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Discussion
Object:
Biology
Type of Lesson:
Grade:
11
CSEC OBJ:
Term:
UNIT: 15
Duration:
2 X 40 minutes
Lesson: 4
Week: 11
Objectives
As a result of this lesson you will/ be able to:
1) use genetic diagrams to explain the determination of sex in
humans.
2) develop an awareness that having a child of a particular sex is not
the mothers fault explain the inheritance of sex in humans.
3) use pedigree charts to determine/predict the results of crosses.
Prerequisite Student Knowledge
You should be familiar with/know that:
1)
2)
2)
3)
4)
Important Points
1) In humans, all chromosomes except X and Y are autosomes.
2) The sex of an organism is determined by sex chromosomes i.e.
the X and Y chromosomes in humans.
3) Sex chromosomes of the normal male are X and Y; the normal
female has two Xs.
4) The X and Y chromosomes share similarities and differences:
They share genes in common. Half of the genes found on the Y are
also found on the X and these genes have nothing to do with a
particular sex.
5) The Y chromosome has genes that are male specific, i.e. they
determine maleness (sex determination), external and internal
reproductive and accessory organs, and sperm production.
6) Although sex chromosomes have similar roles, these X and Y
chromosomes do not truly make up a homologous pair. The human
X chromosome is much longer than the Y chromosome; so, it
contains many more genes which are described as sex linked
because they are present in one of the sex chromosomes. In the
diagram below, the arrows indicate the loci of sex linked genes in
the X chromosome. In this homologous pairing, all those genes are
dominant, because there are no opposing genes in the Y
chromosome to offer dominance.
autosome
infanticide
homogametic heterogametic
linkage
population
Challenge Areas
Form a group of three and find some time to work together to do the
Activity on the Worksheet given in Recommended materials which is
taken from:
Atwaroo-Ali, L. (2003) CXC Biology, Macmillan Caribbean
Publishers, page 352
Equipment/Materials Needed
Textbook, computer and projector, internet access
Note to Student
A Punnett Square is a genetic diagram or form of graphical
representation which can be used to make predictions about the genetic
variations that will result from a particular cross. Please note that in
this class these diagrams are being used to map entire
chromosomes X and Y instead of genes / alleles.
The Worksheet Practical activity will be used for ORR / M / AI
assessments.
Equipment has been set up beforehand - computer/projector/ screen, so
you can download videos and play them.
Introduction
1) Boy of girl? Brief Introductory discussion
a. There is popular belief here in Jamaica, and perhaps
elsewhere too, that: Women are to be blamed for not
having any boys/having all girl children. Answer this:
i.
Important Point
alleles.
and
and
X
Y
an_genetics/01t.html
2) Use the test charts at this website below to check for colour
blindness among males and females in your family. If possible test
members from at least three generations.
http://www.toledo-bend.com/colorblind/ishihara.asp
(6 Ischihara Colour test charts)
Supplemental
Glossary of Terms
genetic
recombination
haemophilia
homogametic
heterogametic
CSEC Questions
None
Recommended Materials
Websites to visit
http://www.in-gender.com/xyu/Conception/default.aspx
(Part 1: X- Sperm make Girls, Y - Sperm make Boys) OK Feb 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJzZ7p-47P8&feature=related
(Where do your genes com from?)
Active Feb 2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sex_ratio#Natural_ratio
(Sex ratio)
http://rushartsbiology.wikispaces.com/Visuals+-+Unit+6
(Various genetics topic, diagrams)
Active Feb 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir1t9awmUl4&feature=related
(Genetic pedigree charts)
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/problem_sets/color_blind
ness/color_blindness.html
Active Feb 2011
Note: Sex Determination Worksheet to be used for Challenge
Area follows!
Bibliography
1. Atwaroo-Ali, L (2003) CXC Biology; Macmillan Caribbean
Publishers
2. Campbell, N. A. (1996) Biology 4th Edition; The Benjamin
/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc
3. Chinnery, L., Glasgow,J., Jones,M., Jones, G. CXC Biology;
(Latest edition) Cambridge.
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