Chapter 10

Chemical Bonding
chemical bond involves the _______ or
_______ of electrons to attain stable
electron configurations for the bonding
atoms
if electrons are completely transferred, the
bond is an _____ bond
if electrons are shared, the bond is a
________ bond
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Lewis Theory
Lewis theory a bonding theory (developed by G.
N. Lewis)
dot structure or Lewis structure it involves
representing ______________ as dots
surrounding the symbol of the element
i.e. electron configuration of oxygen
1s22s22p4 has __ valence electrons
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Lewis Symbols of Atoms

Lewis structure:

where each dot represents a valence e

with a maximum of __ dots per side
dots are usually filled singly first, then in a pair
Li

Be

O:

:F:

:Ne:
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Lewis Theory
octet rule in chemical bonding, atoms transfer or
share electrons so that all obtain outer shells with
__ electrons
achieving a noble gas electron configuration

exception: hydrogen may achieve stability

when it has __ electrons in its outermost shell
this element is said to follow the duet rule

ex: Write the Lewis structure for phosphorus

Writing Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds:

Electrons Transferred

Ex: Write the Lewis structure for the compound

MgO

Ex: Write the Lewis structure for a compound that

forms between sodium and sulfur elements

Writing Covalent Lewis Structures:

Electrons Shared

Electrons shared between two atoms are called

___________ electrons,
Electrons not shared between atoms but belong to a
particular atom are called ________ electrons
also known as nonbonding pairs

Writing Covalent Lewis Structures:

Electrons Shared
Bonding pair electrons are usually represented by
dashes to emphasize that they are a chemical bond

The Lewis theory explains why halogens form

_______ molecules

How about elemental hydrogen?

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Covalent Lewis Structures: Multiple Bonds

When ____ electron pairs are shared between two
atoms, the resulting bond is a ___________
these bonds are _______ and ________ than
single bonds
Consider oxygen gas:

Covalent Lewis Structures: Multiple Bonds

When _____ electron pairs are shared between two
atoms, the resulting bond is a __________
these bonds are _______ and ________ than
double or single bonds
Consider nitrogen gas:

Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds

1. Write the correct skeletal
structure for the molecule
most metallic element
generally central
many molecules tend to
be symmetrical
halogens and hydrogen
are generally terminal
(attached to the ends)
in oxyacids, the acid
hydrogens are attached to
an oxygen

Write a Lewis structure for

CO2:

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Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds

2. Calculate the total number of valence electrons for the
Lewis structure

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Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds

3. Attach atoms with pairs
of electrons and subtract
electrons used from total
begin with bonding
electrons
then add lone pairs on
attached atoms other than
central
finally add lone pairs on
central atom if electrons
still available
if octet rule not satisfied
on central atom, bring
lone pairs in from
attached atoms

add bonding electrons first:

O:C:O (4 out of 16 e used)

then add lone pairs on attached
atoms:

if octet not satisfied on central atom,

bring in lone pairs

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Writing Lewis Structures for

Polyatomic Ions
for anions, ____
add 1 to the total number of electrons for
the Lewis structure for 1 additional electron
i.e. Write the Lewis structure for the cyanide ion:

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Writing Lewis Structures for

Polyatomic Ions
for cations, ________
subtract 1 from the total number of
electrons for the Lewis structure for 1 fewer
electron
i.e. Write the Lewis structure for the ammonium ion:

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Exceptions to the Octet Rule

The Lewis structure for NO (having odd number of
electrons)
The Lewis structure that deals with boron (B):
boron shares 3 electrons to form three single bonds

Beryllium (Be) shares 2 electrons to form two single bonds

The Lewis structures of SF6 and PCl5 (for elements in
Period 3 or greater)

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Resonance: Equivalent Lewis

Structures for the Same Molecule
Write the Lewis structure for SO2:

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Electronegativity and Polarity

electronegativity ability of an element to ______
electrons within a covalent bond

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Electronegativity and Polarity

Consider a covalent bond in water:

dipole moment a measure of the separation of

_______ in a bond or in a molecule
represented by an arrow that points toward the
negative charge
polar covalent bond a covalent bond that has a
dipole moment; a covalent bond between atoms of
different ________________
the greater the difference in electronegativities
between atoms, the greater the dipole moment and
the more polar the bond
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Electronegativity and Polarity

nonpolar (____ covalent bond) a covalent
bond with no dipole moment
two atoms that form a covalent bond with
virtually ________ electronegativities
i.e.

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Electronegativity and Polarity

Electronegativity difference _____

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Electronegativity and Polarity

polar molecule a molecule with polar bonds
that add together to create a net dipole
moment
this is a case where polar bonds do not cancel
each other
O
H

nonpolar molecule a molecule that has no

net dipole moment
this is a case where polar bonds cancel each other

:O=C=O:

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Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

The shape around the central atom(s) can

be predicted by assuming that the areas of
electrons on the central atom will try to get
as far from each other as possible
areas of negative charge will repel each other

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Some Geometric Figures

Linear

180

2 atoms on opposite sides of central atom

180 bond angles

Trigonal Planar
3 atoms form a triangle around the central
atom
Planar
120 bond angles

120

Tetrahedral
4 surrounding atoms form a tetrahedron
around the central atom
109.5 bond angles

109.5

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