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Test 2
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c = 3.00x108 m/s
R = 1.10x107 m1
h = 6.63 x 1034 J s
or
R = 2.18x1018 J
Kw = 1x1014
1.
B. 0.169 M
E. 0.116 M
C. 0.212 M
Answer: E. 0.116 M
The number of moles of ammonium sulfate does not change as water is added to the
solution in the dilution process. The moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute
after the dilution:
(Mconcentrated)(Vconcentrated) = (Mdilute)(Vdilute)
(0.375 M)(45.00 mL) = (Mdilute)(145 mL)
0.116 M = Mdilute
2.
What are the spectator ions in the reaction between aqueous solutions of MgBr2
and K3PO4?
A. Mg2+ and Br
C. K+ and PO43
Answer: D. K+ and Br
Write the products of the reaction and decides which product is a precipitate:
3MgBr2(aq) + 2K3PO4(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 6KBr(aq)
All potassium (Group 1) compounds are soluble so KBr is NOT a precipitate; most
phosphate compounds are insoluble so Mg3(PO4)2 is a precipitate.
Write the reaction in ionic form in which all aqueous solutions are shown as ions:
3Mg2+ + 6Br + 6K+ + 2PO43
Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 6K+ + 6Br
The precipitate Mg3(PO4)2(s) is not written as ions since it does not exist as ions. K+ and
Br ions are unchanged; these are the spectator ions. Spectators ions are not involved in
formation of the precipitate.
3.
B. NaClO4
E. FeCl3
C. C12H22O11
Answer: C. C12H22O11
Strong electrolytes are soluble ionic compounds, strong acids and strong bases.
What are the oxidation numbers of chlorine on the reactant side and on the product
side in the following redox reaction?
2OH(aq) + Cl2O7(g) + 4H2O2(aq) 2ClO2(aq) + 4O2(g) + 5H2O(l)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Reactant: 1; product: +3
Reactant: +7; product: +3
Reactant: +14; product: 1
Reactant: +7; product: +4
Reactant: 0; product: 1
Answer:
+14 14
+7 2
Cl2O7
Each of the seven O atoms has an oxidation number of 2, for a total of 14. Since the
overall charge on the molecule is 0, each Cl atom must have oxidation number of +7.
6
+3 2
ClO2
Each of the two O atoms has an oxidation number of 2, for a
total of 4. Since the overall charge on the ion is 1, Cl must have an
oxidation number of +3: +3 + (4) = 1
5.
B. pOH = 10.54
D. [OH] = 4.2x105 M
One way to solve this problem is to convert all of the possible answers to pH values
and then compare the pH values the most basic solution has the highest pH value:
A. pH = 9.55
B. pH = 14 pOH = 14 10.54 = 3.46
C. pH = log[H3O +] = log[3.5x106] = 5.46
D. pOH = log[OH] = log[4.2x105] = 4.38
pH = 14 pOH = 14 4.38 = 9.62*** highest pH = most basic
6.
B. 0.486 M
E. 0.241 M
C. 0.760 M
Answer: A. 2.28 M
Soluble ionic compounds dissociate into ions when dissolved in water:
Al(NO3)3(aq) Al+3(aq) + 3NO3(aq)
When one mole Al(NO3)3 dissolves, three moles of NO3 of are produced.
Calculate the moles of Al(NO3)3 and use the 1:3 mole ratio to find moles of NO3.
Divide by volume to obtain molarity.
1 mol Al(NO3 )3 3 mol NO3
7.
Molecular views of the reactant solutions for a precipitation reaction are shown below
(with ions represented as spheres and water molecules omitted):
B. NiSO4
E. CaCO3
C. NiCO3
Answer: E. CaCO3
Beaker A contains a soluble ionic compound with a +1 ion and a 2 ion. The compound
must be soluble since the ions are dissociated. Li2CO3 is soluble since all Group 1
compounds are soluble and consists of Li+ and CO32. Ag2SO4 also has a +1 ion and a 2
ion but Ag2SO4 is insoluble (see the Solubility Rules) and so would not dissociate into
ions. The compound cannot be NH4Cl since Cl is a 1 ion and the compound is not FeS
because that compound is insoluble and consists of a +2 ion, not a +1 ion.
Beaker B contains a soluble ionic compound with a +2 ion and a 1 ion. CaCl2 is soluble
since most chloride compounds are soluble and consists of Ca2+ and Cl. Ni(OH)2 also
has a +2 ion and a 1 ion but Ni(OH)2 is insoluble since most hydroxide compounds are
insoluble (see Solubility Rules) and so would not dissociate into ions. The compound
cannot be AgNO3 since Ag is +1 ion and the compound cannot be BaSO4 since that
compound is insoluble and has a 2 ion.
The reaction is:
Li2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CaCO3(s)
The precipitate is CaCO3 since most carbonate compounds are insoluble.
8.
B. 10.11
C. 2.26
D. 12.04
E. 1.96
Answer: A. 11.74
9.
B. 94.7 mL
E. 31.6 mL
C. 26.8 mL
Answer: E. 31.6 mL
This is a stoichiometry (mole ratio) problem. There is a 1:3 mole ratio between H3PO4
and KOH :
H3PO4(aq) + 3KOH(aq) K3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Calculate moles of KOH: (M)(V) = moles
0.100 mol KOH
0.0450 L
= 0.00450 mol KOH
x
1L
Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate moles of H3PO4 required to
react with this amount of KOH:
0.00450 mol KOH
1 mol H 3PO 4
=
3 mol KOH
:
M =
mol H3PO 4
L
0.0475 M =
x = 0.0316 L = 31.6 mL
10.
In which of the following precipitation reactions would two solid products be formed?
A. Na2CO3(aq) + MgCl2(aq)
B. (NH4)2S(aq) + Ni(NO3)2(aq)
C. Ba(OH)2(aq) + FeSO4(aq)
D. CaBr2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq)
E. NaOH(aq) + AlCl3(aq)
Answer: C. Ba(OH)2(aq) + FeSO4(aq)
Determine the products of each reaction; use the solubility rules to determine the
solubility of each product.
A. Na2CO3(aq) + MgCl2(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + MgCO3(s)
Group 1 compounds are soluble.
B. (NH4)2S(aq) + Ni(NO3)2(aq) 2NH4NO3(aq) + NiS(s)
All nitrate compounds are soluble
C. Ba(OH)2(aq) + FeSO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + Fe(OH)2(s)
Both products are solids (insoluble); BaSO4 is insoluble and most hydroxide
Compounds are insoluble.
D. 3CaBr2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) 6NaBr(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)
All Group 1 compounds are soluble.
E. 3NaOH(aq) + AlCl3(aq) 3NaCl(aq) + Al(OH)3(s)
All Group 1 compounds are soluble.
11.
B. As2O3
C. NO3
D. H3AsO4
E. HNO2
Answer: C. NO3
You must assign oxidation numbers to decide what substance is oxidizing and which is
reducing:
+2
+6 6
6
+3
6
4
+1 +1 2 +3 2
+5 2
+1 +5 2 +1 +3 2
2H+ + 3H2O + As2O3 + 2NO3 2H3AsO4 + 2HNO2
3Ca(OH)2(aq)
3CaCl2
2Al(OH)3
How many milliliters of 0.200 M Ca(OH)2 solution are required to react with
excess AlCl3 to produce 1.60 g of precipitate?
A. 68.4 mL
D. 212 mL
B. 103 mL
E. 72.1mL
C. 154 mL
Answer: C. 154 mL
2AlCl3(aq) + 3Ca(OH)2(aq)
3CaCl2(aq)
2Al(OH)3(s)
1.60 g Al(OH) 3
Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate moles of Ca(OH) 2 required to
produce 0.0205 moles of Al(OH) 3 :
0.0205 mol Al(OH)3
M =
mol Ca(OH)2
L
3 mol Ca(OH) 2
= 0.0308 mol Ca(OH) 2
2 mol Al(OH)3
0.200 M =
x = 0.154 L = 154 mL
The iron in a sample of iron ore is titrated with KMnO4 according to the following
net ionic equation:
MnO4(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) + 8H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
What is the mass percent of iron in a 2.368 g sample of iron ore if 48.39 mL of
a 0.1116 M KMnO4 solution is needed to titrate the Fe2+?
A. 12.74 %
D. 63.68 %
B. 2.550 %
E. 74.96 %
C. 42.81 %
Answer: D. 63.68 %
This is a stoichiometry (mole ratio) problem. There is a 1:5 mole ratio between MnO4
and Fe2+
Calculate moles of KMnO4: (M)(V) = moles
0.1116 mol KMnO 4
0.04839 L
= 0.005400 mol KMnO4
x
1L
Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate moles and then mass of Fe2+
required to react with this amount of KMnO4:
0.005400 mol KMnO 4
Mass % =
14.
5 mol Fe2
55.85 g Fe 2+
x
=
1 mol KMnO 4
1 mol Fe 2+
mass of Fe
100
mass of iron ore
1.51 g Fe 2+
1.50795 g Fe
100 = 63.68 %
2.368 g iron ore
What is the net ionic equation in the reaction of NaOH and HNO2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
HNO2 is a weak acid which means that it ionizes <<100% and exists primarily as
molecules in water. NaOH is a strong base which means that it is 100% completely ionized
in water and may be best represented as ions. The product NaNO2 is a soluble ionic
compound which means that it is 100% completely ionized in water and may be best
represented as ions.
HNO2 (aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaNO2 (aq)
HNO2 (aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + NO2(aq)
Notice that the weak acid is written as HNO2 since it ionizes to a very small extent.
Removing the spectator ion Na+ leaves the net ionic equation:
HNO2 (aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l) + NO2(aq)
15.
+6 +18 24
0 +3 +6 2
3 Cu + Al2(SO4)3
In a redox reaction, atoms change their oxidation numbers due to a transfer of electrons.
In Reaction C, the atom Ca (oxidation number = 0) is oxidized to +2 in CaCl2 while H
(oxidation number = +1) in HCl, is reduced to 0 in H2.
Reaction B is an acid-base reaction and Reaction D is a precipitation reaction. If you
Assign oxidations to the atoms in Reactions A, B, and D, you would find that no
oxidation numbers change no atom is oxidized or reduced.
17.
Calculate the energy of a photon of ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 125 nm.
A. 8.28x1041 J
D. 1.59x1018 J
B. 1.59x1027 J
E. 5.30x1019 J
C. 8.28x1032 J
Answer: D. 1.59x1018 J
Use the relationship between energy and wavelength; first convert the wavelength from
nm to m:
1m
7
125 nm
= 1.25 x 10 m
9
1 x 10 nm
hc
(6.63 x 1034 Js)(3.00 x 108 m/s)
= 1.59x1018 J
E=
E=
7
1.25x10 m
18.
How many electrons in an atom can have the quantum numbers n = 4 and
ms = 1/2?
A. 6
B. 7
C. 14
D. 16
E. 32
Answer: D. 16
The n quantum number indicates the main energy level of the electron. Here we are in
the 4th main energy level.
No l value is given, so no particular orbital type is indicated. In the fourth main energy
level, there is one s orbital, three p orbitals, five d orbitals, and seven f orbitals (when
n = 4, l = 0, 1, 2, and 3).
ms specifies a particular spin of an electron. An orbital can hold two electrons, only one
of which has a spin quantum number of 1/2:
__
__ __ __
__ __ __ __ __
4s
4p
4d
__ __ __ __ __
4f
__
__
16 electrons are in the orbitals in the 4th main energy level with a spin of 1/2.
19.
Which of the following is a valid set of four quantum numbers for the valence electron in
rubidium?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
n=5
n=5
n=4
n=5
n=4
l=1
l=1
l=0
l =0
l =1
Answer: D. n = 5
ml = +1
ml = 1
ml = 0
ml = 0
ml = 0
l =0
ms = +1/2
ms = 1/2
ms = +1/2
ms = +1/2
ms = +1/2
ml = 0
ms = +1/2
The electron configuration of rubidium is [Kr] 5s1. The valence electron is in the 5s
orbital. For a 5s orbital, n = 5 and l = 0 for the s orbital. When l = 0, ml = 0. There is
only one electron in the s orbital which has an ms value of +1/2.
20.
A. This is correct. There is always a tremendous jump in ionization energy after the
outer electrons have been removed because much more energy is needed to remove
an inner electron.
Mg readily loses two electrons: Mg: [Ne]3s2 Mg2+: [Ne]. A very large
amount of energy would be needed to remove the third electron because that
electron would come from the noble gas configuration. But Al loses a 3rd electron
fairly readily:
Al: [Ne]3s23p1 Al3+: [Ne]. So IE3 for Al is lower than that for Mg.
B. This is correct. Species that are isoelectronic have the same electron configuration.
Both ions have a configuration of 1s22s22p6.
C. This is correct. The Group 17 elements all have this outermost electron
configurations.
D.
The electron configuration of S is [Ne]3s23p4. The four electrons in the 3p set are
2 unpaired electron
not all paired so the atom is paramagnetic:
3p
E. This is correct. V: [Ar]4s23d3. The two electrons that are lost come from the orbital
with the highest n value, 4s: V2+: [Ar]3d3
21.
Identify the element which has the following partial orbital diagram:
A. Ti
B. Sn
C. Ge
D. Zr
E. Pr
Answer: D. Zr
This element is in Period 5 since the 5s orbital is involved in the outer electron
configuration. The last two electrons are in the 4d orbital set, so this is the second
element in the transition metal d block in the 5th period: Zr
22.
What is the wavelength, in nanometers, of the radiation emitted when the electron in a
hydrogen atom falls from the n = 3 main energy level to the n = 2 level?
A. 182 nm
B. 274 nm
C. 545 nm
D. 655 nm
E. 700 nm
Answer: D. 655 nm
1
1
= 1.10 x 107 m 1 2
n 22
n1
1
1
= 1.10 x 107 m 1 2 2
3
= 1527778 m 1
23.
B. Pb
Answer: C. Sb
C. Sb
D. Ge
E. Ra
Electrons occupy d orbitals in Groups 3 12 of the periodic table. Every time you move
through a row of these elements, 10 electrons occupy a d orbital set. In the 4th row of the
periodic table, elements 21-30 put electrons in the 3d orbitals, 3d10. In the fifth row of
the periodic table, elements 39-48 put electrons in the 4d orbitals, 4d10. This is a total of
20 d electrons. Every element beginning with Cd #48 to Ba #56 has 20 electrons in d
orbitals. Starting with La, more electrons are added to d orbitals. Sb is located between
Cd and La in the periodic table.
24.
Consider the elements Ar, K, and Ca. Which element has the largest first ionization
energy (IE1) and which element has the smallest second ionization energy (IE2)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Answer: B. Ar has the largest IE1 and Ca has the smallest IE2.
The first ionization energy for an atom increases as you ascend any column and as you go
left to right across a row. So the first ionization energy of K is lower than that for Ca
which is lower than that of Ar.
When an electron is removed from an atom, it is more difficult to remove the next
electron since the species is now a positively charged ion. So the first ionization energy
for an element is always smaller than the second ionization energy (removing the 2nd
electron) which is smaller than the third ionization energy (removing a 3rd electron) ,etc.
There is always a tremendous jump in ionization energy after the outer electrons have
been removed because much more energy is needed to remove an inner electron.
Argon already has a noble gas configuration; IE1 and IE2 would be very large since the
removed electrons would come from that noble gas configuration.
K readily loses one electron: K: [Ar]4s1 K+: [Ar]. A very large amount of energy
would be needed to remove a second electron because that electron would come from the
noble gas configuration.
Ca readily loses two electrons: Ca: [Ar]4s2 Ca2+: [Ar]. So IE2 is lowest for this
atom.
25.
B. Ba2+
C. Pb4+
D. Ti2+
E. Zn2+
Answer: D. Ti2+
Pb: [Xe]6s24f145d106p2
Pb4+: [Xe]4f145d10
All electrons are paired.
Ti: [Ar]4s23d2
For the Ti2+ ion, remove the 4s electrons
Ti2+: [Ar]3d2
Two electrons are left in the 3d orbital set and both electrons are
unpaired in separate 3d orbitals. __ __ __ __ __ Paramagnetic
Zn: [Ar]4s23d10
Zn2+: [Ar]3d10
26.
Arrange these atoms and ions in order of increasing radius: Cs+, I, Ba2+.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Consider the cations Cs+, and Ba2+ ; since atomic size decreases from left to right across a
row, Ba is smaller than Cs. Both atoms shrink in size when they lose electrons to form
the cation. Ba2+, already smaller than Cs, will shrink more due to losing 2 electrons
while Cs loses just one electron a cation is always smaller than the neutral atom due to
having more protons than electrons. So Ba2+ < Cs+.
Now consider the anion: I increases in size when an electron is gained to form the anion;
an anion is always larger than the neutral atom since the electrons outnumber the protons.
All of the ions listed have the same electron configuration. Look at the number of
protons vs electrons in each ion:
Ba2+ 56 protons, 54 electrons;
I
Cs+
55 protons, 54 electrons
53 protons, 54 electrons
The anion is larger than the cations since it has more electrons than protons; the cations
are smaller they have more protons exerting an attractive pull on the electrons,
shrinking the electron cloud:
Ba2+ < Cs+ < I
27.
B. 4
C. 10
D. 14
E. 36
Answer: B. 4
For which of the following does the light emitted have the longest wavelength?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
n = 3 to n = 4
n = 4 to n = 3
n = 8 to n = 7
n = 1 to n = 2
n = 2 to n =1
Answer: C. n = 8 to n = 7
Since light is emitted, the electron is losing energy as it falls towards the nucleus.
Choices A and D can be eliminated since the electron in these choices is moving away from the
nucleus and light would be absorbed.
Remember that there is a very large energy gap between n = 1 and n = 2. These energy
gaps between main energy levels decreases as the n values increase. So there is a smaller energy
gap between n = 3 and n = 4 and an even smaller energy gap between n = 7 and n = 8.
So the transition from n = 8 to n = 7 involves the lowest amount of energy. Since energy and
wavelength are inversely proportional, for the lowest energy transition from n = 8 to n = 7, the
light emitted would have the longest wavelength.
29.
Which of the following atoms has the largest number of unpaired electrons?
A. Sb
B. Se
C. Cl
D. Ni
E. Cd
Answer: A. Sb
It is necessary to write the electron configuration of each atom and consider the pairing of
the electrons. Remember that electrons in a set of orbitals will not pair until every
orbital in the set is half-filled.
Cl: [Ne]3s2 3p5
3p
3d
30.
3d
4p
5p
1 unpaired electron
2 unpaired electrons
0 unpaired electrons
3 unpaired electrons
2 unpaired electrons
Which one of the following statements about atomic structure and quantum
numbers is incorrect?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A. This is correct. When n = 4, l has values of 0 (s), 1 (p), 2 (d), and 3 (f).
B. This is incorrect there are 5 d orbitals in a set which hold 2 electrons each for a total of
10 electrons, not 5 electrons.
C. This is correct. When n = 3, l has values of 0, 1 and 2. So there are s, p and d orbitals
in this energy level. The maximum value is 2 for the d orbital.
D.
This is correct. When n = 2, l has values of 0 and 1, but not 2 (l = 2 for a d orbital).
E. This is correct. n = 3, l = 2, m l = 2 refers to one of the 3d orbitals which can hold only
two electrons.