time dependent volume changes

Deflections tend to increase with time due to creep.

Building Codes and ACI Code


General Building Codes
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
SEI/ASCE 7-10 American Society of Civil Engineers
International Building Code

Design Codes
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Am. Conc. Inst. (ACI)
Manual of Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel construction (AISC)
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
National Design Specifications for Wood Construction, American Forest and
Paper Association (AFPA)
Manual for Railway Engineering, American Railway Engineering Association
(AREA)

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