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I. I NTRODUCTION
Long Term Evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access and
Radio Access Network is a Fourth Generation (4G) wireless
broadband technology. It is aimed at commercial deployment
around 2010 timeframe and will offer high peak data rates
(100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink), low latency (10ms
round-trip delay), improved system capacity and coverage, reduced operating costs, multi-antenna support, efficient support
for packet data transmission, flexible bandwidth operations (up
to 20 MHz), and seamless integration with existing systems
[1]. This necessitates an efficient and reliable design of control
channels. In the downlink (DL), this control signalling encompasses scheduling grants, a control format indicator, and Hybrid Automatic Repeat-ReQuest (H-ARQ) acknowledgments;
see a recent overview [2] and references therein. This paper
is focused on the design and analysis of Physical Downlink
Control Channels (PDCCHs) that carry the DL scheduling
assignments and UL (uplink) scheduling grants.
Several issues regarding the design and analysis of PDCCHs
are discussed in this paper. In Sec. II some preliminaries
about LTE and LTE control channels are presented. Sec. III
studies the PDCCH interleaver. In Sec. IV, power boosting,
power lending, receiver handling of power boosting with
unknown boosting values are investigated. Based on mathematical analysis and/or simulations, conclusions have been
reached, including the simple subblock interleaver to achieve
desired interference randomization property; power boosting
and power boosting limits; and a method of handling power
boosting values unknown to the receiver in system simulations.
The persistent collision metrics of different types of interleavers were examined. Fig. 1 shows that the subblock
interleaver leads to excellent randomization for most of the
cell IDs (N = 192 and PDCCH 20% loaded).
15
Collisions
use a single random permutation common to all cells. A cellspecific permutation could then be derived from this random
permutation by adding certain values to the permutation sequence (with modulo N if applicable, where N is the total
number of REGs to be interleaved). Approach 3: Random
Permutation and Cyclic Sequence Shift, which cyclically shifts
the common permutation pattern by a cell-dependent offset.
Many interleaver designs were proposed and studied under
the last two approaches, such as Costas sequence interleaver,
QPP interleaver, subblock interleaver, etc.; see [6], [7].
10
Fig. 1.
50
100
150
200
250 300
Cell ID
350
400
450
500
N
N 1
= M 1, if j = 0.
(M 1)
Avg.
Sector
Case tput
1 5%-ile
edge
UE tput
Avg.
Sector
Case tput
3 5%-ile
edge
UE tput
Max
CDM
1
4
6
1
4
6
1
4
6
1
4
6
Ideal
Block
App2,
QPP
App3,
App2,
App3,
QPP Subblock Subblock
5327.4
6369.1
6433.2
152.6
193.9
229.0
5092.0
6112.6
6151.6
105.9
144.4
176.7
5327.4
6315.1
6281.8
153.6
187.5
192.3
5093.7
5999.5
5951.3
106.3
136.7
137.5
5327.4
6334.9
6309.1
153.6
189.8
192.8
5093.8
6041.9
6003.0
106.3
138.2
139.0
5327.4
6330.7
6301.9
153.6
189.1
193.7
5093.8
6035.6
5995.8
106.3
138.3
139.3
5327.4
6337.3
6313.4
153.6
189.3
194.1
5093.7
6047.5
6009.7
106.3
138.7
139.4
5327.4
6330.7
6303.0
153.6
187.9
193.5
5093.8
6035.4
5993.0
106.3
137.1
138.8
CRRI
PBRI
Costas
CSPI
5327.4
6329.2
6301.4
153.6
188.4
192.5
5093.7
6033.2
5988.6
106.3
138.2
139.4
5327.4
6329.6
6302.0
153.6
188.5
193.3
5093.9
6040.0
5992.3
106.3
138.0
139.2
5327.4
6326.0
6296.0
153.6
187.8
193.2
5093.6
6031.2
5985.3
106.2
138.2
138.6
5327.4
6330.1
6303.4
153.6
189.0
192.6
5093.9
6033.7
5988.2
106.3
139.0
139.6
Block
App2, QPP
0.04
App3, QPP
App2, Subblock
App3, Subblock
App2, Random seq1
0.03
CCH FER
0.01
0.975
0.98
0.985
0.99
0.995
CDF
Fig. 2. PDCCH FER vs. Culmulative Probability for LTE Deployment Case
1 with n = 2 and at most 6 UEs Scheduled per subframe
2 2i Re(
yi )|hi |2
.
LLRi =
2
2
2
2
2
2
D = 2.3039
2
2
D = 3.3309
2
D =1
D = 1.5476
10
10
-1
-2
FER
10
10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
-6
-6
-5.5
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
TABLE III
T HROUGHPUT P ERFORMANCE ( IN KBPS ) OF PDCCH P OWER B ORROWING
WITH n = 2 AND +/-6 D B POWER BOOSTING LIMIT
Max
IntraCCE
Power
Offset
Ideal
0
2
3
4
6
0
2
3
4
6
0
2
3
4
6
0
2
3
4
6
6433.2
6433.2
6433.2
6433.2
6433.2
229.0
229.0
229.0
229.0
229.0
6151.6
6151.6
6151.6
6151.6
6151.6
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
Avg.
Sector
tput
Case
1
5%-ile
edge
UE tput
Avg.
Sector
tput
Case
3
5%-ile
edge
UE tput
0.0%
12.2%
25.8%
33.3%
41.2%
borrow borrow borrow borrow borrow
58.5%
borrow
77.8%
borrow
6352.5
6352.2
6352.5
6350.5
6350.5
202.2
202.0
201.1
201.7
201.7
6039.4
6042.1
6042.2
6041.9
6041.9
152.5
151.4
151.4
150.6
150.6
6345.1
6342.3
6341.6
6340.2
6342.9
201.2
202.7
200.6
201.5
201.4
5718.5
5838.2
5875.4
5899.0
5921.9
141.4
145.5
146.4
147.0
146.7
6297.6
6292.5
6287.9
6285.3
6293.5
198.3
198.3
197.7
198.0
198.0
4924.0
5205.5
5318.6
5408.3
5567.5
101.6
114.2
119.3
124.0
132.2
6352.2
6352.1
6351.8
6351.4
6351.4
202.4
201.2
202.4
201.1
201.1
6032.5
6039.2
6038.0
6034.8
6034.8
151.1
150.6
151.3
152.4
151.2
6353.5
6351.6
6351.9
6350.5
6350.7
202.3
201.1
201.2
202.2
201.9
6010.5
6029.3
6027.6
6025.4
6026.3
150.6
151.6
152.2
150.9
151.6
6351.4
6352.7
6350.3
6349.7
6350.2
202.2
203.0
202.2
201.8
202.5
5953.9
6015.8
6019.2
6016.2
6016.2
149.6
150.7
150.0
151.4
151.3
6353.0
6348.8
6349.6
6348.3
6350.2
201.6
202.0
202.2
201.4
201.0
5911.4
5989.1
5999.3
6003.3
6003.2
146.3
150.0
149.5
150.4
151.0
TABLE IV
T HROUGHPUT P ERFORMANCE ( IN KBPS ) OF PDCCH P OWER B ORROWING
WITH n = 2 AND +/-9 D B POWER BOOSTING LIMIT
Max
IntraCCE
Power
Offset
Ideal
0
2
3
4
6
9
0
2
3
4
6
9
0
2
3
4
6
9
0
2
3
4
6
9
6433.2
6433.2
6433.2
6433.2
6433.2
6433.2
229.0
229.0
229.0
229.0
229.0
229.0
6151.6
6151.6
6151.6
6151.6
6151.6
6151.6
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
Avg.
Sector
tput
Case
1
5%-ile
edge
UE tput
Avg.
Sector
tput
Case
3
5%-ile
edge
UE tput
25.8%
33.3%
41.2%
0.0%
12.2%
borrow borrow borrow borrow borrow
58.5%
borrow
77.8%
borrow
6352.5
6352.7
6352.6
6352.6
6352.6
6352.6
202.2
201.6
201.3
201.3
201.3
201.3
6039.4
6038.8
6038.8
6038.8
6038.8
6038.8
152.5
151.3
151.3
151.3
151.3
151.3
6346.9
6346.1
6348.1
6347.5
6347.1
6349.0
201.7
202.9
201.8
200.8
201.9
202.0
5636.7
5791.9
5843.0
5875.6
5902.2
5905.2
138.6
144.3
146.4
147.2
147.1
144.7
6328.4
6329.1
6331.6
6331.2
6330.6
6330.8
201.0
200.7
200.8
201.9
201.3
201.3
4276.1
4720.1
4907.6
5060.8
5286.9
5427.1
86.7
102.2
111.5
117.3
124.8
129.1
6351.4
6352.8
6353.4
6353.4
6353.4
6353.4
203.0
202.3
202.1
202.0
202.0
202.0
6028.7
6035.0
6035.5
6035.3
6035.3
6035.3
151.6
151.2
151.2
150.5
150.5
150.5
6351.9
6351.9
6352.5
6351.0
6350.6
6350.6
201.9
201.4
201.4
202.2
202.0
202.0
6003.9
6025.0
6023.8
6025.5
6025.1
6025.1
150.4
150.9
151.5
151.6
149.3
149.3
6349.8
6350.7
6351.4
6351.9
6351.3
6351.6
202.7
202.6
201.9
201.6
201.5
201.9
5976.9
6008.1
6014.2
6012.6
6014.2
6014.9
150.3
151.1
150.7
150.6
150.7
150.7
6349.5
6350.3
6349.2
6349.4
6350.0
6349.3
202.1
202.2
201.6
201.7
201.5
201.8
5927.6
5978.7
5992.5
5996.3
5998.9
5997.3
148.5
150.9
150.8
151.4
151.4
150.2
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
7.5
7.25
6.5
6.75
6.25
5.5
5.75
5.25
4.5
4.75
4.25
3.5
3.75
3.25
2.5
2.75
2.25
8000
Assumption/Value
Hexagonal grid, 19 sites with wraparound, 3 cells/site
500 m (Case 1), 1732 m (Case 3)
L = 128.1 + 37.6log10(R), R in kilometers
As modeled in UMTS 30.03, B 1.4.1.4
8 dB
50 m
0.5
1.0
20 dB
2 GHz
5 MHz
15 kHz
180 kHz (12 subcarriers)
7.1 % (short CP)
1.0 ms
14
Typical Urban (TU) for PDSCH and PDCCH
10 per cell (uniform spatial distribution over cells)
IR, Chase combining (asynchronous)
6 subframes (6 ms)
8
-174 dBm/Hz
A R
min 12 R / R3dB
2 , Am
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2
10
12
14
S2 CCH power (Watts)
16
18
20
Fig. 4. Histogram of two control symbol powers after PDCCH power lending
Total BS TX power
BS antenna gain (incl. cable loss)
BS transmitter
UE speed
UE receiver
UE antenna gain
UE noise figure
CQI feedback delay
CQI subband size
CQI quantization
CQI feedback cycle
CQI Error
Link to system level interface
Traffic type
Scheduler
, T 3dB
= 70 degrees, Am