BIO 110 Exam 1 Study Guide

All of the topics listed will appear on the exam.

What do the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics say? The first law, also known as

Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed

in an isolated system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy
of any isolated system always increases.
Atomic number, atomic mass number- In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also
equal to the number of electrons. The atomic number, Z, should not be confused with the
mass number, A, which is the number of nucleons, the total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Valence shell electrons (how many electrons can be in the first and second shells?) In
chemical reactions with other atoms, it is the electrons in the outermost shell that are
involved in the reaction. These are called the valence shell electrons. The first shell can
hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons,
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds- Covalent bonds are bonds between two atoms that
SHARE ELECTRONS. Ionic bonds are between two atoms that GIVE UP / TAKE ON
one or more electrons. An example would be table salt, or NaCl. Hydrogen bonds occur
between hydrogen and an electronegative atom, such as oxygen (O) or fluorine (F)
What type of bond makes a water molecule? The formula H20 tells us that one molecule
of water is comprised of 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen bonded together.
The bonds which hold the hydrogen and oxygen together are called covalent bonds - they
are very strong.
Definition of energy- Energy is defined as the capacity to cause change, Some forms of
energy are used to perform work, Energy is the ability to rearrange a collection of matter.
What is an amino group?
What is the range of pH? Acidic and basic pHs
Monomers of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure
Structure of amino acids
Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
What nitrogenous bases are in DNA and RNA?
Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
Cell membrane structure
Carbohydrates used for energy storage in plants and animals
What are the different types of lipids?
Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Cell size and surface area to volume ratios
Rough ER vs. smooth ER
Endomembrane system members
Cytoskeleton members
Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions
What happens to plant and animal cells in a hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic
environment?
Phagocytosis vs. pinocytosis

Properties of water such as cohesion and adhesion

pH scale, acids vs. bases
Differences between osmosis, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
Endocytosis and exocytosis
1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics
Kinetic vs. potential energy
Characteristics of enzymes
Activation energy
Competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibitors
What denatures enzymes?
Structure of ATP
Oxidation vs. reduction
Location and products of glycolysis
Location and products of the citric acid cycle
Substrate phosphorylation vs. oxidative phosphorylation
Fermentation in yeast
How does the proton gradient work in cellular respiration? What is the direction of proton
flow?
Know the formula for cellular respiration paying particular attention to oxidation and
reduction of the reactants