A PRACTICAL SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON

DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED 220 KV GRID SUBSTATION AT

SARITA VIHAR

NATIONAL POWER TRAINING INSTITUTE (NR)

BADARPUR, NEW DELHI

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. RAM SINGH (A.M.)
MR. HANS KUMAR (J.E.)

SUBMITTED BY:
MD. NAFIS IQBAL
B.TECH. POWER ENGINEERING (5th SEM.)
ROLL NO. 00315307511

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am highly indebted to Mr. Deepak Kumar (Asst. Engineer, 220 KV DTL S/S Pragati)
for their invaluable support without which the project could have not been worked out
the way it has. I am very much thankful to Mr. Satyaprakash (J.E. 220 KV DTL S/S
Pragati) who helped me immensely in understanding the basics and complexities of
along with additions that made the quality of report better.
I would also like to extend a note of thanks to all other employees of Delhi Transco
Limited who helped me directly or indirectly in successful completion of my project.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents & all my fellow trainees who
have been a constant source of encouragement & inspiration during my studies & have
always provided me support in every walk of life

Nishant Gaur

CONTENT
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Delhi Transco Limited
1.2 DTL Network
1.3 Grid Diagram of Delhi
2. Introduction to Substation
3. 220/33/11 KV GIS Substation Trauma Centre
3.1 Single Line Diagram
3.2 Description of SLD
3.3 Parts of Substation
3.4 Equipments used in Substation
4. Description of Substation Equipments
4.1 Transmission Lines
4.2 Bus Bar
4.3 Isolators
4.4 Transformers
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Power transformer
4.4.3 Parts of Power Transformer
4.4.4 Transformer Cooling
4.4.5 Protection devices
4.4.6 Maintenance
4.4.7 Technical Specifications
4.5 Instrument Transformer
4.5.1 Current Transformer (CT)
4.5.2 Potential transformer (PT)
4.5.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)
4.6 Circuit Breaker (CB)
4.6.1 Types of CB
4.6.2 Technical Specification
4.7 Capacitor Bank
4.8 Insulator
4.9 Wave Trap

5. Protection System
5.1 Over Voltage Protection
5.1.1 Ground Wire
5.1.2 Earth Screen
5.1.3 Lightning insulator
5.2 Over Current protection
5.3 Earth fault protection
5.4 Primary and back up protection
5.5 Relays
5.6 Fuses
5.7 Earthing System
6. Control Room
7. Battery Room
8. PLCC and SCADA System
9. Operation and maintenance of Substation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Maintenance activity
9.3 Maintenance Schedule
9.4 Maintenance Schedule Table of
9.4.1 Oil filled power transformer
9.4.2 SF6 Circuit Breaker
9.4.3 Relays and protection circuit
9.4.4 Arrestors
9.4.5 Transmission lines
9.5 Thermo Scanning
10. General Safety Precautions
11. Conclusion
References

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED
Delhi Transco Limited, a successor company of erstwhile Delhi Vidhyut board, came
into existence on 1st July 2002, as a State Transmission Utility of the National Capital.
After unbundling of DVB the distribution sector has been handed over to private
companies while the generation and transmission are still with the government. Over
the years, DTL has evolved as a most dynamic performer, keeping pace with the
manifold challenges that confront the ever increasing demand-supply power situation
and
achieving
functional
superiority
on
all
fronts.
Being the capital of India and the hub of commercial activities in the Northern Region,
coupled with the prosperity of population, the load requirement of Delhi has been
growing at a much faster pace. Added to that, being the focus of socio-economic and
political life of India, Delhi is assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of
the world. Plus the vgision-2021, aiming to make Delhi global Metro politic and world
class city demand greater infrastructure to enrich many services of infrastructure
development. DTL has been responsibly playing its role in establishing. Upgrading,
operating and maintaining the EHV (Extra High Voltage) network. DTL has also been
assigned the responsibility of running the State load Dispatch Centre (SLDC) which is
an apex body to ensure integrated operations of power system in Delhi. Delhi Transco
is also committed to promote energy conservation not only in its own establishments
but also in the entire Delhi. The company has done a lot to educate and sensitize the
general public about the need of energy conservation. Transmission loss level has been
reduced from 3.84 per cent in 200-203 to 1.38 per cent in 2009-10, which is one of the
lowest transmission loss level in the country. To ensure adequate and efficient power
supply. DTL has been continuously upgrading its biggest achievement has been its
ability to handle the highest ever peak demand of 4720 MW in July 2010. The total
availability of its transmission system stood 98.78%. The modern technologies are being
implemented in DTL by way of constructing GIS sub stations and laying XLPE 220 KV
cable by employing cable link techniques and would be the largest network of its kind
in India.

1.2

DTL NETWORK

It contains the line diagram of the DTL network which connects all the networks of the
5 DISCOMs working in the Delhi region.

1.3

GRID DIAGRAM OF DELHI

2. INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTATION
Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The
electric power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through
a large network of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is
inevitable long and high power lines are necessary to maintain a huge block of
power source of generation to the load centers to inter connected Power house for
increased reliability of supply greater.
An electrical substation is a part of an electricity generation, transmission and
distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or in reverse
using transformers. It also serves as a point of connection between various power
system elements such as transmission lines, transformers, generators and loads. To
allow for flexibility in connecting the elements, circuit breakers are used as high
power switches. Electric power may flow through several substations between
generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
There are different kinds of substation such as
Transmission substation, distribution substation, collector substation, switching
substation and some other types of substation. The general functions of a substation
may include:

Voltage transformation
Connection point for transmission lines
Switchyard for network configuration
Monitoring point for control center
Protection of power lines and apparatus
Communication with other substations and regional control center

Making an analogy with the human body, the role of substation in the power system
to address the above mentioned issues is pivotal: the substations are the center of the
nervous, immune, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular subsystems of the entire
power system body. The nervous subsystem role of the substation is to allow
the central system to sense the operating states, view status of the equipment, and
make assessments of the system criticality. The immune subsystem role is to
develop self-defense means and sustain self healing strategies. The
musculoskeletal subsystem role is to maintain the system topology, switch the
equipment state and restore the power flows. The cardiovascular subsystem role is
to sustain normal power flow and control the synchronization.
The substation includes the primary equipment (such as circuit breakers,
transformers, instrument transformers, etc.) and the secondary equipment
(monitoring, control and protection devices) which are installed in control house.

In the primary side, a large number of breakers and disconnectors are used in order
to allow for maintenance and repair with a minimum of interruption, which occupy
large space. Oil-insulated transformers are used to step-up or step-down the voltage
level for purposes needed. Oil-insulated transformers usually have big size and have
potential explosion problems. In addition, the maintenance is also elaborate and the
noise of those transformers is also a big issue. The breakers also need an insulation
media which may be oil, gas, or air.
Conventional current and potential transformers (CTs and VTs) are used to convert
the primary current and voltage to an operation range (0-5A and 115V) for metering
and protection. The CT saturation and open secondary CT circuit safety issue are
primarily of concern in such devices.
All interfaces between primary and secondary equipment are connected by hardwired cabling. Different length and types cables are bundled as shown in Fig.1.2,
which makes it labor intensive for future maintenance and modification. In addition,
due to the large number of wires in a highly electromechanically polluted
substation switchyard environment, the wiring may experience significant
electromagnetic interference (both conducted and radiated).

3. 220/66/11 KV GRID SUBSTATION AT PRAGATI:

The 220 KV Grid Substation at Pragati is a Air Insulated Outdoor Substation.
This
is 220/66/11 KV Substation.There are four 220 KV incoming feeders for this
substation coming from:
1. Pragati Powers
2. Power Grid
3. BTPS CKT. No. 1
4. BTPS CKT. No. 2
3.1

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

3.2
DESCRIPTION ABOUT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Figure attached shows key diagram of a typical 220/66/11 KV Pragati Grid
Substation. The diagram of this grid station is explained as under:1) There are Four 220 KV incoming lines as one circuit from Pargati powers, one
circuit from Power Grid and two circuits from BTPS. These four incoming
lines are connected to the double bus bar system through a number of
equipments. All these lines can be loaded simultaneously to share the grid
station load. The four lines arrangement increases the reliability of the system.
In case there is a breakdown of one incoming line, the continuity of supply
can be maintained by the other lines.
2) As in the single line diagram the each incoming is connected to the bus bar in
a sequence with a number of equipments. The equipments between the
incoming lines and the line bus bar is connected in a defined sequence as
following:
I. Line lightning Arrestor
II.
Line capacitive voltage transformer (CVT).
III.
Line Isolator
IV.
Line Current Transformer
V. Line Circuit Breaker
3) The Substation has double bus bar system, one main bus bar and the other
spare bus bar. The incoming can be connected to either bus bar with the help
of an arrangement of circuit breaker and isolators called Bus Coupler. The
advantage of double bus bar system is that if repair is to be carried on one bus
bar, the supply need not to be interrupted as the entire load can be transferred
to the other bus.
4) Each line bus bar is connected with Potential Transformer (PT) to measure the
bus bar voltage.

5) There is an arrangement in to step down the incoming 220 KV supply to 66

KV by two transformer banks with capacity each of 100 MVA. The
transformer bank can be connected to either of the line bus bar through the
bus changer Isolator connected between the two buses. The 100 MVA
Transformer is connected to line bus bar through a number of equipments in
as following defined sequence:
I. Isolator arrangement
II. Circuit Breaker
III. Current transformer
IV. Isolator arrangement
V. Lightning Arrestor (LA) and then
VI. 100 MVA transformer
6) The 100 MVA transformer steps down the 220 KV incoming to 66 KV and this
output is connected to second bus bar arrangements through a sequenced
equipments as follows:
I. Lightning Arrestor (LA)
II.
Isolator arrangement
III.
Circuit breaker
IV.
Bus bar isolator
7) The second bus bar arrangement is also a two bus bar system each connected
with Potential Transformer (PT). There is again a bus coupler between the two
bus bars to couple them. Here a Capacitor Bank is provided to increase the
incoming voltage if there is any voltage drop in the incoming. It can enhance
the incoming voltage by 3 to 4 KV.
8) From the 66 KV bus bar there are four outgoing circuits transmitting power at
66KV to:
I. Mathura road circuit no.1
II.
Mathura road circuit no. 2
III.
DMRC circuit no. 1
IV.
DMRC circuit No. 2
And there are two circuits for 66/11 KV transmission. These two 66 kV
incomers from the 66 KV bus bar is fed to the two Transformers of 20 MVA
each.
9) The 20 MVA transformer steps down 66 KV into 11 KV and this 11 KV is
supplied to a number of sub circuits from the 11 kV bus bar. The 11 KV bus
bar is also connected with a capacitor bank of 5 MVAR

PARTS OF SUBSTATION

3.3

The substation can be broadly divided into two parts:

3.3.1

220 kV outdoor yards.

66 kV outdoor yards.
11 kV indoor yards.
Control room.
SCADA room
Battery room.

220 KV Outdoor Yard:

220 KV yard is an outdoor yard where 220 KV incoming is transformed into 66 KV

and connected to the bus bar arrangement on which four 66 KV outgoing feeder two
circuit for DMRC and two circuits for Mathura road. From the 66 KV bus bar two
outgoing feeders are given as incomer to the 66/11 KV yard. There are a number of
switching, protection and measuring equipments connected in the yard. These all
equipments are controlled from the Control Room.

Description about the 220 KV yard:

o

There are four incoming feeders of 220 KV i.e. one from Pragati Powers, one
from Maharani Bagh and two from BTPS.
Two buses named Bus-1 and Bus-2 of 220 KV each run in parallel to which all
the 220 KV incoming feeders are connected and also the two 100 MVA
transformers are connected to step down 220 KV to 66 KV.
The incoming 220 KV feeder is first connected to an Oxide Film Lightening
arrestor which protect all the other equipments from Lightening and ground
the lightening if falls on the incoming feeders.
After the Lightening Arrestor a Capacitor voltage transformer is provided
which serves the function of measuring and protection.
A Wave Trap is provided to trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments here in the substation.
Current transformer (CT) is connected to drive the current measuring
equipment and also for protection i.e. for measuring and protection.
Line isolator with Earth switch is provided opening the circuit in no load
condition and earth switch (E/S) is to ground the extra voltage which may be
dangerous for any of the instrument in the substation.

Circuit Breaker (SF6 CB) is connected in line to open or close the circuit in
normal and abnormal condition.
From circuit breaker the incoming feeder is connected to the 220 kv double
bus bar system through isolator arrangements so that the connection can be
changed from one bus to other bus.
The bus is connected with Potential Transformer for measuring the line
voltage and protection purpose.
A bus coupler is provided to couple the two buses for load sharing and line
protection.
The two transformer of 100 MVA, 220/66/11 KV are connected to the 220 KV
bus used to step down the voltage from 220 KV to 66 KV. This output is
connected to the 66 KV bus bar.
Circuit breaker (SF-6 CB) is connected in the transformer circuit to open and
close the circuit in no load and full load condition and in normal and
abnormal condition.
Horn gap lightening arrestor is provided just before and after the 100 MVA
transformers for protecting the transformer from lightening.

3.3.2

66KV OUTDOOR YARD

o There are two incomers of 66 KV coming from 220KV yard transformers.

There are two buses of 66 KV in parallel and are connected to the 66 KV
incomers through isolator arrangements for changing the connection from
one bus to another.
o Here also a bus coupler is provided for coupling the buses for load sharing
and protection.
o The bus is connected with three capacitor banks of 20 MVAR for power factor
improvements and for increasing the incoming low voltage by 3 to 4 KV.
o Form the 66 KV bus bar six outgoing feeders are connected as one for
Mathuara road circuit no. 1, one for Mathura road circuit no 2 and two for
DMRC, and two circuits are connected to the two 20 MVA transformer.
o All the circuits are connected through deferent switching, measuring and
protection equipments like Isolators, CT, Circuit Breakers, Lightening
Arrestors.
o Two transformers of 20 MVA each of rating 66/11 KV are connected to 66 KV
bus by bus selection Isolator.
o Each bus is connected to PT for measurement of voltage in line.
o CT is connected at required place for measurement of current and protection
of lines.
o The SF-6 CB (Circuit Breakers) is aligned in the circuit for tripping whenever
any fault occurs in the circuit.

3.3.3

11 KV INDOOR YARDS (VCB ROOM)

o There are two incomers of 11 KV coming from 66 KV yard transformers of

rating 20 MVA, 66/11 KV and are connected to two 11KV bus i.e. Bus no.1
and bus no.2.
o The 11 KV indoor substation is having vaccum circuit breaker (VCB) in all the
outgoing feeders.
o Capacitor banks of 5 MVAR are connected in each phase of the Bus bar to
increase the voltage level if there is any drop in incoming voltage.
o There are 12 outgoing feeders connected to 11 KV bus. The feeders are
connected in a sequence as:
On first half bus connected feeders are:
400 KVA Local Transformer.
11 KV O/G Aali Village
11 KV O/G spare
11 KV O/G Saurav Vihar-1

 11 KV O/G Indian Oil Corporation

11 KV O/G S/Stn. No. 22 Sarita ViIhar
o On second half bus :
11 KV O/G S/Stn. No. 21 Sarita ViIhar
11 KV O/G Sewage Pump
11 KV O/G Jaitpur
11 KV O/G Saurav Vihar- 2
11 KV O/G American Express
11 KV O/G Spare
o A bus coupler is provided between the two buses for load sharing and line
protection.

3.4 EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUBSTATION:S.NO. EQUIP.

1. BUS BAR

CONS.FEATURE/LOCATION
Rigid tubular support on positions
or
Flexible ACSR bus bar
supported from two ends of strain
insulator.
Connected B/W phase conductor
and ground first equip as seen
from incoming O/H line and also
near transformer terminal.

FUNCTION
Receive
power
from incoming and
deliver power to
O/G ckt.
Discharge
O/V
surge to earth and
protect equipment.

Located each side of CB.

Provide isolation
from part for MTC.

2.

SURGE
ARRESTOR

3.

ISOLATOR

4.

EARTH SWITCH Mounted on frame of isolators,

(E.S.)
generally for such I/C each bus
bar.
CURRENT
Protection, measuring decided by
TRANSFORMER protective zone
measurement
(C.T.)
requirements.

5.

Discharge voltage
on ckt to earth for
safety.
Step-down current
measurement front
and control.

6.

VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER
(V.T.)

7.

CIRCUIT
BREAKER (C.B.)

8.

SERIES
REACTOR

9.

SHUNT
CAPACATOR

10. SEREIS
CAPACITOR

11. TRANSFORMER
12. MV/LT SW GR
13. STATION
EARTHING
SYTEM

14. INSULATORS

15. POLES

Electro magnetic capacitive feeder Step-down current

side of C.B.
measurement
protection
and
control.
Depend on rated voltage LV, MV, Switching during
HV, EHV depend on quenching normal abnormal
medium SF6 MQ, AB etc.
and S.C. current.

Oil filled gapped core shielded, 1. Control low

usually unswitched.
load
period
voltage.
2. To compensate
shunt capacitor of
T.L during low
load.
Locate at receiving STN and DIST, 1.
comp.
rex
power.
substation.
Banks rated -132KV, 66KV, 400KV, 2. P.F. improves.
11KV switched during heavy load. 3. VOH contran.
1. Capacitor bank located at send Used for EHV lines
end or receive end of line.
to improve power
2. Provided with bypass C.B and transformer.
protect spare gaps.
Oiled filed 3
Setup / down
voltage.
Inside swgrbling.
AC
power
to
auxiliary stnlty
Earth mat and earth electrode.
For safe touch
potential

Equipment
body earth.

discharging
current from SA
O/H shielding and
E.S.
Between the poles and conductors. Does not allow the
Disc type shaped.
current to pass
through it.
It is made by joining the heavy To
provide

16. CVT

17. L.A.
18. CONDUCTORS

19. BATTERY
BANKS

20. CONTROL
PANEL

materials with the help of nuts and necessary height to

bolts of requirement shape and conductor
from
size wherever necessary.
which current is
flowing.
Consist of two to five windings in CVT are used for
parallel of line.
line
voltmeters,
synchronoscope,
protective relays,
tariff meter etc.
Ring type L.A. parallel in line.
To drop the sky
lightening effect.
A.C.R.S.
is
used
wherever Transmission
necessary.
current form one
place to another.
Located in separate room near to To supply D.C. for
control room.
controlling
protection system
and
communication
equipments.
Associate with protection relays To
control
all
locate in big hall.
equipment
of
substations.

4.

DESCRIPTION OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS

4.1

TRANSMISSION LINES
In this category the EHV lines viz. extra high voltage lines of 400kv, 220kv,
132kv, and 66kv are considered. These high voltages are transmitted from one
sub-station to other sub-station through various types of conductors.
For 400 KV line: Taran, Tulla and Marculla conductor.
For 220 KV line: Zebra conductor is used composite of Aluminum strands and
steel wires.
For 66kv, 33kv lines: Panther conductors is used composite of Aluminum strands
and steel wires.

The materials used in these conductors is generally Aluminum conductor steel

reinforced (ASCSR).

4.2

BUS-BAR

It is a conductor to which a no. of circuit is connected. In 220kv Najafgarh there are

two bus- bars running parallel to each other, one is main& other is auxiliary bus.
The purpose of using two buses is only for stand by, in each of failure of one bus we
can keep the supply continue with help of other bus using isolators.
According to bus voltage the material is used. T he most commonly used material is
Al, Cu. But Al. Is used because of its property & feature and also it is cheap.

Figure Typical representations of bus bars

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED IN BUS BAR ARE AS FOLLOWS:-

PROPERTIES

COPPER

ALUMINIUM

Electrical resistively at 20 deg 0.017241

C

0.0288

Temp coeff. of resistivity

0.00411

0.00403

Softening temperature

200

180

Thermal conductivity

0.923

0.503

Melting point

1083

657

When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically bus-bar are used as the common electrical component. Bus-bar are
copper or aluminium bars and operate at constant voltage. The incoming and
outgoing lines in a sub-station are connected to the bus-bars. The most commonly
used bus-bar arrangements in sub-station are:
I.
Single bus-bar arrangement.
II.
Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation.
III.
Double bus-bar arrangement
I.
SINGLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM: It consists of a single bus-bar and all the incoming and outgoing lines are connected
to it. The disadvantage of this type of system is that if repair is to be done on the busbar or a fault occurs on the bus. There is a complete interruption of the supply. This
arrangement is not used for voltages exceeding 33KV.

II.

SINGLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALISATION: -

In this arrangement the single bus-bar is divided in to sections and load is equally
distributed on all the sections. Any two sections of the bus bar connected by a circuit
breakers and isolators. It has two principle advantages. Firstly, if a fault occurs on
any section of the bus that section can be isolated with out affecting the supply from
other sections. Secondly, repairs and maintenance of any section of the bus bar can
be carried out by de-energizing that section only, eliminating the possibility of
complete shutdown. This arrangement is used for voltage upto 33KV.

III.

DOUBLE BUS-BARS SYSTEM: -

This system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar. Each
bus bar has the capacity to take up the entire substation load. The incoming and out
going lines can be connected to either bus bar with help of bus bar coupler which
consist of a circuit breaker and isolators. Ordinarily, the incoming and outgoing lines
remain connected to the main bus bar of fault occurring on it, the continuity of
supply to the circuit can be maintained by transferring it to spare bus bar.

4.3

ISOLATORS

An isolator is a disconnecting switch is used upon same given part circuit after
circuit breaker. Thus isolators surge only has preventing the voltage from being
applied to same given section of bus.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of dealing with small
charging currents of bus-bars and connections. The design of isolators is closely
related to the design of substations. Isolator design is considered in the following
aspects:
o Space Factor
o Insulation Security
o Standardization
o Ease of Maintenance
o Cost

It is required in substation to disconnect a part of the system for general

maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by isolators. An isolator is essentially
a knife switch and is designed to open a circuit under no load. In other words,
isolator switches are operated only when the lines in which they are connected carry
no current. Isolators used in power system are generally 3 pole isolator having three
identical poles each pole consist of two or three insulator posts mounted on a
fabricate support. The fixed and moving conducting parts are of copper or
aluminium rods. During the opening operation, conducting rods swing apart and
isolation is obtained simultaneously on all 3 poles. The three poles are mechanically
interlocked which operate together by operating a common operating mechanism
which may be:
1. Electric motor mechanism.

2. Pneumatic mechanism.

ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCH: The earth switch is connected between the line conductor and earth. Normally, it is
opened when the line is disconnected. The earth switch is closed so that the voltage
trapped in line is discharge to earth. There some voltage lines due to changing
current. This voltage is significant in high voltage system. Before, proceeding with
the maintenance work. This voltage is discharge to earth by closing the earth switch.
Normally earth switches are maintained on the frame of isolator.

4.4

TRANSFORMER

4.4.1

INTRODUCTION:

A transformer is a static device by means of which electric energy from one

electrical circuit to another is transferred through the medium of magnetic field
and without change in the frequency.
A high voltage is desirable for transmitting large powers in order to decrease the
IR losses and reduce the amount of conductor material. A very much lower
voltage, on the other hand s required for distribution , for various reasons
connected with safety and convenience the transformer make this easily and
economically possible.

4.4.2

POWER TRANSFORMERS

Power transformer is the main and major requirement of a sub-station to step

down the supply voltage. The rating of a transformer is taken according to the
load requirement.

4.4.3
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

Parts of power transformer:

Transformer core
Windings
Tank
Conservator
Breather
Bushing
Air Cell
Tap Changer and O.L.T.C.
Cooling Equipments

i.

CORE: - It not only supports the winding also provides the low reluctance path
for the magnetic circuit. It is made up of cooled rolled grain oriented (C.R.G.O.)
alloy. Steel is in the form of lamination on that the iron losses could be avoided.

ii.

WINDING: - Windings are arranged in concentric formation with lower voltage

winding next to core. Tertiary winding is placed next to the core over L.V.
winding H.V. main winding are placed.
Various types of windings are used for coils these are as follows:-

a.
b.
c.
d.

Low voltage winding - Spiral or helical

High voltage winding - Partially inverted disc / layer winding.
Tertiary winding - Spiral / Helical / Disc
Tapping winding - Inter wound spiral or helical paper covered insulated
copper strips or continuously cable are used for making winding.

iii.

TANK: - They are constructed from welded sheet steel, and larger ones from
plain boiler plates. The lids may be of cast iron, or waterproof gasket being used
at the joints. The fitting includes thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or
wheels for moving transformer position, eye bolts for lifting, conservators and
breathers, cooling tubes are welded in, but separate radiators are welded and
afterwards bolted. On the outside is applied with anti corrosive primer paint and
final of synthetic enamel.

iv.

CONSERVATOR: - As the temp. Of oil increases or decreases there is continuous

rise and fall in volume. For this an expansion vessel (conservator) is to
transformer tank having the capacity of oil level equal to 75% of total oil.
o Conservator is provided to tank core of the expansion and contraction of oil,
which takes place during normal operation of the transformer.
o Wherever specified flexible separators or oil cell if provided in the
conservator can prevent direct contact of air with the transformer oil.
o A smaller oil expansion vassal is provided for the on load tapchanger.
o Magnetic oil level gauge is fitted on the main conservator which can give
alarm / trip in the event of the oil falling below the pre-set level due to any
reason.

v.

BRAETHER:

Both transformer oil and

celluloses paper are highly
hygroscopic .Paper being
more hygroscopic than
mineral oil .The moisture, if
not excluded from oil
surface in conservator, this
will find its way finally into
paper insulation and causes
reduction
insulation
strength of transformer to
minimize
this
the
conservator is allowed to
breath only through silica
gel colomin ,which absorb the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air
surface

vi.

BUSHING: -

Up to a voltage of 33kv, ordinary

porcelain insulators can be used.
Above this voltage the of conductor
or oil filled terminal bushing, or a
combination of two has to be
considered .Of course, any type of
conductors can be effectively
insulated by air provided that it is
at a sufficient Distance from other
conducting bodies and sufficiently
to prevent corona phenomena.
The high voltage connections pass
from the winding to terminal
bushing. Thermal bushings up to
36kv class, 3150 Ampere are
normally of plain Porcelain and Oil
communicating type .Higher current rated bushings and bushings of 52kv class
and above will be of oil impregnated paper condenser type. The oil inside the
condenser bushings and will not be communicating with the oil inside the
transformer oil level gauge is provided on the expansion chamber of the
condenser bushings.
Oil in the condenser bushing is hermetically selected and it should not be
disturbed in normal operation. Oil level and oil leakage may be checked
regularly.

vii.

AIR CELL: It is a flexible rubber bag placed inside the conservator and floats on the oil
surface. Air cell inflates or deflates surface of the air cell and the inner cell of air
cell is provided with ozone resistant .The dry air is sucked and do not come in
contact with oil, this eliminates the possibility of contamination for oil filling.

viii.

TAPCANGER.
Tap changer are of two types:a) On-load Tap changer.
b) Off-load Tap changer.

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER: As the name implies it sets a tap for

adjusting the secondary voltage in
the condition of on load. It is
generally connected to the primary side due to current. The tap is connected to the
diverter switch of the tap changer. It may be manually operated or motor drive unit
is initiated by a push button or relay. The diverter switch diverts the current. The
break in the current prevented by transmission resistance tap changer.
On load tap changer is the device for changing the tapping connections of a winding,
whilst the transformer is connected is on load
When the transformer is connected to a system it is some time necessary to vary the
voltage on the secondary side to meet the load demands, as such transformer tap
changer must be capable to varying the turn ratio without interruption of supply. On
a double wound transformer the best position to place the tapping is at the neutral
end of high voltage winding .The positioning of the tapping on the lower voltage
winding is not applied on account of high current rating which would result.
The tapping of the windings are brought out through a terminal board to a separate
oil filled compartment, in which the on- load tap changer selector is housed. As the
selector must not break current ,a further separate oil filled compartment is provided
to house the diverter switch which breaks the load current by an interrupted arc
forming carbon ,therefore the oil I the diverter switch compartment must be
prevented from missing with the oil in the main tank.
The tap changer is operated by a motor operated driving mechanism by local or
remote control and a handle is fitted for manual operation in an emergency.
As the changing must take place on load, the contact for the tap changer are so
arranged that before one tapping is left , contact must be made with the next . This
could cause a short circuited no. of turn and large current are prevented by the use
of resistor or reactors.
4.4.4

COOLING EQUIPMENT: -

Transformer is having a single or mixed cooling of ONAN, ONAF, OFAF,

and OFAN by means of radiators, fans, pumps, & heat exchanger etc.
In Power transformer cooling are of following Types:
1. ONAN with 50% efficiency
2. ONAF with 70% efficiency
3. OFAF with 100% efficiency
o For ONAN/ONAF cooling, oil flow through the winding and external
cooler unit attached to the tank by themo-Syphonic effect.
o For OFAF/ODAF/OFWF cooling, the oil is directed through the
winding by oil pumps provided in the external cooler unit.
o External cooler unit /units consists of passed Steel sheet radiators
mounted directly on the tank or separator cooler banks for air cooled
transformer and oil to water heat exchangers for water cooled
transformer.

4.4.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES:

Buccholtz relay
Pressure relief valve
Oil temperature indicator
Oil level indicator
Winding temperature indicator
Dehydrating Breather
Earthing Arrangements

Buccholtz relay

1.

BUCHHOLTZ RELAY: It is used for protection of oil filled transformer from incipient faults below oil level.
It is installed between tank and conservator. In this relay two mercury contacts are
provided. The device comprises of a cast iron housing containing the hinged floats,
one in upper part other in lower part. Each float is filled with the mercury switch;
leads of a switch are connected to a terminal box for tripping.
APPLICATIONS:Double element relays can be used in detecting miner fault in a Transformer
The alarm element will operate, after a specified volume of gas has collected to give
an alarm indicator.

Examples incipient faults are:1. Shorted laminations

2. Broken-down core bolt insulation
3. Bad contacts
4. Over heating of part of winding,

2.

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE:

In case of major faults in the transformer like short circuit in the winding .The
internal P.R.V. is build up to a very high level which may result in rapture of tank to
avoid this P.R.V. provided.
A device for avoiding high oil pressure build up inside the transformer during fault
a condition is fitted on the top of the tank. The pressure relief device allows rapid
release of excessive pressure that may be generated in the event of a serious fault.
This device is fitted with an alarm trip switch.

3.

OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: It is the distance thermometer operated on principle of liquid expansion. It indicates
the top oil temp. At marshaling box. The connection between the thermometer and
the dial indicator is made by steel capillary tube. The bulb is enclosed in the pocket
and the pocket is situated on transformers hottest oil region. The pocket is to be
filled with oil. It has two switches one for alarm and other for tripping.
ALARM = 95 DEG.
TRIPPING = 110 DEG.

It is consist of a sensor bulb capillary tube and a dial thermometer the sensor bulb is
fitted at the location of hottest oil .That sensor bulb and capillary tube are fitted with

evaporation liquid. The vapor pressure varies with temperature and is transmitted
to a burden tube inside the change in pressure which is proportional to the
temperature.

4.

WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: It also operates on principles of liquid expansion. It indicates the top oil temp. At
marshalling box hot spot temp. Of winding. The winding hot spot of top oil temp.
Difference is simulative by means of CT current fed to the heater coil fitted at top
senses the top oil temp. Thus, its temp. Reading is proportional to the load current
and oil temp.

o FANS ON = 60 deg C
o PUMP ON = 75 deg C
o ALARM
= 90 deg C
o TRIP
= 100 deg C
Winding temperature relay indicates the winding temperature of the transformer and
operates on the principle of thermal imaging and it is not actual measurement.
Winding temperature indicators consist of sensor bulb placed in oil filled pocket in the
transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument having by means of
two flexible capillary tubes. One capillary tube is connected to the measuring below of
the instrument and the other to compensation below. The measuring system is filled
with a liquid which changes its volume with rising temperature inside the instrument is
filled with a heat resistance which is fed by a current proportionate to the current
flowing through the transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with maximum temperature indicator the heating resistance
is fed by current transformer associated to the loaded winding of the transformer .The
increase in the temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The
sensor bulb of instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer the winding
temperature indicates a temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature rise
above hot it .i.e. the hot spot temperature.

5.

OIL LEVEL INDICATOR :This indication is manufactured for considering Transformer Applications:
1. It can also be used as Content Gauge on other tanks where level of liquid
inside the tank in required to be indicated continuously on a dial.
2. The position of indicator on the conservator can be selected to
3. Suit site condition. Float mechanism passes through the hole in pad.

4. Indicator can be mounted in titled position towards ground (max.300degree)

for easy viewing by fixing mounting pad at desired angle.
5. One mercury switch is provided for low level alarm. The Normally Open
switch closes when oil level drops to 10mm above Empty land i.e. 75mm from
bottom of conservator.
6. Loads from mercury switch are brought into a terminal box positioned at the
bottom of indicator.

6.

DEHYDRATING BREATHER: The conservator or the air cell is connected to the outside atmosphere through the
breather (silica gel) to make sure that the air in the conservator or cell is dry. When
silica is saturated with moisture its color changes to pink. It can be made reusable by
heating it at 100 deg C. for 48 hours.

7.

EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS :a) Core Earthing

Connecting leads from core and end frame are being terminated at the top of the
cover, By connecting them to tank cover, core and frame becomes earthed .Insulation
resistance between the leads from core and end frame or between leads from core
and earth point can be checked by 500 volts megger. Leads from end frame have
been brought out for proper earthing for end frame.
b) Tank to Tank Earthing :
Tank to tank cover earthing is done by connecting copper braid between tank rim
and tank cover with the help of the bolts used to tight tank cover and tank together.
c) Earthing of Tank
For earthing of tank nut-bolts & studs are required to make perfect earthing between
pads on tank and external earthing strip.
4.4.6

Maintenance & Operation

In order to avoid fault and disturbance, it is important that a careful and regular
supervision and control of the transformer and its components is planned and
carried out.

The frequency extent supervision and control is dependent on climate and

environment and service condition.

POSSIBLE LEAKAGE
After energizing of the transformer, a certain setting may appear in painting joint.
Rust damage, Touch damage up painting a regular inspection of the external surface
treatment of the reactor should be carried out. Possible rust damage is removed and
the surface treatment restarted to original state by means of primer and finish paints
that are dispatched with the transformer.
THRERMO SYPHON FILTER
Thermo siphon filter is provided on large capacity, oil filled Power Transformer for
keeping the moisture level of insulating oil at a very low level. At the time of initial
erection and commissioning of transformer, most of the moisture present in the oil is
removed by not oil circulation. The moisture absorption of oil is eliminated by
direction the our breather in by the transformer during its operation through silica
gel desiccant. Air cell in conservator avoids direct of oil with air and there by
eliminating the chance of moisture absorption.
It is a well known fact that water is released to the oil for the paper insulation due to
ageing process. Thermo siphon filter helps in removing this moisture from oil. When
the Transformer is on load, the thermos phonic action of liquid causes circulation of
oil through the filter. The absorbent filled in the Thermo siphon filter absorb
moisture and keep the oil dry.

4.4.7

SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS

1. 100 MVA, 220/66/11KV power transformer no. 1 & no. 2 (BHEL) make.
1.Types of cooling

ONAN

ONAF

OFAF

2.Rating HV & LV 50
(MVA)

70

100

3.Rating TV (MVA)

23.33

33.33

4.No load voltage HV 220

(kv)

220

220

5.No load
LV(kv)

66

66

16.67

voltage 66

6.Noload voltage

11

11

11

183.92

262.74

TV(kv)
7.Line
HV(Amp)

current 131.37

8.Line current
(Amp) at 66kv

LV 437.90

613.07

875.81

9.Line current
(Amp) at 33kv

LV 875.81

1226.13

1751.62

10.Line
(Amp)

TV 875.81

1226.13

1751.62

11. Temp. rise oil ( deg 50

C)

50

50

12.
Temp.
winding (degC)

55

55

current

rise 55

4.5. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: Transformer used A.C. measurement i.e. voltages current, power and energy in
conjunction with the relevant instrument. Transformer small capacity transformer.
There are two types:
1.
Current transformer.
2.
Potential transformer.
3.
Capacitor Voltage transformer.
ADVANTAGES OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The size of I.T. is reduced or say moderate because the secondary

Of C.T. is designed for 5A. And of P.T. for 110V.
The replacement of damaged instrument is easy.
Several instruments can be operated from a single I.T.
Low consumption of metering circuit.
Accessibility on H.T. is easy.

Instrument transformer is used to measure AC at generating station, station at

transmission line in conjunction with AC measuring instruments. They are classified
according to the use are referred to as current transformer (CT) & potential
transformer (PT).
Functions: 1.
2.

4.5.1

They serve to extent the range of AC measuring instrument.

They serve to isolate the measuring instrument from high Voltage

CURRENT TRANSFORMER: -

High current line can be reduced to low current to measure easily with the help of
normal ammeter. To measure the very high current of the running line with out
distributing it, a spilt core type current transformer is used. It is step up transformer
the primary windings consist of thicker conductor having less number of turns.
Some time, only a straight conductor also serves the purpose of primary winding.
The secondary winding is done with thicker conductor having more number of
turns.
The primary winding is connected in series with the line and the M I is connected
across the secondary of the current transformer. it should be clearly understood that
the secondary winding of the current transformer is never opened. It should be
always short circuit i.e. the secondary is open, there is no current in the secondary
winding hence, the M.M.F. of primary will not be opposed and the cares will have
high flux which will cause high E.M.F. Induced or the primary and secondary
winding. This E.M.F. Is dangerous and may give sever shock.
The secondary of the current transformer should be earthed to avoid the danger of
shock to the operator.
The current transformer is kept in category of instrument transformers. The CTs are
used to reduce / stepping down A.C. from high value to lower value for
measurement / protection / control.
A 'CT' has following essential parts: 1. Magnetic core made up of continuously wound strip nickel iron alloy of
CRGO material.
2. Winding having several turns wound on the insulated core.
3. A bar primary passing through the winding of core and terminal.
4. Insulated porcelain at primary insulator.

5. Synthetic region or oil insulation.

PROPERTIES OF CT:
o
o
o

o
o

The CT measures the current.

The current transformer is used with primary winding.
Connected in series with the line carrying the current to be measured and
therefore primary current is dependent upon load connected in the system.
The primary winding of a very few turns, and therefore there is no
appreciation drop across it.
The secondary winding has large no. Of turns, exact no. Being determined by
the turn ratio.
Ammeter of wattmeter current coil is connected directly across secondary
winding terminals.
Thus CT operates at secondary terminal near by being short-circuited.
One of the terminals of secondary winding is earth in order to protect
instrument and personal in the vicinity in event of insulation breakdown.

WORKING: - The CT has three coils different purposes.

a) Measurement: - The secondary given 5A / 1A current which operates the
ammeter to note the current reading
b) Protection: - The 5A / 1A current is sent to the relay and if the current exceeds
this limit then the relay operates and sends signal to the C.B. which then
operates.
c) Differential

d) Spare
SPECIFICATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: Specification of 220 kV side CT
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Standard
- IS 2705
Highest system voltage (kv) - 245
Insulation level (kv)
- 460/1050
Frequency
- 50 Hz
Rated primary current - 600A
ST current KA/ sec
- 27 /1

Terminals
1s1-1s2

Ratio Amp.
300/1

Rating class
5P20

VA
60

Kvp / Amp
1200V/0.04A

1s1-1s2
2s1-2s2

600/1
300/1

5P20

60

1200V/0.04A

2s1-2s2
3s1-3s2

600/1
300/1

5P20

60

1200V/0.04A

3s1-3s2
4s1-4s2

600/1
600/1

.5

60

....................

4s1-4s2

4.5.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: Similar to CT it is another type of instrument transformer. It is also known as CVT
(capacitor voltage transformer). It is used for measurement and protection. Potential
transformer is used to operate voltmeter, the potential coil of wattmeter and relay
from high voltage line. The primary oftransformer4 is connected across the line
carrying the voltage to be measured and the voltage circuit is connected across the
secondary winding to measure high voltage line.
The transformer is used to measure the high voltage known as potential transformer.
The primary of the potential transformer is having more number of turns of fine
wire and secondary is having less number of turns. The potential transformer is step
down transformer the P.W is connected across the line and S.W across the meter to
measure the line voltage. The P.W when connected to line carry some current, which
produces the magnetic flux. The S.W is linked with this flux causing the induction

some voltage (generally 110V in case P.T.) this voltage defects the voltmeter or the
secondary of the P.T.
The scale is directly calibrated to obtain the actual voltage. The secondary of the P.T.
is always connected to earth.
They may be of one phase or three phase. Electromagnetic P.T. In which primary
and secondary are wound on magnetic core in usual transformers.

SOME TERMS RELATED TO P.T

(a) Rated Voltage: The voltage of the P.T., which it can withstand.
(b) Rated Transformer Ratio: The ratio of rated primary voltage to the
rated secondary voltage.
(c) Rated secondary voltage: e.g. 130/ root (3) = 63.3 VAR.

4.5.3

Capacitor Voltage Transformer:-

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to

step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for
measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device

consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an
inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer
used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or
protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for
connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of
secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs
are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In
practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in
series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced
the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second
capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
CVT 220 kV rating
Type: WP-245 V
Operating voltage:

220/3 kV

Voltage factor:

1.5 V for 30 sec.

Test voltage:

460 kV

Test impedance

1050 kv peak

Ellec cap:

440010% PF of 50 H 5%

Nominal intermediate voltage

20/3 kv

Spark over voltage:

36 kv

Voltage divider ratio

220000/3 /20000/3

Total thermal burden:

1000 VA

Temperature categ:

10 to 55C

Total weight:

900 Kg.

4.6.

CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is equipment which can be open are closed a circuit under a normal
as well as fault condition. It is so desired that it can be operated manually or by
remote control under normal condition and automatically under fault condition. For
the latter operation a relay is used in the circuit breaker. A circuit breaker essentially
consists of fixed and moving contacts, called electrodes. Under normal operating
condition, these contacts remain closed and will not open automatically until and
unless the system becomes fault. The contacts can be opened manually or by remote
control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip
coils of the circuit breaker get energized and moving contacts are pulled apart by
some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. the basic construction of any circuit
breaker requires the separation of the contacts in any insulating fluid, when serves
two function:

It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker
open.
It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contacts
to earth. Many insulating fluids are used for arc extinction and the fluid
chosen depend upon the rating and type of the circuit breaker.
The insulating fluids commonly used are :Air at atmospheric pressure
Compressed air
Ultra high vacuum
Oil which produces hydrogen for arc extinction
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

4.6.1

Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

I.
SULPHUR HEXAFLURIOD (SF6 )
In such circuit breaker sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as arc quenching medium.
The SF6 is electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The
contacts of the breaker an opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is
struck between them. The conducting free electrons in arc are rapidly captured by
the gas to form relatively immobile negative ions . This loss of conduction electrons
in the arc quickly builds up enough insulating strength.The SF6 circuit breaker has
been found to be very effect able for high power and high voltage services.SF6 has
excellent insulating strength because of its affinity for electrons i.e whenever a free
electrons collides with the neutral gas molecules to form negatives ions, the electrons
is absorbed by the neutral gas molecules may occur in two ways
SF6 + e -> SF6
SF6 + e -> SF5 + F

The negative ion formed are relatively heavier as compared to free electrons and
therefore under a given electric field the ions do not attain sufficient energy to lead
cumulative ionization in the gas.
WORKING
In closed position of the breaker, the contacts remains surrounded by SF6 gas at a
pressure of about 6KG/sq.cm. When the breaker operates, the moving contact is
pulled apart and arc is structure between the contacts. The movement of the moving
contacts is synchronized with the opening of the valve, which permits SF6 gas at
15Kg/sq.cm pressures from the reservoir to the arc interruption chamber. The highpressure flow of SF6 rapidly absorbs the electrons in the arc path to form immobile
negative ions, which ineffective as charge carriers. Thus, medium between the
contacts quickly built up high dielectric strength and cause the extinction of the arc,
after the breaker operates.

II.

VACCUM C IRCUIT BREAKER:

In such breakers (degree f vacuum being from 10-7 to 10-5 tore) is used as arc
quenching medium. Since vacuum offers the high insulating strength, it has superior
quenching properties then any other medium e.g when contacts of the breaker are
opened n vacuum , the interruption occurred first current zero with dielectric
strength between the contacts building at a rate of 1000th of times higher then that
obtained with other circuit breaker . Thus a vacuum arc is different from the general
class of low & high pressure arc . In the vacuum arc the neutral atoms, ions and
electrons do not come from the medium in which the arc is drawn but they are
obtained from the electrodes themselves by evaporating its surface material ,
because of the large mean free path for the electrons , the dielectric strength of the
vacuum is a 1000 times more than when
the gas is used as the interrupting
medium .
III.

MINIMUM
OIL
CIRCUIT
BREAKER (MOCB)
One of the important development in the
design of oil circuit breaker has been to
reduce the amount of oil needed. The
other advantages are reduction in tank
size , reduction in total weight and
reduction in cost . It used minimum
amount of oil and is only used for arc
extinguishing the current conducting
parts are insulated by porcelain or
organic insulated material. Low oil circuit breaker employees solid materials for
insulations purpose and uses a small qty.of oil which is just sufficient for arc
extinguishing .By using suitable arc control devices, the arc extinguishing can be
further facilitated in low circuit breaker. venting.

IV.
Air blast circuit breaker
Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi
break constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main
features of air blast circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high
air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable
for railways and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast
circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and important lines where rapid
operation is desired.

Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker

High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir.
Air is taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are
mounted on the reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished
chambers are mounted on the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current
carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chambers to each other in series and
the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since there exists a very high voltage
between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers
assembly is mounted on insulators.
Specifications of SF6 Circuit Breaker
1. Gas circuit breaker: high voltage side (220KV)
Type 220-SFM-40A
Voltage rating: 220kv
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage: 1050 kVp
Rated short circuit breaker current: 40 kA
Rated operating pressure: 16.5 kg/cm2-g
Rated Gas pressure: 6 kg/cm2-g

First pole to clear factor 1.3

Rated duration of short circuit current is 40 kA for 30 sec.
Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 125 Amp
Rated voltage 245 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 2500 Amp
Rated closing voltage: 220 V dc
Rated opening voltage 220 V dc
Total Weight with Gas: 3900 Kg.
2. Gas circuit breaker: low voltage side (66 KV)
Type 70-SFM-32B
Voltage rating: 72.5 kv
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage: 350 kVp
Rated short circuit breaker current: 31.5 kA
Rated operating pressure: 16.5 kg/cm2-g
Rated Gas pressure: 5 kg/cm2-g
First pole to clear factor 1.3
Rated duration of short circuit current is 31.5 kA for 3 sec.
Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 125 Amp
Rated voltage 72.5 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 2500 Amp
Rated closing voltage: 220 V dc
Rated opening voltage 220 V dc
4.7.
CAPACITOR BANK
The capacitor bank provides reactive power at
grid substation. The voltage regulation problem
frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive
power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can be
produced, transmitted and absorbed of course
with in the certain limit, which have always to be
workout. At any point in the system shunt
capacitor are commonly used in all voltage and in
all size.
Capacitors are used to control the level of the voltage supplied to the customer by
reducing or eliminating the voltage drop in the system caused by inductive reactive
loads.

An AC system cannot function with the highest transmission capability at minimum

cost and at the highest efficiency unless the reactive compensation is carefully
applied. The capacitor i.e. VAR is installed in receiving substation, load substation
for fast, staples control of reactive power compensation of voltage control .
Capacitor banks are installed following purposes:
o To improve the power factor of the system & there by regulating the system
voltage
o Reactive power compensation
o To reduce the loss
o Increased voltage level at the load
o Reduced system losses
o Increase power factor of loading current

Fig.13.1-Capacitor Bank
Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor
reduces the reactive current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point
of installation.
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power

4.8
INSULATOR
The insulators are connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power
conductor passes through the clamp of the insulator. The insulators provide

necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any
leakage current from conductors to earth. In general, the insulator should have the
following desirable properties:
High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind
load etc.

High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage

currents to earth.

High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric

strength is high.

High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.

These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass. Poly
come type insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if
available indigenously. The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to
contraction and expansion in any part of the insulator does not lead to any defect. It
is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw
thread.
TYPE OF INSULATORS:
1. Pin type
2. Suspension type
3. Strain insulator

PIN TYPE:

Pin type insulator consist of a single or multiple shells adapted to be mounted on a

spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting structure. When the upper
most shell is wet due to rain the lower shells are dry and provide sufficient leakage
resistance these are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at
voltage up to voltage 33 KV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 KV the pin type
insulators thus become too bulky and hence uneconomical.
SUSPENSION TYPE:
Suspension type insulators consist of a number of porcelain disc connected in series
by metal links in the form of a string. Its working voltage is 66KV. Each disc is
designed for low voltage for 11KV.

Fig.-Suspension type insulator

STRAIN INSULATOR:
The strain insulators are exactly identical in shape with the suspension insulators.
These strings are placed in the horizontal plane rather than the vertical plane. These
insulators are used where line is subjected to greater tension. For low voltage lines (<
11KV) shackle insulator are used as strain insulator.

Fig.4.3-Strain type insulator

Post type insulator

Post insulators have metal bolt down base as opposed to threads. Many early
multipart lines are spotted with line post insulators as replacements. Post insulators
are also used in substations to insulate high voltage switching gear and
transformers. There is no hobby numbering system for post insulators yet. Most
insulators are used for bus bars. Post insulators consist of porcelain body, cast iron
cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is the threaded so that the bus
bars can be directly to cap.

4.9

Wave Trap:

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting
them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through
coupling capacitor and LMU).
It is a device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or
other interference, of a wave. Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the
wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of
trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder
so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the
substation.
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals and in addition,
voice and data communication signals.
The Line trap OFFERS HIGH IMPEDANCE TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION
SIGNALS thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there
were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be
ineffective/probably impossible.

Fig. -Wave Trap

5.

PROTECTION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION: There are different schemes adopted for the protection of various equipment of
power system against Over Voltage and heavy short circuit current.
CAUSES OF OVER-VOLTAGE: The over-voltage may occur in the power system due to.
1. Internal causes
2. External causes
INTERNAL CAUSES: A.
B.
C.
D.

Switching surges
Arcing grounds
Insulation failure
Resonance

EXTERNAL CAUSES OF OVER-VOLTAGES: LIGHTNING: An electrical discharge in our between clouds, between the separate charge in the
same cloud or b/w cloud and earth is caused lightning.
There are two main ways in which lightning stoke can effect a line i.e.
1. Direct stroke
2. Indirect stroke

5.1

PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGES

It has been seen that the internal causes in increase the voltages of the power system
really double to that of the normal operating voltage where as the external causes
may increase the voltage several times (of the order of 200 MV) to that of normal
operating voltage of twice the value of normal operating voltage of the system for a
reasonable length of time and to provide protective devices for the voltage having
value more than this.
Those devices are known as over voltage protection devices. The common device
used for the protection of power system against overvoltages is:
1. Ground wires
2. Earth screens
3. Lightning arrestors of surge diverters

5.1.1

GROUND-WIRE: -

To protect the transmission lines against direct lightning stroke, one of more bare
conductors are run at the top f the tower known as ground wires. These wires are
earthed at regular intervals preferably at every tower. The area of cross section of
ground wires is based upon their mechanical strength rather than electrical
conductivity. These should have high mechanical strength and be-non-corrosive.
The ground wires not only take the burnt of the direct strokes but also provide a
certain amount of electrostatic screening. This reduces the voltage induce in the line
conductors by the discharge of a neighboring cloud. They also provide additional
protective effect in attenuating any travelling wave that may be set up in the lines,
by acting as short circuited secondary of the line conductors.
The main objections to the ground wires are; the additional cost and the possibility
of the wire cracking and falling on the line conductors causing a direct short-circuit.

5.1.2

EARTHING SCREEN: -

A network of copper conductors earthed at various points, and placed over and
above all the substation is known as earthing screen. It provides an electrostatic
shield against external fields and protects the system. It protects the system from
direct lightning strokes but does not provide any protection against high voltage
waves which may still reach at the terminals of equipment.

5.1.3

LIGHTNING ARESSTOR OR SURGE DIVERTER: -

The lightning arrestor or surge diverters is a device which an easy conducting path
or relatively low impedance path for the flow of current which the system voltage
increases more than the designed value and against it is original properties of an
insulator at normal voltage .
A lightning arrestor voltages as on insulator at normal voltages but provides as easy
path for the flow of current at abnormal voltages. A good lightning arrestors or
surge diverter should have the following.
(a) It should not take any current on the working voltage of the system in other
words it should act as an insulator at normal working voltages.
(b) It must provide a conducting path as and when abnormal transient voltages
occur on the system.
(c) It must be capable to carry the discharge current with out getting damage it
self under abnormal conditions.

TYPES OF LIGHNING ARRESTORS: There are many types of lightning arrestors which are used to protect the power
system against over-voltage some of them are:
1. Rod gap arrestor
2. Horn gap arrestor
3. multi gap arrestor
4. Thyrite arrestor
5. Electrolytic arrestor
6. Oxide film arrestor
7. Expulsion type arrestor
8. Value type arrestor

Lightning arresters are protective devices for limiting surge voltages due to
lightning strikes or equipment fault or other events, to prevent damage to
equipment
and
disruption
of
service. Also
called
surge
arresters.
Lightning
arresters
are
installed on many different
pieces of equipment such as
power poles and towers,
power transformers, circuit
breakers, bus structures, and
steel
superstructures
in
substations.

VARIOUS OTHER KINDS OF PROTECTION

5.2

DIRECTION OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION: -

The over-current protection can be given directional feature by adding directional

over-current protection responds to over currents for a particular directional flow if

power flow is in the opposite directions the directional over current protection
remains un-operative.
Directional over current protection comprises over current relay and power
directional relay in a single relay casing the power directional relay does not
measure the power but is arranged to respond to the directional operation of relay is
used where the selectivity can be achieved by directional relaying. The directional
relay recognizes the direction in which fault occurs relative to the location of the
relay. It is set such that it actuates for fault occurring in one directional only. It does
not act for faults occurring in the other direction another interesting example of
directional protection are that of reverse power protection of generator.

5.3

DIRECTIONAL EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION : -

In the directional over-current protection coil of relay is actuated from secondary

current of line CT. where as the current coil by residual current.
In directional over-current relays. The voltage coil is actuated by secondary of line
VT. In directional earth-fault relay, the voltage coil is actuated by the residual
voltage. Direction earth fault relay sense the direction which earth fault occurs with
respect to the relay location; and it operates for fault in a particular direction. The
directional earth fault relay (single phase unit) has two coils. The polarizing quantity
is obtained either from residual current (IRS = Ia + Ib+ Ic) or
Residual voltage (VRS = Vae + Vbe + Vce), where Vae Vbe Vce are phase voltage.
One of the coils is connected in residual current circuits. This coil gets current during
earth faults. The other coil gets residual voltage. The coil connected in potential
transform secondary circuit gives a polarizing field.

5.4

PRIMARY AND BACK UP PROTECTION: -

There are times when the primary protection may fail. This could be due to failure of
CT/VT or relays, pr failure of circuit breaker one of the possible causes of the circuit
breaker failure is the failure of the trip-battery due to inadequate maintenance.

5.5 RELAYS
A relay is a low-powered device used to activate a high-powered device. Relays are
used to trigger circuit breakers and other switches in substations and transmission
and distribution systems.

The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are:
1. Voltage
2. Current
3. Frequency
4. Phase angle
Through the change in one or more of these quantities, the fault signals there
presence type and location to the protective relay is obtained. Moving detect the
fault, the relay operates close the trip circuit of the breaker. This result in the opening
of the breaker and disconnect the fault section.

TYPES OF RELAY
Basically relay are based on two principal:o Electromagnetic attraction
o Electromagnetic induction
But

different

relay

RESE/F+O/L
Protectionrelay

based

on

this

are

used

in

this

Differential
relay
O/Fprotection+FFR
GroupAtriprelay

Breakerfailure
relay
O/Cprotection
relays

CBtroublerelay
GroupBtriprelay

DRearthswitch
relay

S/S

such

as:

1. Over Current Relay: - It is used in over current scheme. Over current protection
is the name given to protected relay scheme devised to rise in current in a
protected circuit.
2. Differential Relay: - A differential relay is one that operates when the vector
difference of two or more quantities exceeds pre determined value.
3. Oil Surged Relay
4. Buccholtz relay
5. Gas operated relay
RELAYS OF 100 MVA AND 20 MVA TRANSFORMERS
o OLTC Buccholtz relay
o Main Buccholtz relay
o Differential relay
o Restrict earth fault relay
o Over current relay
FEEDER RELAYS:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Out of step blocking relay

Directional current relay
Directional earth fault relay
Fuse failure relay
Auxiliary relay type
Tripping relay
Instantaneous Earth Fault relay

Protection Relays

1. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY: -

A differential relay is the relay that operates when the vector difference of two or
more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre determined amount. Almost every
type of relay when connected in a certain way can be made to operate as differential
relay, mast of the differential relays are of the current differential type. Fig.1
shows the over current relay used as differential relay and operates when the
currents at two points of the system are unusual. For example of the current on at
two ends of alternator, windings are unusual. There is either a fault to earth or b/w
phases. When there is continuous over current and the current over current and the
current on both sides are equal, than the relay will not sense the fault. It will sense
fault only if there is a difference of current on two sides of circuit.
A very important disadvantage in simple balance system is due to inequalities of
current transformers. Hence the differential CTs should not be erroneous or should
be identical.
This disadvantage can also be overcome by using a based beam relay.
Fig : Differential Relay
2. DISTANCE RELAYS: Distance or impedance relays should have the least position spread in value of
operating impedance or reactance. Any deviation of Z from the impedance setting
canal bring about variation in the operation zone length of the relay it effects the
reliability of the relay operation and venders the co-ordination of the protection on
then adjoining circuit much more difficult. Hence for this reason the fictitious
operating impedance should not exceed impedance setting.

3. DIRECTIONAL

(OVER

CURRENT

OR

EARTH

FAULT

RELAY

:-

4.
The non directional relay can operate for fault flow in either direction. In order to
achieve operation for the fault flowing in a specific direction, it is necessary to add a
directional element to the non directional element. Such a relay which responds to
fault flow in a particular directional is called a directional relay
5. IDMT RELAY:
The IDMT relay work on the induction principle, where an aluminum or copper disc
rotates between the poles of electromagnet and damping magnet. The fluxes induce
eddy current in the disc which interact and produce rotational torque. The disc
rotates to a point where it operates a pair of contact that breaks the circuit and
removes the fault condition.

6. RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY:

The REF protection method is a type of "unit protection" applied to transformers or
generators and is more sensitive than the method known as differential protection.
An REF relay works by measuring the actual current flowing to earth from the frame
of the unit. If that current exceeds a certain preset maximum value of milliamps
(mA) then the relay will trip to cut off the power supply to the unit.
Differential protection can also be used to protect the windings of a transformer by
comparing the current in the power supply's neutral wire with the current in the
phase wire. If the currents are equal then the differential protection relay will not
operate. If there is a current imbalance then the differential protection relay operates.
REF protection is applied on transformers in order to detect ground faults on a given
winding more sensitively than differential protection.

7. TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense
any fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the
faulty section

AUXILIARY RELAY:

Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

5.6

FUSES :

Fuse is a essentially a short piece of metal ( or a fusible material ) inserted in a circuit

which melts when a predetermined value of current flows through it and thus
breaks the circuits .The protective element of the fuse is a fuse-link inserted in series
with the circuit being protected . The most generally material used for fuse element
is a low melting point material such as tin, lead or zinc .Fuses may be low voltage

type or high voltage type : low voltage can be further divided into two classes
namely semi- enclosed rewire able fuse and the cartridge type fuse.
5.7
EARTHING SYSTEM
The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the
following reason.
In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or
other system fault. These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for
as voltage, are concerned do not attain dangerously high potential.

In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to

stabilize
the
potential
of
circuit
with
respect
to
earth.

The resistance of earthing system is depending on:

Shape and material of earth electrode used.

Depth in the soil.

Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system

electrodes.

PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:
Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to
deal with more faults current. The resistance of earth and current path should be low
enough to prevent voltage rise between earth and neutral. The earth electrode must
be driven in to the ground to a sufficient depth to as to obtain lower value of earth
resistance. To sufficient lowered earth resistance a number of electrodes are inserted
in the earth to a depth, they are connected together to form a mesh. The resistance of
earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the earth at 0.5m depth the
several point of mesh then connected to earth electrode or ground conduction. The
earth electrode is metal plate copper is used for earth plate.

NEUTRAL EARTHING:
Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with grounded
neutral. Grounding of neutral offers several advantages the neutral point of
generator transformer is connected to earth directly or through a reactance in some
cases the neutral point is earthed through an adjustable reactor of reactance matched
with the line.

The earth fault protection is based on the method of neutral

earthing.

The neutral earthing is associated switchgear.

The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing grounds
unbalanced voltages with respect to protection from lightening and for improvement
of the system.
An earthed neutral system has the following advantages :A)
It provides a better protection against earth faults.
B)
It ensures nearly constant voltage of healthy phases because neutral point is
not shifted.
C)
This system provides a better reliability of service .
D)
It is safer for personal and equipment.
E)
It requires lesser maintenance expense as compared to the unearthed neural
(isolated system.
F)
In the system, transient voltages produced are very small.
G)
Ground fault relaying is simple . The earth may be utilized to operate
protective relays to isolate the fault.
H)
Persistent arcing ground can be eliminated by employing protective gear.

SAFETY EARTHING :It is required to provide protection to the operating staff working in the yard and
sub station from any injury during fault condition by keeping the voltage gradient
with
in safe limits. The above two parts have common earth mat from which flat iron
risers are taken out to connect all the non-current carrying metal parts of the
equipment. At the same
time the earth mat conductor rise to voltage, which is equal to the resistance of the
earth mat multiplied by ground fault current. This difference of potential results in
voltage gradients.

6. CONTROL ROOM
Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control
building, also called the dog house. These are used to control the substation
equipment to send power from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down
circuits when needed.

Fig. -Control Room

MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED:
ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are
fitted to the panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded
after one hour regularly for it MWHr, meter is provided.
WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported
from GSS.
FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is
the provision of analog or digital frequency meter.
VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is
also available in both the analog and digital frequency meter.
AMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in
both the forms analog as well as digital.
MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control
panel to record the average power over successive predetermined period.

 MVAR METER: It is to measure the reactive power of the circuit.

7. BATTERY ROOM
Battery is the heart of power system control and protection as all the power system
protection equipment and the communication equipments works on D.C supply. In
the event of failure of station supply if standby D.C supply is not available then it
will be dangerous for the breaker and other protective equipment so also the
communication system will be great hampered and during such emergency there
will be no communication for help or to transmit information to the concerned
authorities and the fault would be attended very late. Thus battery installation, its
commissioning and subsequent maintenance plays very important role.
Batteries are to be installed in a room in close vicinity of control room. This room
should be constructed in a such a way that it is well ventilated and the dimension of
the room should be such that it can easily accommodate the stands provided for
supporting desired no. of cells. There should be adequate provision for artificial
lightning and the windows should be located in such a way that direct sunlight on
the cells be avoided. Exhaust fan for ventilation of gases, when on quick charge at
high rate possible.
Room temperature should be maintained b/w 20 C to 35C for getting best results.
Higher temperature reduces the capacity. Battery cells should be arranged on the
stands in such a way that each cell can be easily accessed for any maintenance
purpose viz., inspection, topping up etc.
Battery room should always be kept dry as damp room is dangerous due to possible
leakages from the battery.
Storage of the battery is the most dependable source of supply of DC power required
for closing and tripping of CB , RELAY, signaling equipment, remote control
apparatus, telephone service, SCADA, emergency light etc.
Battery room is the heart line of D.C. system. In case of failure of the A.C. system the
control system should remain operative so we use D.C. control system through DC
set.
Maintenance of Battery

For effective and trouble free services of station batteries following maintenance
activities are suggested:o Battery Room and Ventilation
o Herein battery rooms door are kept closed, exhaust fan checked for air
circulation, metal structures checked for corrosion and painted if necessary.
o Base or Racks
o Wooden racks checked for cracks and deterioration, base pads for
deterioration.
o Cells and Jars
o Leaky jars checked for cracks replaced if necessary, clean jars-wash covers are
wiped out. Plates inspected for signs of deterioration.
o Intercell Connectors and Terminals
o Terminals cleaned for corrosion and sulphation.
o Charge
o Output of charging equipment is adjusted for normal conditioning of battery,
ampere meter should show as fraction of ampere.
o Annual Maintenance
o Voltage of each cell which should be b/w 2.15 to 2.2 V per cell during trickle
charge is checked.
o Electrolyte
o Electrolyte level and add distilled water as it is necessary, specific gravity and
electrolyte is checked. Keep the distilled water container and keep some
storage of distilled water always ready for topping.
INITIAL SP. FINAL
GRAVITY
GRAVITY
1 840
1 190
1 825
1 400
1 825
1 190
1 400
1 190

SP. ACID
QUANTITY
18
40
18
45

WATER QUANITY
87
66
86
56

TECHNICAL PARTICULARS:
1. A.C. input
415 v +10% three phase 50 c/s
2. No. of cells
110
3. DC output 110 cells while supplying (a)
float charger capable of floating
a load of 18 amp.
cells of 2.65v per cell
(b)
Boost charge 220 v load at a

max. Of charging current of 20 amp.

8. Power line communication & SCADA system

Delhi Transco Limited (DTL) has a very large network of high voltage transmission
lines in whole Delhi. Transmission lines transfer power from power houses to
substations and from one substation to many other substations or vice versa. Power
is generated at low Voltage (of the order of 3.3KV to 25KV) and is stepped-up to
high voltage (765KV, 400KV, 220KV & 132KV) for evacuating power into the grid
network through transmission lines.

Transmission of Data
Below in Figure 1, main equipment from substation/power house to its subLDC has
been shown in a very simple form.

Figure 1: Transmission of Data from substation/Power house to subLDC

Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs), installed on
transmission lines, provide inputs to transducers of SIC (Supervisory Interface &
Control) & RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) panel. Circuit breakers & isolators' status
are extended up to SIC panel. If for such extension extra potential free contacts are
not available in the Control Panels, Contact Multiplying Relays (CMRs) are used to
provide potential free contacts. The output of RTU is connected to the

communication equipment, through Modem. In between substation & subLDC, a

communication link has been shown. Telephone exchanges are connected with the
communication equipment. Such communication links can be of any type. DTL has
got its own three different type of communication systems, i.e. PLCC (Power Line
Carrier Communication), microwave and fibre-optic. Modem output at receive side
is connected with the CFE (Communication End Frame). Its output is connected with
data takes over. Each RTU is automatically polled by Server of Sub LDC to obtain
each data of repeats at least once in 10 sec and is stored in the database of sub LDC.
This data is processed in database formats and is retrieved for different applications.
These formats or graphics are displayed or printed as per requirement. At sub LDC,
System Control Officers use this data to monitor and analyze position of the grid.
Communication for Power System
Following are mainly three inter-related areas of functions in DTL for management
of power system:
A) Telecommunication
B) SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System.
C) EMS- Energy Management System
A) TELECOMMUNICATION
There are three different types of telecommunication systems in UPPTCL i.e.
i.
ii.
iii.

Microwave Communication System,

Fibre-optic Communication System,
PLCC-Power Line Carrier Communication.

Voice Frequency (VF) channels of all these systems have been

integrated/interconnected to make a hybrid communication system. Microwave &
Fibre Optic are multi-channels communication systems and are also called
'Wideband communication system'. PLCC is single channel communication system.
SCADA SYSTEM
In SCADA system measured values, i.e. analogue (measured value) data (MW,
MVAR, V, Hz Transformer tap position), and Open/Closed status information, i.e.
digital data (Circuit Breakers/Isolators position i.e. on/off status), are transmitted
through telecommunication channels to respective sub-LDCs. For this purpose

Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) at 400KV, 220KV sub-stations have been installed.
System values & status information below 66 KV have not been picked up for data
transmission, except for 33KV Bus isolator position and LV side of generators.
Secondary side of Current Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformer (PT) are
connected with 'Transducers'. The output of transducers is available in dc current
form (in the range of 4mA to 20mA). Analogue to digital converter converts this
current into binary pulses. Different inputs are interleaved in a sequential form and
are fed into the CPU of the RTU. The output of RTU, containing information in the
form of digital pulses, is sent to subLDC through communication links. Depending
upon the type of communication link, the output of RTU is connected, directly or
through Modem, with the communication equipment. At subLDC end, data received
from RTU is fed into the data servers. In general, a SCADA system consists of a
database, displays and supporting programmes. In DTL, subLDCs use all major
functional areas of SCADA except the 'Supervisory Control/Command' function.
The brief overview of major 'functional areas' of SCADA system is as below:
1. Communications - Sub-LDC's computer communicates with all RTU stations
under its control, through a communication system. RTU polling, message
formatting, polynomial checking and message retransmission on failure are
the activities of 'Communications' functional area.
2. Data Processing - After receipt of data through communication system it is
processed. Data process function has three sub-functions i.e. (i)
Measurements, (ii) Counters and (iii) Indications.

'Measurements' retrieved from a RTU are converted to engineering units and

linearised, if necessary. The measurement are then placed in database and are
checked against various limits which if exceeded generate high or low limit
alarms.
The system has been set-up to collect 'Counters' at regular intervals: typically
5 or 10 minutes. At the end of the hour the units is transferred into
appropriate hour slot in a 24-hour archive/history.
'Indications' are associated with status changes and protection. For those
statuses that are not classified as 'alarms', logs the change on the appropriate
printer and also enter it into a cyclic event list. For those statuses, which are
defined as an 'alarms' and the indication goes into alarm, an entry is made
into the appropriate alarm list, as well as in the event list and an audible
alarm is generated in the sub-LDC.

3. Alarm/Event Logging - The alarm and event logging facilities are used by
SCADA data processing system. Alarms are grouped into different categories
and are given different priorities. Quality codes are assigned to the recently

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

received data for any 'limit violation' and 'status changes'. Alarms are
acknowledged from single line diagram (or alarm lists) on display terminal in
LDCs.
Manual Entry - There is a provision of manual entry of measured values,
counters and indications for the important sub-station/powerhouse, which
are uncovered by an RTU or some problem is going on in its RTU, equipment,
communication path, etc.
Averaging of Measured Values - As an option, the SCADA system supports
averaging of all analogue measurements. Typically, the averaging of
measured values over a period of 15 minutes is stored to provide 24 hours
trend.
Historical Data Recording (HDR) - The HDR, i.e. 'archive', subsystem
maintains a history of selected system parameters over a period of time. These
are sampled at a pre-selected interval and are placed in historical database. At
the end of the day, the data is saved for later analysis and for report
generation.
Interactive Database Generation - Facilities have been provided in such a
way that an off-line copy of the SCADA database can be modified allowing
the addition of new RTUs, pickup points and communication channels.
Supervisory Control/Remote Command - This function enables the issue of
'remote control' commands to the sub-station/powerhouse equipment e.g.
circuit breaker trip command. As such, related/associated equipment have
not been ordered.
Fail-over - A 'Fail-over' subsystem is also provided to secure and maintain a
database of devices and their backups. The state of the device is maintained
indicating whether it is 'on-line' or 'failed'. There is a 'backup' system, which
maintains database on a backup computer and the system is duplicated.

SLDC Minto road has a large and active 'Mimic Board' in its Control room. This
mimic board displays single line diagram of intra State transmission system i.e. grid
network of 400KV, 220KV and important 66 KV sub-stations, transmission lines,
thermal powerhouses. Outgoing feeders, shown in the mimic board, have 'achieve'
(LED display) colored indications, of three different colors, to show the range of
power flow at any moment i.e. 'Normal', 'Nominal' or 'Maximum' of its line capacity.
For new substations and lines, displays in active and passive forms are required to
be made in the Mimic diagram. But, Mimic Board has a limitation that it cannot
incorporate/add
large
volume
of
displays
for
substations/power
houses/transmission lines in 'active' form due to space constraint and congestion.
Due to this Mimic Board is going to be supplemented with a Video Projection
System (VPS) at SLDC, Minto Road in near future. Also in SLDC & subLDCs,

displays of single line diagrams of RTU sub-stations/power house are viewed on

VDUs of large size (21").

9. Operation and Maintenance of 220KV Substation

9.1.

INTRODUCTION

Maintenance is a key activity for utilities in order to assure the proper operation of
the networks. And it implies a huge amount of human and economic resources.
Saving Maintenance costs means that it is needed to proper operation of substation
equipments. The availability of reliable and quality power has made the job of
substation more important. This can be achieved by establishing the new substation,
with most efficient and reliable equipments and taking more care in their operation
and maintenance. Maintenance may be defined as the upkeep of the substation
electrical equipment in proper working and efficient condition to derive the Reliable
and efficient operation, Optimum utilization Availability of quality power, reduced
down time, Detection of premature faults, Minimizing revenue losses etc. To meet
the above requirement, the equipment has to be checked, attended to, trouble shoots
and operated under specified conditions. A large percentage of failure of electrical
equipment are due to deterioration of insulation, loose contact, abnormal operating
condition etc. many of these failure can be anticipated by regular application of
simple tests and timely maintenance . If the fault condition leading to failure is
detected in the early stage itself, the extent of damage can be reduced and the
equipment can be reconditioned and put back in to service. Any abnormality will be
followed by warming signal like variation in sound, excess temperature, vibration,
sparks, blown out fuses, frequent trappings, tripping before full load. The detection
of incipient faults in electrical equipment depends up on use of proper diagnostic
tools, its effective use, correlation and proper interpretation of test results and
observation based on experience, manufacturers guidance etc.

9.2.

MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY

1. Corrective or breakdown maintenance: Corrective or breakdown maintenance is

carried out as and when necessary. This applies only to low value and auxiliary
equipments, breakdown of which does not affect power supply continuity.

2. Preventive maintenance: Preventive maintenance calls for advance plan is made

to carry out preventive maintenance. The advantage lies in uninterrupted power
supply, increased availability of the equipment and reduction in maintenance cost.
3. Condition based maintenance: Condition base maintenance is based on condition
assessment of the equipment by tests ON or OFF the line. This is ideal for prevention
of equipment failure and other associated consequent damages.
4. Reliability centered maintenance: Reliability centered maintenance is generally
carried out on old equipment by conducting remaining life assessment studies and
based on economics, life extension techniques are adopted without sacrificing
reliability and availability. The maintenance costs are also reduced.
5. Equipment failure analyses: Equipment failure analysis is the major
responsibility of maintenance personnel to prevent repeated failure of equipment
and provide inputs foe necessary change in design parameters, new equipment
design, quality control plan, erection and subsequent maintenance technique.
6. Techniques for reducing down time: Techniques of reducing down time play a
vital role in continuity of power supply. Hot line maintenance of one line of double
circuit\ line with other circuit in live condition, deployment of emergency
restoration system etc, is few examples.
7. Spare management: Spares management ensures availability of right spares most
frequently required and at the right location and thereby help immediate restoration
of power supply.
8. Documentation/ computerization on maintenance: The documentation is a
record of the type of maintenance activity carried out, any abnormalities noticed
during checking etc, chronologically documented and computerized for further
analysis and action.

9.3.

MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

Maintenance schedule is categorized into daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and

yearly maintenance schedules.
Power transformer (100 MVA, 20MVA)

Check and re-condition of silica jelly.

Check the working cooling fans, pumps

Release gas from BH relay

Clean the bushing, radiator, body etc.,

Check earthing connection
Check jump connections
Check OLTC motor drive and control panel
a) Lubricate bearing and cleaning
b) Check the gear box oil level
c) Check operation of limit switch, sequence switch with transformer in
off conditions
d) Check gasket joints for oil leakage

HT Circuit breakers
Clean the porcelains
Check the connections for loose contact
Check tripping through relays
Check the wiring for loose contact
Vermin Proofing of control box
Check annunciation scheme
Lubricate moving/link mechanisms wherever recommended by
manufacturer

HT: CTs, PTs & Lightning arresters.

Clean the porcelain and metal body
Check connection both primary and secondary for tightness
Check oil level
Take IR values
Check earth connection for proper contact
11 kV Switchgears
Clean the breakers, panels and bus bars thoroughly, clean insulators
with CTC or Petrol
Check II values of the bus bars and individuals, breakers between
phases and earth
Check operation of breakers on local remote through relay and
corresponding annunciation
Check and lubricate operating mechanism wherever necessary
Tighten the terminal connection of all auxiliary circuit and wiring
Check all earth connections between the panel and electrodes for
tightness and check the contact resistance of earth connection.
Check contact travel, contact erosion in VCB
Check 11 kV CTs and PTs connections

Isolator
Check jump connection and replace PG clamps, if necessary
Check the alignment of isolator
Cleaning and applying petroleum jelly to contacts
GOS-HR fuses Station yard Earthing
Check clean and grease the GOS and check contacts for erosion, clean
insulator
Check operation for proper closing of the insulator
Check the fuses and renew the same wherever HR fuses are provided
Check the earth resistance of earthing mat and all individual earthing if
any, the resistance should be within the prescribed limit, otherwise
action should be taken to Bering the same to within limit immediately
as it is very important aspect for the safety of the equipment in any
station.

TABLE 9.4.1:
Transformers

Maintenance

Schedule

for

Oil-Filled

Maintenance or Test

Recommended Interval

Review equipment ratings

5 years

Preventive maintenance

As Per manufacturers
recommendations

Transformer physical inspection

Annually

Bushings visual inspection

Quarterly and 3-5 years

Bushings - check oil level

Weekly

Bushings cleaning

3-5 years

Transformer and bushings Doble test

3-5 years (6 months to 1 year for

suspect bushings)

Power

Transformer and bushings

infrared scan

Annually

Insulating oil - DGA, physical,

and chemical tests

Annually after first year of

operation

Leakage reactance, Turns Ratio

tests, SFRA test

If problems are indicated by other

tests

Cooling fans inspect and test

Annually

Oil pumps and motors - inspect

and test

Annually

Heat exchangers inspect

Annually

Conservator and bladder - inspect

3-5 years

Top oil and winding

thermometers

Annually inspect and infrared scan

3-5 years calibrate

Oil level indicator operation

3-5 years

Pressure relief device

Annually inspect and perform

function test 3-5 years check oil
leaks

Sudden pressure relay

Annually inspect and perform

function test 3-5 years test per
manufacturers recommendations

Buchholz relay
Inspect foundation, rails, trucks
Inspect foundation, rails, trucks

Annually inspect and perform

function test
3-5 years

TABLE 9.4.2: Maintenance Schedule of SF6 Breaker

Maintenance or Test

Recommended Interval

Review equipment rating

5 years

Preventive maintenance

Per manufacturers instruction

manuals

Record gas pressure and

temperature, compare with
tolerances

Monthly

Record operations counter

Monthly

Visual inspection

Monthly, annually,5 years

Check foundation, grounds, paint

5 years

Check external screws, bolts,

electrical terminals tight

Annually

Contact resistance test, power

factor insulation test, motion
analyzer, trip test, moisture test on
gas

5 years, if required by
manufacturer

Verify operation and calibration of

temperature and pressure switches
and gauges

5 years

Check lube points, heater

operation, tightness of terminals,
linkages screws, bolts; latch,
linkage, operating mechanism
adjustments

5 years

Overhaul breaker with new seals,

contacts, nozzles

5 years10 to 15 years or 4,000 to 10,000

operations (more frequent if high
current operation)

Overhaul disconnect, grounding,

15 years or 5,000 to 10,000

and breaking switches

operations

Gas cart maintenance

Per manufacturers instruction

manuals

TABLE 9.4.3: Maintenance Schedule for Relays and Protection Circuits

Maintenance or Test

Recommended Interval

Fault/load study and recalculate

settings

5 years

Electro-mechanical relays
Calibration and functional testing

Upon commissioning
years

Solid-state relays Calibration and

functional testing

Upon commissioning 1 year after

commissioning and every 3 years

Microprocessor relays calibration

and functional testing

Protection circuit functional test,

including lockout relays

Upon commissioning 1 year after

commissioning and every 8-10
years
Immediately upon
and/or upon any changes and every 3-6
years

Check red light lit for lockout

relay and circuit breaker coil
continuity

Daily

Lockout relays Cleaning and

lubrication

5Years

TABLE 9.4.4: Maintenance Schedule for Arresters

Maintenance or Test

Recommended
Interval

Review equipment rating

5 years

Visual inspection with binoculars

Quarterly to semiannually

Clean insulator and check

connections
3-6 years Ambient dependent

3-6 years Ambient dependent

Doble test (power frequency

dielectric loss, direct current [DC]
insulation resistance, power factor)

3-6 years Ambient dependent

Replace all silicon carbide arresters

with metal oxide varistor type

As soon as possible

Infrared scan

Annually

TABLE.9.4.5: Maintenance Schedule for Transmission Lines

Maintenance or Test
Recommended Interval
Review equipment ratings

5 years

Visual inspection with binoculars

Semi -annually

Infrared scan

Annually

9.5

THERMO SCANNING

A sub station having worth crores of rupees can be scanned in two days time for
which charges for scanning comes around Rs. 30,000. By thermo scanning any
incipient fault can be identified in its initial stages if thermo scanning is done on
regular interval.
Thus damage of equipment worth of crores of rupees can be avoided and also this
technique prevents disruptions of power to
Customers in case of damage of equipment.

This is done with thermo vision camera based on FLIR system.

Thermo graphic Inspection:
During the thermo-visual inspection of sub-station equipment, several hot spots are
noticed and these spots are due to loose joints. The temperature difference between
the hot spots and normal spot is reported and this aspect indicates the severity of the
fault. Four types of fault are graded from zero to three indicating normalcy to sever
fault.

GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTION REQUIRED

(a) Dont wear loose garments; they get caught leading to accidents.
(b) Long and unruly hairs are dangerous particularly when working near
revolving part.
(c) Do not smoke near prohibited area.
(d) Keep the work area clean, dry and free of obstructions.
(e) Do not touch or operate equipment unless are authorized so.
(f) Lubricate the M/C part with both hands. Use cotton waste brush etc.
(g) Ensure all guards in position before M/C working on job.
(h) Ensure all machines control of the machine is in your access.
(i) Ensure all tools are in good conditions. Look and report any accident hazard.
(j) For any injury whether small or big get first aid first.

CONCLUSION
It has been really a knowledgeable experience pursuing training at DTL, 220 KV
Sarita Vihar sub-station. It is beyond doubt; DTL is not only an industry in itself but
also offers vocational training to engineering graduates as well as professionals.
This phase of practical training has proved to be quiet fruitful, beneficial in every
respect. It provided an opportunity to encounter big and sophisticated equipments
of the Sub-Station.
The architecture of the Sub-Station and the way various equipments are linked
together to work as a unit and methodological approach in working of whole s/s is
controlled renders the impression that engineering is not just learning the structured
description and working of various equipments, but greater part is of planning
proper management.
It was definitely a knowledgeable experience and pride to be a part of 220 kv Sarita
Vihar s/s for such a short period of time.
No doubt it showed that mere theoretical and bookish knowledge need to be
supplemented with able practice knowledge. And this opportunity to gain practical
knowledge, imparted by very able personals of DTL at Srita Vihar, New Delhi was a
learning experience.