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SALMONELLOSIS
Various strain of Salmonella bacteria can cause diarrhea. This type of diarrhea
is rare in young piglets and is usually seen from weaning up to 6 months. Acute
deaths can occur.
CLINICAL SIGNS
heavy bacteremia
high fever
cyanosis of the skin (bluish skin) specially in the belly and eartips and skin
hemorrhages
little or no diarrhea before death
TREATMENT
Treatment should start first with isolation of infected animals to prevent the
spread of the disease to the group or herd. Remove the feed and provide clean
drinking water with electrolytes. Three (3) days treatment with antibiotics like
Ampicillin or Chloramphenicol (Please note that chloramphenicol is presently
banned for use in food animals in the Philippines). These should be followed with
feed or water antibiotics for 7 days.
PREVENTION
The disease can be prevented by implementing an all-in-all-out system in
fattening pigs. Maintain good hygiene and other general preventive measures. Also
take note that Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease.
Salmonellosis
Chronic forms
very slight with irregular periods of diarrhea and anorexia
severe loss of condition and persistent scouring
terminal peritonitis
PREVENTION
The disease can be prevented by implementing an all-in-all-out system in
fattening pigs. Maintain good hygiene and other general preventive
measures.
Also take note that Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease.
Ensure that gilts and new breeding stock entering the breeding herd are
properly at least one (1) month before breeding, should be implemented. This
establishes a common micro flora providing a fairly uniform immunity.
Still birth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, Infertility (SMEDI)
BRUCELLOSIS
This disease is caused by a bacterial organism, Brucella suis.
Importance of brucellosis:
Brucella suis is not a highly infectious organism. It spreads slowly between
and within herds, and you should be able to keep it out of your herd if you
take sensible precautions. But it is a serious disease, and you must always
think of it as such.
The disease is zoonotic. If brucellosis is suspected in your herd, take great
care that you and the farm caretakers do not get infected. Call in your
veterinarian immediately.
If it gets into your herd, it is difficult to eliminate. It causes long term
reproductive losses, and some types also cause a very nasty disease
(known as undulant fever) in people.
CLINICAL SIGNS
in male breeders
orchitic (inflammation of the testicles) which may lead to temporary or
permanent sterility
The organism multiplies in the testicles and/or the male accessory
reproductive glands and is then shed in the semen for prolonged periods.
The infection in the boars reproductive tract is usually permanent. The
damage that it does is irreversible.
in female breeders
PREVENTION
Healthy animals - buy stocks from Brucella-free pigs.
Proper quarantine procedures - This includes, in particular, the prevention
of exposure of the herd to infected pigs and the introduction of Brucellafree replacement pigs.
Testing animals for brucellosis (blood testing) - Repeated herd blood tests
with removal of positive reactors is a good preventive measure. However,
this may be effective if only a few pigs are infected but is likely to be
unsuccessful if many pigs are positive.
Proper disposal of manure and dead animals
Brucella - 'orchitis'
CLINICAL SIGNS
too many repeat breeders in the herd
intervals are often more than 21 days
LEPTOSPIROSIS
This disease is caused by a bacterial organism, Leptospira spp. Take
note that leptospirosis is infectious to human beings (zoonotic). The signs
are fever, headache, pain and stiffness of the muscles.
CLINICAL SIGNS
Animals may show various levels of inappetence, fever and
diarrhea which may last for about 3 days and which can easily be
overlooked
abortion (more common in the late stage of pregnancy (D90D110)
in cases of abortion, it is common to have piglets dying at
different stages of gestation
infertility does not occur in leptospirosis cases
The signs of the disease appear in 1-3 days post-farrowing. They
will be found lying in their beds, shivering or trembling.
The temperature ranges from 40oC-41oC.
The udder is hot and milk flow is inhibited. A thick, whitish to
yellowish discharge from vulva is seen by the end of the first or
second day.
TRANSMISSION
The disease is spread by way of urine. Animals can remain infectious
and continue shedding Leptospira spp. for years, since the infection
persists in the kidneys where these pathogens cannot be effectively
reached by the immune system.
TREATMENT
Treatment is possible using antibiotics. Streptomycin is most
effective in these cases.
PREVENTION
isolation of sick animals and new additions to the herd
cleaning and disinfection of pens and equipment
extermination of rats
administration of leptospirosis vaccines
keeping different classes of livestock separated
buying healthy stocks
STREPTOCOCCAL ARTHRITIS
CLINICAL SIGNS
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is found commonly in the nasal cavity
(nose or snout) of swine and is frequently a secondary invader
following pneumonia. Some of the signs to look for early in the
disease are rough haircoat and depression. As the disease
progresses, the animal suffers abdominal and chest pains. The pigs
show stretching movements with the front and hind limbs extended
particularly when first aroused. Other signs are labored breathing,
poor appetites and slight temperature elevations. Pigs may lie on
their chest rather than their sides. Lameness and enlarged joints
follow.
PREVENTION
involves good sanitation in the farrowing house.
Clipping navel cords and treating them with a disinfecting
solution is helpful.
A dry, warm, ventilated farrowing house is recommended for
controlling this disease.
Injections of a combination of penicillin and streptomycin will
work well in the early stages of the disease. When infection
becomes well-established, complete recovery maybe impossible.
CLINICAL SIGNS
When the virus first enters the breeding herd, disease is seen in dry and
lactating sows and suckling piglets. It has primarily reproductive and
respiratory manifestations. However, one of the early clinical signs include
a blue discoloration of the ears, hence its early name "blue ear pig
disease.
red eye symptom
TREATMENT
vitamins
high energy diet
Diarrhea of Piglets
While the consistency of manure may vary according to the diet
fed, diarrhea maybe considered to occur when through small or
large intestinal disease there is a change to a more fluid
consistency than normal. Clinical signs associated with small
intestinal disease may include vomiting, melena, poorly digested
feeds and bulky voluminous feces. Vomiting seldomly occurs in
cases of large intestinal diseases, however, there maybe bloody
stools, gross mucus on the feces, small and frequent defections
and tenesmus.
CLINICAL SIGN
Diarrhea as the main clinical sign. Minimal other signs of gastrointestinal
tract disease such as vomiting, anorexia, or colic.
Control and Treatment
In commercial farms, routine vaccination of sows against E. coli is
practiced coupled with improved husbandry practices. On the
other hand, it should be mentioned that the immunity of piglets
due to pre-farrowing vaccination is also dependent on adequate
colostrum and milk production.
It is therefore very important to ensure adequate colostrum
intake. As have been explained in the preceding discussions,
colostrum contains antibodies which helps protects young piglets
during their first few weeks of life. Natural immunization of gilts
during the quarantine period will boost immunity against common
farm pathogens.
Further, corrections of environmental defects: improve ventilation
(to avoid draughty conditions); daily and routine cleaning; keep
bedding dry and clean; keeping the creep area warm would
greatly improve the resistance of young piglets. Postponement of
scheduled piglet activities on weak piglets is also advisable as
these will give additional stress, further reducing their
resistance.
The administration of iron is also withheld if diarrhea is due to E.
coli. The explanation is that this bacterium needs iron as a source
of nutrient for multiplication. Iron administered will then serve as
an additional food for them. On the other hand, consult your
veterinarian for proper diagnosis and recommendations.
Electrolyte solution will help rehydrate the body fluids lost due to
excessive diarrhea. There are many commercially prepared
electrolyte solution available in the market. In some cases, creep
feed may cause diarrhea, withheld creep feed if diarrhea occurs
1-3 days after the introduction of feed.
yellowish diarrhea"
Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Epidermitis)
Caused
This is caused by infection of the skin with Staphylococcus
CLINICAL SIGN
The disease starts with reddening of the skin then becomes wet
and covered with crusts. It usually starts around the head then
spread over the body. It may sometimes resemble mange but the
crust are easy to remove and the skin below is wet, rough and
reddish. Pruritus is not common.
PREVENTION
Routine disinfection of nursery pens and farrowing crates is
recommended. Provide warm, dry, draft-free environment. If lice or
mange are evident, a control program should be instituted. Early
detection is necessary for successful eradication of exudative
epidermitis. Therapeutic doses of penicillin or tetracycline injected
3-4 days in the early stages of the disease may help. Once the lesion
becomes extensive, it may help to bathe the animal with mild soap
and water or disinfectant solutions (iodine or chlorine).
Internal Parasites
Parasites are very small animals (insects, worms) that live partly or
completely in the bodies of other "host", animals or plants.
Sometimes, they can be seen by the naked eye, sometimes a
microscope is needed, especially for the younger life stages of the
parasites.
Internal and external parasites are of economic importance to the
swine industry. Actual death losses from parasitism are extremely
low. However, the economic loss is significant, if proper diagnosis,
treatment and prevention are not carried out. By incorporating
standard health practices for controlling internal and external
parasites, you can help maximize your economic gain with healthy
hogs.
CONTROL
Eggs of worms are very resistant. They sometimes remain infectious
for up to five years! Most disinfectants are not effective against worm
eggs. What is important is to keep worm infestation at the lowest possible
level. As such, it is necessary to disrupt the life cycle of the parasites. This
can be achieved in various ways:
General hygiene, including regular cleaning and disinfection of the
pens will minimize intake of infectious larvae of intestinal and
kidney worms.
Ascaris suum
Ingested eggs go into the wall of the small intestine, where they
hatch and release larva (immature adults). This larvae migrate to
the liver (where they cause "milk spots"), staying there for
approximately one week before traveling through the blood stream
onto the lungs. In the lungs they will be cough-up and then
swallowed. They go back again to the small intestine where they
finally mature into adults. These adults then produce eggs that are
passed in the feces. Migration predisposes the animal to respiratory
infections and a variety of enteric diseases
Female worms hatched 200,000 eggs/day, which are passed through
the feces. Under warm and moist conditions, these eggs are
infective within eight (8) weeks. Hosts ingest infective eggs and the
cycle continues.
Matured asca
ris
Whipworm
SWINE INFLUENZA
(Swine flu, flu, influenza)
Swine influenza virus belongs to Influenza virus type A. The
incubation period is from 1-3 days or can be as short as 4 hours.
CLINICAL SIGNS
all ages are susceptible but more common among growers and
fatteners
rapid onset of disease, 1-3 days after the introduction of the virus
(or infected animal)
fattening animals develop sneezing, nasal and eye discharge and
coughing often associated with arched back
MYCOPLASMA HYOPNEUMONIA
(Mycoplasmal Pneumonia of Swine MPS; Enzootic Pneumonia of Swine,
EPS)
Transmission is primarily from pig-to-pig although long range
aerosol transmission is possible. Clinical signs within the herd are
dependent on the degree of infection, contributing pathogens and
environmental stress. Many producers are utilizing all-in-all-out system
for the farrowing and nursery units.
CLINICAL SIGNS
few pigs show specific symptoms, but Mycoplasma paves the way
for other disease condition such as Actinobacillosis or
Pasteurellosis which would make it more fatal
typical is a short, dry cough
low mortality, but effect is more on the growth of the animal with
very high feed conversion ratio
Infection in Piglets
draught
mixing/regrouping of pigs
origin of fatteners - different farms
bad micro-climate coupled with high air velocity
over-stocking
CONTROL
Antibiotics
Vaccination
Depopulation/Eradication.
Site of lesions (Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia)
ATROPHIC RHINITIS
Caused by toxins produced by Pasteurella multocida, these bacteria
adhere to the cells of the nose causing degeneration of the
turbinate bones resulting to twisted snouts. Other viruses and
bacteria, in particular Bordetella bronchiseptica. together with
ammonia, dust and cold air all damage the lining of the nose
allowing Pasteurella to colonize the nose. A scoring system in the
slaughterhouse is used in foreign countries to determine extent of
damage.
Control strategies
PARAKERATOSIS.
The major portion of this pig's
skin is wrinkled especially on the abdomen
and legs. It does not appear to be irritating to
the pig, although if there is secondary mange
infection, irritation will occur. Most consider
this as zinc deficiency, but mineral imbalances
involving calcium play an important role.
PARAKERATOSIS
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION
ON LACTATING SOWS
Can easily lead to mastitis and irritation
of the sow causing its refusal
to let her piglets suckle
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION ON
LACTATING SOWS
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION
This can easily be mistaken for mange problem. The characteristic
lesion is one of pus-filled insect bite-like wounds.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION
ACUTE PERITONITIS
On opening the abdominal cavity, a greenish watery fluid with
strands and sheets of fibrin escaped. The viscera, especially the
intestine, has 'bunched up' from the irritating peritoneal fluid which is
usually gastric fluid and bile. Maybe due to a chronic illness or ascarid
infection which punctured or damaged the biliary system (gall bladder).
ACUTE PERITONITIS
FIBRINOUS PERITONITIS
Many strands and clumps of fibrin are scattered in the abdominal
cavity. A castration wound is just visible between the legs. This might be
the source of infection and the most probable point of entry is the
inguinal canal. Without an accountable wound, one should suspect
Hemophilus spp. (Glasser's disease) in a poly serositis case.
FIBRINOUS PERITONITIS
AURAL HEMATOMA
Before (left) and after (right) the hematoma disappears. Such
conditions maybe due to fighting injuries or circulatory failure. The
VULVAR FISTULAE
Usually caused by injuries. On pregnant animal, there will be
difficulty in farrowing, while on dry sows, this could lead to an
internal infection.
IMPERFORATE ANUS
The piglet has been partially necropsied to explain the cut
tissue in the lower part. The area just above the tail should be
open. In this anomaly, the proctodeum (anus) did not open. On
female animal, megacolon may develop and may survive. This
condition is to be differentiated from atresia recti in which the rectal
lumen is constricted more cranially in the GI tract allowing insertion
of a finger or blunt instrument into the anus, at least as far up as
the constriction.
LEG WOUNDS/ABRASIONS
Facial wounds caused by faulty tooth clipping technique. This can lead
to greasy pig disease, if not, death of piglet can happen due to massive
infection.
EPISTAXIS (Nosebleed)
In living or recently dead animals, one should suspect things such as
trauma, foreign bodies, atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia or even bleeding
gastric ulcers with vomiting when one sees relatively fresh blood or blood
mixed with mucus or froth from the nose or mouth. It can also be seen
with extreme exertion and dyspnea.
GASTRIC TORSION
RECTAL PROLAPSE
Rectal prolapse in a farrowing sow. The animal recovered after
replacement of the prolapse.
RECTAL PROLAPSE
Rectal prolapse in a 16-kg. weaner, two days after onset
PSEUDORABIES/AUJESKYS DISEASE
Pseudorabies or Aujeskys Disease is a herpes virus infection
characterized by nervous and respiratory signs associated with a
rise in temperature and often leading to death in young pigs.
Infection in adults maybe inapparent or associated with stillbirth
or abortion.
Clinical signs
Piglets - Clinical signs begin 3-7 days after infection. Piglets may
vomit and may show diarrhea and then become depressed with
trembling and nervous symptoms (circling, dog-sitting position,
spasms, opisthotonos, head pressing) and death within 24 hours.
Adults - Up to 50% of affected pregnant animals abort or give birth
to mummified or macerated fetuses. Reproductive failure may follow
these abortions or early weaning consequent upon death of a litter.
Boars may be affected. Semen quality declines from 10-14 days postinfection for 1-2 weeks. Sperm abnormalities may occur
TREATMENT AND CONTROL
No treatment is possible at present. Antibiotics will prevent
secondary infections particularly of the respiratory system and
also reduce bacterial damage.
Routine vaccination is recommended in enzootic and high risk
areas. There is only one main serotype of the pseudorabies virus
which produces a strong long-lasting immunity. Vaccinated pigs
can become infected, but multiplication of the virus in the pigs'
tissues is limited, and so less is shed into the environment.
Vaccination also prevents the virus from crossing the placenta of
pregnant sows to infect the unborn piglets.
Piglets, which are suckling from vaccinated sows, receive colostral
protection which lasts about 6-8 weeks. This is the age when the
virulent pseudorabies virus would do most damage. During this time
the pigs cannot be vaccinated successfully because the maternal
antibodies neutralize the vaccine virus before it has had time to
stimulate an immunity (see p. 43 for vaccination schedule).
Measures to aid in disease eradication
DIFFERENT
KINDS
OF
SWINE
DISEASES
ENTERIC PROBLEM
REPRODUCTIVE
PROBLEM
SKIN
DISEASES
RESPIRATORY
PROBLEM
MISCELLANEOUS
CONDITIONS