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Tendency
Prepared By: Dr. N.V. Ravi,
Sr. Executive Officer, BOS,
ICAI.
Quantitative Aptitude & Business Statistics
According to Prof.Horace
Secrist:
z
By
single expression
representing the whole
group,is selected which may
convey a fairly adequate idea
about the whole group.
z This
single expression is
known as average.
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
z 1.It
z 4.It
should be easily
subjected to further
mathematical calculations
z 5.It should be least affected
by fluctuations of sampling
10
11
X=
x
i
i=1
n
12
13
X=
f1 + f2 + f3 +....+ fn
f x
i=1
n
f
i=1
i i
14
X = A+
fd
15
Marks
No. of
Students
16
Marks
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
Mid
values
(X)
5
15
25
35
No.of
d= X-45
Students
10
(f)
10
-4
20
-3
30
-2
50
-1
17
f.d
-40
-60
-60
-50
Marks
Mid
No.of
d= X-45 f.d
values Students
10
(X)
(f)
40-50
45
40
0
0
50-60
55
30
1
30
N=180
fd=180
18
Solution
z Let
us take assumed
mean =45
z Calculation from
assumed mean
z Mean
x = A+
fd C = 45 + 180 *10
N
180
= 35
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
19
40
50
60
20
Solution:
Let us first convert Less than series
into continuous series as follows
Marks
No. of
10
students
20
30
3040
4050
50-60
50
40
30
180150=30
150110=40
30-10=20
60-30=
3
11060=50
21
10
20
170 150
30
40 50
60
120 70 30
22
Solution:
Let us first convert More than series
into continuous series as follows
Marks
No. of
students
180-170=10
0-10
10
1020
20
2030
30
170-150=20
150-1
2
3040
50
40-50 5060
40
30
50
=
0
-7
120
0=30
30-0=30
70-30=40
23
Marks
No. of
Students
24
Solution
fd
180*10
A
C
x
=
+
=
45
+
z Mean =
N
180
= 35
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
25
Marks
0.5-10.5
10.5-20.5
20.5-30.5
30.5-40.5
40.5-50.5
50.5-60.5
d=X-45.5 f.d
Mid
No.of
10
values Students
5.5
15.5
25.5
35.5
45.5
55.5
10
20
30
50
40
30
N=180
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
-40
-60
-60
-50
0
30
fd=
-180
26
Marks
No. of
Students
60
50
40
20
27
28
fd
220 X 10
Mean= x = A +
C = 45 +
180
N
= 32.778
29
Marks
Mid
values
No. of
Students
d= X-45.5
10
f.d
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
5
15
25
35
45
55
10
30
30
50
40
20
N=180
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
-40
-90
-60
-50
0
30
fd=-220
30
31
Solution
z
Step2:
X1 = 30; X2 = 15
N1 X 1 + N 2 X 2
X 12 =
N1 + N 2
=20
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
32
33
z
z
34
W .X
W
35
Mathematical Properties of
Arithmetic Mean
z 1.The
36
z 3.The
formula of Arithmetic
37
z 4.If
38
z Similarly
39
z When
40
41
z 4.It
42
z 6.The
formula of arithmetic
mean can be extended to
compute the combined
average of two or more
related series.
43
z 7.It
44
by extreme values
i.e . Very small or very big
values in the data unduly
affect the value of mean
because it is based on all the
items of the series.
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
45
z 2.Mean
46
Median
The middle score of the
distribution when all the scores
have been ranked.
z If there are an even number of
scores, the median is the
average of the two middle
scores.
z
47
48
Mean
Mean
Median
49
Median
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
Median = 5
Median = 5
50
N N +1
=
+
Median (M)=Average of
2
2
Item
51
25,55,5,45,15 and 35
Solution ;Arrange the items
5,15,25,35,45,55,here N=6
Median =Average of 3rd and 4th
item=30
z
z
z
52
Median (M)=Size of = N + 1
Item
2
53
c
M = L +
f
54
Quartiles
z The
55
z The
56
57
58
N +1
Q1 = Size
th
4
Item
3( N + 1)
Q 3 = Size
th
4
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
Item
59
Octiles
The values of variate that
divides the series or the
distribution into eight equal
parts are known as Octiles .
z Each octile contains 12.5% of
the total number of
observations .
z
60
61
j ( N + 1)
O j = Size
th Item
8
4 ( N + 1)
O 4 = Size
th Item
8
62
Deciles
63
64
j ( N + 1)
D j = Size
th Item
10
5 ( N + 1)
D 5 = Size
th Item
10
65
Percentiles
The values of variate that divides
the series or the distribution into
hundred equal parts are known as
Percentiles .
z Each percentile contains 10% of
the total number of observations .
z Since 99 points are required to
divide the data into 10 equal parts
,we have 99 deciles(p1 to p99)
z
66
j ( N + 1)
P j = Size
th Item
100
p 50
50 ( N + 1)
th Item
= Size
100
67
68
No. of
Students
0-10
10
30
50
40
69
30
Marks
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
No. of
Students
(f)
10
20
30
50
40
30
N=180
Cumulative
Frequencies
(c.f.)
10
30
60
110
150
180
70
N 180
=
= 90
2
2
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
71
180
60
10
M = 30 + 2
50
M = 30 + 6 = 36
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
72
Merits of Median
z 1.Median
is not affected by
extreme values .
z 2.It is more suitable average
for dealing with qualitative
data ie.where ranks are given.
z 3.It can be determined by
graphically.
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
73
Limitations of Median
1.It is not based all the items of
the series .
2.It is not capable of algebraic
treatment .Its formula can not
be extended to calculate
combined median of two or
more related groups.
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
74
Median By Graph
Y
3N/4
N/2
Frequency
N/4
Less than
Cumulative
curve
More than
Cumulative Curve
Q1 M Q3
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
CI
75
Mode
z
z
z
z
z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
76
Mode
The most frequent score in the
distribution.
z A distribution where a single
score is most frequent has one
mode and is called unimodal.
z
77
78
Mode (Z)=30
79
f1 f 0
c
Z = L +
2 f1 f 0 f 2
Where Z= Mode ;L=Lower limit of the Mode Class
f0 =frequency of the pre modal class
f1=frequency of the modal class
f2=frequency of the post modal class
C=Class interval of Modal Class
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
80
010
10
5060
30
81
Marks
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
No. of
Students
(f)
10
20
30 f0
50 f1
40 f2
30
N=180
82
f1 f0
c
Z = L +
2
f
f
1 0 2
50 60
Z = 30 +
10
2 50 30 40
= 30 + 6.667 = 36.667
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
83
Y
Calculation Mode Graphically
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
84
85
86
Example
z
87
Solution
z
Mode=3median -2Mean
=3(52.40)-2(55.60)
Mode =46
z
z
88
Example
z
Solution
Y m=2+1.50*15=24.50
89
Merits of Mode
1.Mode is the only suitable
average e.g. ,modal size of
garments, shoes.,etc
z 2.It is not affected by extreme
values.
z 3.Its value can be determined
graphically.
z
90
Limitations of Mode
1.In case of bimodal /multi
modal series ,mode cannot be
determined.
z 2.It is not capable for further
algebraic treatment, combined
mode of two or more series
cannot be determined.
z
91
92
Geometric mean
xG = n x1 x2 xi xn
1/ n
= xi
i =1
n
93
log X
G.M = Anti log
n
94
f . log X
G .M = Anti log
95
96
z 4.It
97
Limitations of Geometric
Mean
z 1.Its
difficult to understand
and calculate.
z 2.It cannot be computed
when there are both negative
and positive values in a
series
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
98
z 3.It
99
Calculation of G.M
:Individual Series
From the following data
calculate Geometric Mean
Roll No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Marks
15 25 35 45 55
100
X
5
15
25
35
45
55
log X
0.6990
1.1761
1.3979
1.5441
1.6532
1.7404
log
X=8.2107
101
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
log X
G.M = Anti log
n
8.2107
= Al
6
= Anti log(1.3685)
= 23.36
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
102
103
logx
1
2
3
2.0414
2.0792
2.1139
10
20
30
110
120
130
log
X=6.2345
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
104
log X
G.M = Anti log
n
6.2345
= Al
= Anti log(2.0782)
= 119.8
105
w.log X
G.M = Antilog
w
106
N
H.M=
1 1 1
1
+ + +.......
+
X1 X2 X3
Xn
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
107
108
109
z 4.It
110
difficult to understand
and calculate.
z 2.It cannot be computed
when one or more items are
zero
111
z 3.It
112
15 25 35 45 55
113
l/x
0.2000
15
0.0666
25
0.0400
35
0.0286
45
0.0222
55
0.0182
(1/x)=0.3756
114
xH =
n
i =1
1
xi
6
=
0 . 3576
= 15 . 9744
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
115
z
z
4
H.M =
1 1 1 1
+ + +
6 8 12 36
H.M=9.93
116
HM =
w
w
(X
i
i
117
12
22
32
..n2
118
Weighted AM =
Wi.Xi
Wi
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
3
12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ..... + n 2
n 2 ( n + 1) 2
=
n( n + 1)(2n + 1)
3 n ( n + 1)
=
2 ( 2 n + 1)
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
119
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
2
23
HM
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
n ( n + 1)( 2 n + 1)
=
w
(X
n ( n + 1)
2
2n + 1
=
3
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
120
i
i
i
z
z
z
z
121
G2=A.H
122
123
z
z
z
z
124
z 2. In
a asymmetrical
distribution ____
z
(a) AM = GM = HM
z
(b) AM<GM<AM
z
(c) AM<GM>HM
z
(d) AM GM HM
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
125
z 2. In
a asymmetrical
distribution ____
(a) AM = GM = HM
(b) AM<GM<AM
(c)
AM<GM>HM
AM GM HM
(d)
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
126
127
z .3. The
points of intersection of
the less than and more than
ogive corresponds to ___
z
(a) mean
z
(b) mode
z
(c) median
z
(d) all of above
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
128
4.
z
z
z
z
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
mean
geometric mean
grouped mean
none of these
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
129
z
z
z
z
z
mean
geometric mean
grouped mean
none of these
130
5.
z (c)
mode
meanmedian=2(mean
(d)meanmode=3(meanmedian)
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
131
5.
z (c)
meanmedian=2(mean
mode
z
(d)meanmode=3(meanmedian)
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
132
z
z
z
z
133
134
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
136
15, AM is ____
z (a) reduced by 15
z (b) increased by 15
z (c) reduced by 10
z (d) none of these
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
137
15, AM is ____
z (a) reduced by 15
z (b) increased by 15
z (c) reduced by 10
z (d) none of these
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
138
139
z
z
z
z
z
140
141
10.Histogram is useful to
determine graphically the value of
z (a) Mean
z (b) Mode
z (c) Median
z (d) all of above
z
142
143
144
z
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
145
146
z
Quantitative aptitude & Business
Statistics: Measures Of Central
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
z
z
z
z
155
z
z
z
z
156
z
z
z
z
157
z
z
z
z
158
z
z
z
z
159
z
z
z
z
160
z
z
z
z
161
z
z
z
z
162
z
z
z
z
163
z
z
z
z
164
z
z
z
z
165
z
z
166
z
z
z
z
167
z
z
z
z
168
169
170
z
z
z
z
171
z
z
z
z
172
THE END
Measures Of Central Tendency