EXCAVATION

WHAT IS AN EXCAVATION?

WHO IS A COMPETENT PERSON ?

IN GENERAL, EXCAVATION MEANS TO LOOSEN AND .TAKE OUT MATERIALS LEAVING SPACE ABOVE OR
BELOW GROUND.AN EXCAVATION IS A MAN-MADE CUT, CAVITY, OR DEPRESSION IN THE EARTHS
SURFACE. EXCAVATIONS CAN BE ANY SIZE: WIDE, NARROW, DEEP, OR SHALLOW. EXCAVATION IN
MOST SITUATIONS NOWADAYS IS DONE BY MECHANICAL MEANS. HOWEVER, THE EXACT METHOD TO
BE ADOPTED STILL DEPENDS UPON A NUMBER OF FACTORS:
EXCAVATION CUT INTO SLOPE
1. NATURE OF SUBSOIL AFFECT TYPE OF MACHINE USED AND THE NECESSITY OF SOIL
PROTECTION.
2. SIZE OF EXCAVATION AFFECT TYPE OF MACHINE USED AND METHOD TO EXCAVATE.
3. SCALE OF WORK LARGE VOLUME OF EXCAVATION MAY INVOLVE COMPLICATED PHASING
ARRANGEMENT AND WORK PLANNING
4. GROUND WATER CONDITION AFFECT DEGREE OF PROTECTION (WATERTIGHT SHEET PILING OPEN FACED EXCAVATION
OR DEWATERING MAY REQUIRED.)
5. SURROUNDING CONDITION IMPOSE CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS (EG. DIVERSION
OF A GOVERNMENT DRAIN, OR UNDERPINNING WORK TO THE NEARBY BUILDING FOUNDATION)

ONE WHO IS CAPABLE OF IDENTIFYING EXISTING AND PREDICTABLE

HAZARDS IN THE SURROUNDINGS, OR WORKING CONDITIONS WHICH
ARE UNSANITARY, HAZARDOUS, OR DANGEROUS TO EMPLOYEES, AND
WHO HAS AUTHORIZATION TO TAKE PROMPT CORRECTIVE MEASURES
TO ELIMINATE THEM.
SOIL TESTING
VISUAL TESTING

VISUAL TESTS
SOIL THAT REMAINS IN LARGE CLUMPS WHEN EXCAVATED MAY BE
COHESIVE. SOIL THAT BREAKS UP EASILY IS GRANULAR.
LOOK FOR CRACKS OR FISSURES IN THE FACES OF THE EXCAVATION.
LOOK FOR LAYERS OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES AND THE ANGLE OF THE
LAYERS IN THE FACE OF THE EXCAVATION THAT MAY INDICATE
INSTABILITY.
LOOK FOR WATER SEEPING FROM THE SIDES OF THE EXCAVATION.
LOOK FOR SIGNS OF PREVIOUSLY DISTURBED SOIL FROM OTHER
CONSTRUCTION OR EXCAVATION WORK.

HOW CAVE-INS OCCUR ?

UNDISTURBED SOIL STAYS IN PLACE BECAUSE OPPOSING
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FORCES ARE EVENLY BALANCED. WHEN
YOU CREATE AN EXCAVATION, YOU REMOVE THE SOIL THAT PROVIDES
HORIZONTAL SUPPORT. SOIL WILL EVENTUALLY MOVE DOWNWARD
INTO THE EXCAVATION. THE LONGER THE FACE (A SIDE OF THE
EXCAVATION) REMAINS UNSUPPORTED, THE MORE LIKELY IT IS TO
CAVE IN.

TOPPLING
BULGING

MANUAL TESTS

SLIDING

EXCAVATION

SLOPE
EXCAVATION

BEARING PILE

SECENT PILE

DIAPHRAM WALL

VERTICAL SOLDIER &

HORIZONTAL LAGGING

COLUMN
PILE CAP
PILES OR
OTHER TYPE
OF DEEP
FOUNDATION

SECONDARY
PILES

PRIMARY
PILES

SUITED TO HARD DRIVING

THROUGH DIFFICULT
GROUND CONDITIONS EG
SILTY, FINE, WATER BEARING
SAND CONTAINING COBLES
AND BOULDERS/ DENSE
SANDS AND GRAVELS/
GLACIAL TILL AND ARE
PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE
WHEN FOUNDED ON ROCK
OR A SIMILAR HARD
STRATUM.

DRILLED SHAFTS
CONSTRUCTED IN
SUCH A WAY THAT THE
SHAFTS OVERLAP EACH
OTHER TO FORM A
WALL. A TYPICALLY
CONSTRUCTED WALL
WOULD CONSIST OF 36INCH DIAMETER
SHAFTS DRILLED AT 30
INCHES ON CENTER.

EXCAVATION

POCKET PENETROMETERS
OFFER MORE ACCURATE
ESTIMATES OF UNCONFINED
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.
THESE INSTRUMENTS
ESTIMATE THE UNCONFINED
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
SATURATED COHESIVE SOILS.
WHEN PUSHED INTO THE
SAMPLE, AN INDICATOR
SLEEVE DISPLAYS AN
ESTIMATE IN TONS PER
SQUARE FOOT OR KILOGRAMS
PER SQUARE CENTIMETER.

BEARING PILE ARE IDEALLY SECANT PILES ARE

DIAPHRAM WALL
1. TRENCHING UNDER

SLURRY
2. END STOP INSERTED

3. REINFORCEMENT CAGE
LOWERED INTO SLURRY

FILLED TRENCH
4. CONCRETING BY PIPES

PLASTICITY TEST. SHAPE A

SAMPLE OF MOIST SOIL INTO
A BALL AND TRY TO ROLL IT
VERTICAL SOLDIER AND
INTO THREADS
HORIZONTAL LAGGING
ABOUT 1/8-INCH
IN DIAMETER.
SOLDIER PILES ARE FAST TO
COHESIVE SOIL
CONSTRUCT. .
LAGGING CONSTRUCTION CAN BE WILL ROLL INTO
1/8-INCH THREADS
VERY QUICK.
CONSTRUCTION OF SOLDIER PILE WITHOUT
CRUMBLING.
AND LAGGING WALLS DOES NOT
REQUIRE VERY ADVANCED
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES.

INTRODUCTION

MANUAL TESTING

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

SHEET NO.

THUMB
PENETRATION
TEST. THIS TEST
ROUGHLY
ESTIMATES THE
UNCONFINED
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF A
SAMPLE. PRESS
YOUR THUMB INTO
THE SOIL SAMPLE.
IF THE SAMPLE
RESISTS HARD
PRESSURE IT MAY
BE TYPE A SOIL. IF
ITS EASY TO
PENETRATE, THE
SAMPLE MAY BE
TYPE C.

MANAS ARORA
3RD YEAR - B
VASTU KALA ACADEMY

DRY STRENGTH TEST.

HOLD A DRY SOIL
SAMPLE IN YOUR
HAND. IF THE SOIL IS
DRY AND CRUMBLES
ON ITS OWN OR WITH
MODERATE PRESSURE
INTO INDIVIDUAL
GRAINS OR FINE
POWDER, ITS
GRANULAR. IF THE
SOIL BREAKS INTO
CLUMPS THAT ARE
HARD TO BREAK INTO
SMALLER CLUMPS, IT
MAY BE CLAY
COMBINED WITH
GRAVEL, SAND, OR
SILT.

SIGNATURE :

ABOUT SITE :
AVJ BUSINESS PARK (HOTEL & COMMERCIAL
COMPLEX)
LOCATION : PLOT NO. C, COMMUNITY CENTRE, ANAND
VIHAR, DELHI
PLOT AREA - 28,800.00.00 SQ.FTS.
BULLTUP AREA - 2,25,000.00 SQ.FTS.
NO. OF FLOOR G+11 FLOORS
F.A.R 3.75
TYPE OF EXCAVATION SLOPE EXCAVATION
NO. OF BASEMENT 3 (15M BELOW GROUND LEVEL)
FOUNDATION TYPE RAFT FOUNDATION
WORK IN PROGRESS SINCE 3 MONTHS

MUD BAGS

SLOPE
(X : Y)

TYPE OF SOIL
SOLID ROCK, SHALE OR CEMENTED SAND
AND GRAVELS
COMPACT ANGULAR GRAVELS

0:1
1/2 : 1

RECOMMENDED SLOPE FOR AVERAGE

SOILS
COMPACT SHARP SAND

1:1
1 1/2 : 1

WELL-ROUNDED LOOSE SAND

2:1

EXCAVATION

MUDE BAGS WERE PLACED

AT SLOPE TO REDUCE THE
RISK OF COLLAPSING OF
SOIL

RAFT FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION

SLOPE EXCAVATION IS USED IN THIS SITE. SLOPING

PROVIDE PROTECTION BY REMOVING MATERIAL
FROM THE FACE OF AN EXCAVATION AT AN ANGLE TO
ITS FLOOR; IN GENERAL, THE FLATTER THE ANGLE,
THE GREATER THE PROTECTION.
VERTICAL SOLDIER AND
HORIZONTAL LAGGING
H-PILES ARE DRILLED AT REGULAR
INTERVALS ALONG THE PLANNED
EXCAVATION PERIMETER. LAGGING
CONSISTING OF WOOD, STEEL OR
PRECAST CONCRETE PANELS IS
INSERTED BEHIND THE FRONT
PILE FLANGES AS THE EXCAVATION
PROCEEDS.

DUE TO PRESENCE OF PETROL PUMP ADJACENT TO THE

SITE, AND EXTRA PROTECTION IS PROVIDED TO AVOID
CAVE IN. VERTICAL I-SECTION AND HOROZONTAL
WOODEN PLANK WERE PLACED TO STOP SOIL FROM
COLLAPSING.

EXCAVATION

SITE VISIT :
SLOPED EXCAVATION

SOIL TESTING

ADDING RMC

RAIN, VIBRATION, AND PRESSURE

FROM HEAVY EQUIPMENT CAN MAKE
SOIL UNSTABLE AND INCREASE THE
RISK OF A CAVE-IN. SLOPED
EXCAVATIONS THAT SHOW SIGNS OF
CRACKS, BULGES, OR CLUMPS OF
SOIL THAT FALL AWAY FROM THE
FACES ARE DANGEROUS AND MUST
BE INSPECTED.

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

SHEET NO.

ADDING WATER
PROOFING AGENT

ADDING TERMITE
PROOFING AGENT

SIGNATURE :
MANAS ARORA
3RD YEAR - B
VASTU KALA ACADEMY