religia

yurani
muslimTa saRvTo wigni
giorgi lobJaniZe

islami yvelaze axalgazrda msoflio religiaa, romelsac

abraamistuli tradiciis religiebs miakuTvneben. religiaTmcod
neobaSi `abraamistuli tradiciis religiebs~ uwodeben im sam sarw
munoebas, romelTa mixedviTac, RvTisa da adamianis urTierTo
bis tradicias safuZveli bibliuri abraamis, abrahamis (qarTuli
tradiciiT abramis, yuraniseuli ibrahimis), epoqidan daedo.
abraamistuli tradiciis religiebi wignismieri religiebia. es
imas niSnavs, rom yvela am religias Tavisi wminda an saRvTo werili
aqvs. iudevelobis mTavari saRvTo werilia Tora, qristianobisa
saxareba, xolo islamis wminda wigns yurani ewodeba.

30

yurani

yurani arabuli sityvaa da qarTulad

`wakiTxvas~, `kiTxvas~ niSnavs. is warmoadgens
islamis winaswarmetyvelis muhamadis (muhame
dis) (570-632) qadagebaTa krebuls, romlebic
muhamads, TviTon am religiis mimdevarTa, anu
muslimTa (muslimanTa, mahmadianTa) rwmeniT,
RvTiuri zeSTagonebis meSveobiT ganecxada.
islamis winaswarmetyveli muhamadi cxov
robda arabeTis naxevarkunZulis hijazis mxa
reSi. is daibada qalaq meqaSi da Tavidan mwyem
si, xolo mogvianebiT warCinebuli sovdagari
iyo. daaxloebiT ormoci wlisas zeciuri ga
mocxadebebi daewyo, romelTa safuZvelzec
mogvianebiT Camoyalibda religia `islami~,
rac arabuli sityvaa da qarTulad morCile
bas, RvTisaTvis Tavis miZRvnas niSnavs.
muslimuri gadmocemis mixedviT, pirveli
zeSTagoneba muhamads maSin ewvia, roca igi
mSobliuri meqis CrdiloeTiT mdebare pa
tara mTis hiras gamoqvabulSi loculobda.
am dros mas gamocxadebia zebunebrivi arseba,
muhamadisaTvis miucia farCaze amoqarguli
naweri da arabulad uTqvams `ikra!~ es sityva

qarTulad `waikiTxes!~ niSnavs. muhamads miu

gia, kiTxva ar vicio, Tumca zebunebriv arse
bas kidev orjer gaumeorebia Tavisi brZaneba
da muhamadisaTvis naweris wakiTxva dauZalebia.
mkvlevarTa gamoTvliT, es movlena daaxloebiT Cv.
w. 610 wels unda momxdariyo. muslimuri tradici
iT ki, gamocxadeba islamuri kalendris mecxre
Tvis, ramadanis (an ramazanis), 27 an 28 ricxvSi

Zveli miniatura, romelzedac asaxulia muhamadis sas

waulebrivi mogzauroba meqis meCeTidan ierusalimis
meCeTamde.

muslimTa umTavresi taZari qaaba meqaSi,

arabeTis naxevarkunZulze

31

religia
daiwyo. amis gamo, mogvianebiT, ramadanis TveSi
dawesda marxva, romlis Senaxvac yvela muslimisa
Tvis savaldebulod gamocxadda.
muslimTa warmodgeniT, arseba, romelic amis
Semdeg muhamads TiTqmis mTeli sicocxlis gan
mavlobaSi drogamoSvebiT ecxadeboda da RvTiur
danabarebs gadascemda, raTa winaswarmetyvels es
yvelaferi xalxisaTvis emcno, angelozi jibrii

ar icis, visac ar uswavlia wina religiaTa saRvTo

werilebi.
610 wlidan, anu gamocxadebis dasawyisidan 632
wlamde muhamad winaswarmetyvelis gardacvale
bamde daaxloebiT ocwliani periodi yuranis
gamocxadebis ZiriTadi wlebia. am xnis ganmavloba
Si drodadro muhamads eufleboda zebunebrivi
mdgomareoba da am dros igi zepirad qadagebda
qalaq meqis xedi

angelozi jibriili (mTa

varangelozi gabrieli)

li (jabraili, jibraili) iyo. mogvianebiT, zogma

mkvlevarma am angelozis identifikacia iudeuri
da qristianuli tradiciis mTavarangeloz gabri
elTan moaxdina.
yuranis zemoT moTxrobili pasaJidan, ufro
zustad ki, angelozis brZanebidan wamovida kidev
erTi tradiciuli warmodgena, romlis Tanaxmadac,
muhamadi wera-kiTxvis ucodinari kaci iyo.
am Tvalsazriss kidev ufro amyarebda is gare
moeba, rom TviTon yuranSi muhamads ramdenjerme
moixsenieben epiTetiT `ami~, rac pirdapir marTlac
`uwignurs~, `wera-kiTxvis ucodinars~ niSnavs.
Tumca bolo dros islamologiaSi gamoiTqva sa
fuZvliani mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom yuranis
fraza `ikra! niSnavs ara `waikiTxe!~-s, aramed `iqa
dage!~-s, epiTeti `amii~ ki gulisxmobs ara saerTod
wera-kiTxvis ucodinar adamians, aramed kacs, vinc

32

RmerTis sityvas, rasac misi mimdevrebi sxvadasxva

saSualebiT iwerdnen an zepiradve imaxsovrebdnen.
yuranis fragmentebis pirvel Canawerebs umTavre
sad palmis xis qerqze an brtyel qvebze akeTebdnen, es
Canawerebi ki mis erTgul mimdevrebTan grovdeboda.
muhamadma Tavis sicocxleSi ver moaswro am
Canawerebis Tavmoyra da sistematizacia. Tumca yu
yuranis xelnaweri

33

religia
ranSive aris miniSneba imis Taobaze, rom sicocxlis
bolo wlebSi islamis mociquli cdilobda am saqmis
gakeTebas da qadagebebis erT wignad Camoyalibe
bas, `iudevelTa da qristianTa saRvTo werilebis
msgavsad~. igi am saqmis dasrulebamde gardaicvala,
erTad Tavmoyirili Canawerebi ki mis mdivnebTan da
ramdenime mimdevarTan darCa.

ibn aris arabuli sityva da niSnavs Svils

(vaJiSvils) da daerTvis saxels mamis saxe
lis aRniSvnisas.

muslimuri tradicia asaxelebs im ramdenime

adamians, romlebic yuranis am Tavdapirvel Canawe
rebs agrovebdnen. eseni iyvnen winaswarmetyvelis
is mimdevrebi, romelTac muhamadis Semdgom isla
mis bedze gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonies, maT So
ris: ali, salimi, abu musa, osman ibn afani, agreTve
xalid ibn saidi da ubaida ibn qayba.
bunebrivia, rom TiTqmis muhamadis gar
dacvalebisTanave misma ramdenime mimdevarma am
Canawerebis Tavmoyra gadawyvita da mkvlevarTa
gancxadebiT, aseTi versiis, sul mcire, xuTi
varianti Seiqmna.
yuranis avTenturi teqstis Sedgenis ga
dawyvetileba ki ukavSirdeba islamis is
toriis im kritikul xanas, roca muhamadis
sikvdilis Semdgom bevri arabuli tomi mo
ciqulis Semcvlelis e.w. `xalifis~ xeli
suflebis winaaRmdeg gamovida da mimdi
nareobda brZola medinuri sazogadoebis
Zalauflebis gasamyareblad arabul Temze.
pirvelad swored maSin gacxadda muslimu
ri Temis winaSe gadaudebeli aucilebloba,
romelic mociqulis danatovris, misi qa
dagebebis Tavmoyras, fiqsaciasa da siste
matizacias gulisxmobda. swored maSin gaCn
da e.w. `as-suhuf al-baqriia~, anu `adreuli
gragnilebi~, romelTa Segroveba, islamuri
gadmocemis mixedviT, winaswarmetyvelis
Semcvlelis, xalifa abu baqrisagan muhama
dis mdivans zaid ibn sabiTs daevala.
yuranis teqstze muSaobis meore etapi
ukavSirdeba ukve sxva periodis gansxvave
bul moTxovnebs, roca Zlevamosili isla
muri jarebi TiTqmis erTmaneTis miyolebiT
daeuflnen erays, siriasa da egviptes. isla
mis am uzarmazar teritoriaze gavrcelebam
da veeberTela saxelmwifos provinciaTa
marTvis adgilobrivi religiuri centrebis
Camoyalibebam yuranis erTiani, unificire
buli teqstis gamocemis aucilebloba mTe
li simwvaviT daayena.

34

medinis xedi

yurani

muslimuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, swored

am centrebSi, kerZod, meqaSi, medinaSi, dam
askoSi, qufasa da basraSi ganviTarda teqs
tis gadacemis adgilobrivi tradiciebi, ro
melTac muhamadis im mimdevrebs ukavSireben,
bedma da saqmis viTarebam sxvadasxva dros am
qalaqebSi rom gadatyorcna.
gadmocemiT, himssa da damaskoSi muaz ibn
jabalis variants mihyvebodnen, qufaSi ibn
masudisas, basraSi abu musa al-aSarisas,
xolo mTlianad siriaSi ubaia ibn qaybas vari
antiT xelmZRvanelobdnen.
teqstis aRniSnuli versiebi erTmaneTisa
gan gansxvavdeboda gamocxadebaTa ricxvisa
da ganlagebis mixedviT, calkeuli sityve
biTa Tu gamoTqmebiT, rigi orTografiuli
TaviseburebebiT. zogan gamorCenili iyo,
zogan ki, piriqiT, damatebuli esa Tu is si
tyva an winadadeba.
wminda werilis gansxvavebuli wakiTxve
bi ki muslimur sazogadoebas Sida ganxeT
qilebiT emuqreboda. uzenaes xelisufle
baze gaCaRebuli kamaTis gamo Temis SigniT
isedac, amis gareSec, ukve mimdinareobda
cxare brZolebi.
saSiSroebas ki kidev ufro amZafrebda is
garemoeba, rom muslimebi maT mier dakave
bul vrcel teritoriebze axlo aRmosav
leTSi gavrcelebuli religiuri sistemis,
doqtrinebisa da Sexedulebebis zRvas See
jaxnen.
am viTarebaSi mesame xalifam usmanma (os
manma) medinaSi, sadac, gasagebi mizezebis
gamo, yuranis adreuli Canawerebis Segrove
bisa da sistematizaciis tradicia yvela
sxva qalaqze ufro mZlavri iyo, saRvTo wer
ilis erTiani redaqciis SemuSavebis gada
wyvetileba miiRo. aseTi teqsti, romelsac
`al-imams~ (anu `meTaurs~) uwodeben, medi
naSi Semonaxuli erT-erTi ZiriTadi versi
is safuZvelze da yvela im Canaweris gaT

yuranis erT-erTi uZvelesi xelnaweri, e. w. qufuri. xeliT.

valiswinebiT, romelTa sinamdvilesac ori

saTanado mowme daadasturebda, medinaSive
650-656 wlebSi Seadgina specialurma kole
giam. kolegias xelmZRvanelobda muhamad
winaswarmetyvelis mdivani zaid ibn sabiTi.
aRniSnuli teqstis ramdenime xel
naweri saxalifos umniSvnelovanes poli
tikur-administraciul centrebSi (meqaSi,
basraSi, qufaSi, damaskoSi, zogi cnobiT ki,
egviptesa da bahreinSic) daigzavna.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, sruli erTianobis
uzrunvelsayofad, xalifa osmanis brZanebiT
dawves da gaanadgures yuranis yvela sxva ver
sia, romelic am ZiriTad teqstTan SedarebiT
raRac gansxvavebas Seicavda. Tumca, imis mi
uxedavad, rom Tavidan muslimuri sazoga
doeba osmanis wamowyebas gagebiT moekida da
zaid ibn sabiTis teqstsac sixaruloT Sexv
da, mainc yvela ar aRmoCnda mzad, dasawvavad
da gasanadgureblad gaemetebina misTvis Ri
rebuli da unikaluri xelnawerebi.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, magaliTad, ibn
masyuds am brZanebis Sesrulebaze uari uTq
vams da ganucxadebia: `me yurans jer kidev ma

35

religia
Sin vagrovebdi, roca zaid ibn sabiTi warmar
Ti dedis mucelSi ijdao~.
garda amisa, imxanad jer kidev mravlad iyo
xalxi, visac zepirad axsovda usmanis wesisa
gan gansxvavebuli yuranis ama Tu im fragmen
tis wakiTxvebi.
miuxedavad amisa, osmaniseuli redaqcia
TandaTan ikavebda Seucvlel adgils da sabo
lood is upirobod damkvidrda mTel mus
limur aRmosavleTSi, roca yuranis teqstis
wakiTxvis problemebi daaregulira arabul
muslimuri filologiis orma dargma: ilm
al-kiraam (anu yuranis swori wakiTxvisa) da
ilm al-Tajvidma (teqstis swori recitaciis
mecnierebam).
kanonikuri teqsti umaRlesi religiuri
organoebis mier aRiarebuli da nebadarTuli,
miRebuli teqsti

etimologia ama Tu im sityvis warmoSoba-is

toria, aseve misi pirvandeli mniSvneloba.

yuranis kanonikur teqstSi gamocxade

bebis fragmentebi, qronologiurad, ze
gardmovlenis drois mixedviT ar aris dala
gebuli. is agebulia am fragmentTa sididis
mixedviT, udidesidan umciresisaken. gamo
nakliss warmoadgens pirveli fragmenti
(`sura al-faTiha~ gamxsneli, gamRebi sura)
romelsac saritualo islamisaTvis udide
si mniSvneloba aqvs da is ikiTxeba, rogorc
locva nebismieri mniSvnelovani religiuri
ritualisa Tu saqmis dawyebis win.
yurani dayofilia 114 araTanabar Tavad,
romelsac ewodeba `sura~. am sityvis bevrnai
ri etimologia arsebobs, erT-erTi versiiT,
sura unda momdinareobdes ebrauli `Surasa
gan~, rac niSnavs aguris mwkrivs Senobis
kedelSi. TiToeuli sura, Tavis mxriv, iyofa
ritmulad mowesrigebul muxlebad, romel
sac arabulad `aia~ (saswauli, RvTiuri ni

36

muhamadi da metafizikuri arseba buraki.

Sani) ewodeba. aiaTa ricxvi sxvadasxva suraSi

sxvadasxvaa. garda amisa, teqsti, ukve rit
ualuri mizniT, dayofila 30 Tanabar nawi
lad, e.w. juzad da Tavidan juzebis raode
noba gaTvlili iyo wliur ciklze, imaze, Tu
morwmunes ama Tu im periodSi saRvTo wignis
ramdeni nawili unda waekiTxa.
yuranis mxatvrul stils arabulad saji
ewodeba. saji riTmanarevi ritmuli prozaa
da tradiciul arabul poetikaSi mas saleq
so formad ar miiCnevdnen. rogorc liter
aturuli Zegli, is marTlac gamorCeuli
nimuSia da saucxoo emociur zemoqmedebas
axdens msmenelsa Tu mkiTxvelze.
muhamad mociqulis moRvaweobis ori Ziri
Tadi periodisa da samoRvaweo qalaqebis
mixedviT yuranis surebic or ZiriTad jgu
fad mequr da medinur surebad iyofa.

yurani

specialistebis aRiarebiT, mequri surebis

stili, sazogadod, ufro eqspresiulia, fera
dovani da poeturi, xolo medinuri surebi
garkveuli simZimiT, yofiTi realiebis siux
viTa da sakanonmdeblo aiebis siWarbiT ga
moirCeva. ramdenadme gansxvavebulia mequri
da medinuri surebis Tematikac. moRvaweobis
pirvel periodSi muhamadis gamocxadebebi
adamianuri yofierebis metafizikur prob
lemebs moicavs, medinuri periodis surebSi
ki ZiriTadi aqcenti, morwmune sazogadoebi
sa da, saerTod, Teokratiuli saxelmwifos
mowyobis principebze gadadis.
wigni dafuZnebulia mkacri monoTeizmis,
erTRmerTianobis, ideaze. yuranis mixedviT,
samyaros Semoqmedi da upirobo meufea erTa
derTi RmerTi, romlis saxelic dafarulia
da mis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas gviqm
nis e.w. `al-sama al husna~ `umSvenieresi

saxelebi~ 99 epiTeti, romlebSic RmerTis

esa Tu is Tvisebaa kondensirebuli. arsebi
Tad, erT-erTi epiTetia `al-lah~, romel
sac SecdomiT `mahmadianTa RmerTis saxe
lad~ miiCneven. sinamdvileSi es aris sityva
`ilahun (RvTaeba, RmerTi), romelic al ar
tikliT gansazRvrisas gvaZlevs formas `al
lahu~ da erTaderT RmerTs aRniSnavs.
RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobis tra
dicias safuZveli adamis Seqmnidan eyre
ba da amitomac muslimur tradiciaSi adami
aris pirveli winaswarmetyveli an mociqu
li. drois ganzomilebaSi Semosvlis Semdeg
ki samyaros Semoqmedi periodulad adamian
Ta sazogoebebTan agzavnida kacs, romelsac
am sazogadoebebidanve irCevda da romel
sac xalxisaTvis Tavisi mcnebebis gadacemas
avalebda. Y

37

religia
ad-duniad (arab. `uaxloesi~), anu `wuTiso
flad~, da al-axirad (arab. `ukanaskneli)
zesTasoflad. es wuTisofeli mxolod `gar
Toba da TamaSia~, gamocdaa, mosamzadebeli
etapia zesTasoflisaTvis, sadac adamiani
ganvlili cxovrebis sikeTis sazRaurad anda
borotebis samuqafod samoTxeSi an jojo
xeTSi midis. Tumca samoTxisa da jojoxeTis
garda, yurani icnobs imqveyniuri yofierebis
kidev erT Sres al-barzaxs, romelic raRac
Sualeduria samoTxesa da jojoxeTs Soris
da erTgvar gansawmendels warmoadgens. sa
moTxeca da jojoxeTic yuranSi eqspresi
ulad, maRalmxatvrulad aris aRwerili.

yurani am mociqulTa ricxvs ar asaxelebs,

mogviano muslimuri tradiciis Tanaxmad ki,
mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi sul 24 an 25
aTasi mociquli iyo, romelTagan zogi gan
sakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa, kerZod, is mo
ciqulebi, romlebic muslimTa saRvTi wignSi
saxelebiT arian moxseniebuli. magaliTad,
musa (mose), ibrahimi (abraami), iayubi (iako
bi), salihi, hudi, isa (ieso) da sxva. yuranis
mixedviT, samociqulo tradicias asrulebs
muhamadi, romlis Semdgomac aRar iqneba ara
nairi mociquli. swored amitom, yuransa da
muslimur tradiciaSi muhamadis gavrcele
buli epiTetia `xaTim al-anbia~, anu `winas
warmetyvelTa beWedi~.
rogorc yvela religia, islamic saiqio,
imqveyniuri cxovrebis, anu `al-Raibis~ (da
farulis, TvaliT uxilavis) rwmenas efuZne
ba. Sesaqme or nawilad aris dayofili:

38

imqveyniuri cxovrebis rwmena bolo Jamis

rwmenasac gulisxmobs. bolo Jamis, anu sam
yaros aRsasrulis zusti dro (as-saa) aravin
uwyis, Tvinier alahisa, magram is aucileb
lad dadgeba, `axlosa aris~ da misi mauwyebe
li iqneba is, roca `Caberaven sayvirSi~. bolo
Jamis macne angelosis saxeli TviTon yuran
Si ar ixsenieba. mogviano xanis musli
muri
tradicia mas israfils arqmevs. roca isra
fili, alahis nebarTviT, sayvirSi Caberavs,
maSin, yuranis Tanaxmad, `Camovardeba mze
da mTvare gadaipoba~, xolo zeca `Cirqiani
kaniviT ekideba~. am dros mkvdreTiT aRdge
bian gardacvlilni. RmerTi gansjis maT da
codvilT jojoxeTSi, xolo marTalT sa
moTxeSi ganawesebs.
yurani arabuli enis im hijazur dialeqt
zea zegardmovlenili, romelic Semdgom
saliteraturo arabulis (al-fushas) sa
fuZvlad iqca. TviTon yuranis teqstSi ram
denjermea aRniSnuli, rom es gamocxadeba
mocemulia `mkafio, arabuli eniT~. aman Semd
gomSi saTave daudo mTel muslimur samyaro
Si arabulis wminda enad gamocxadebas da Tvi
Ton yuranis uTargmnelobis ideasac. Tumca
SemdgomSi mTel muslimur samyaroSi, ZiriT
adad, teqstis ukeT gagebisa da ganmartebis
mizniT, yuranis sxva muslimur enebze gad
moReba mainc mimdinareobda. is Sua saukunee

yurani

bidanve intensiurad iTargmneboda evropul

enebzec.
am viTarebaSi sakvirvelia, rom qarTulad
yuranis sruli Targmani me-20 saukunis da
sawyisamde ar gvqonia. Tumca gamoTqmulia
varaudi, rom Zvelad arsebobda am wignis ram
denime Targmani, romelic droTa viTarebaSi,
politikuri Tu sarwmunoebrivi mosazre
bebis gamo, ar Semonaxula. Aam varauds amyarebs
is garemoeba, rom ramdenime originalur qar
Tul ZeglSi dadasturebulia yuranis ram
denime fraza, romelic originalis TiTqmis
zedmiwevniT Targmans warmoadgens.
asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom yuranis pirveli
qarTuli Targmani 1906 wels gamoica da is
frangulidan Seasrula Tavis droisaTvis

cnobilma mTargmnelma da sazogado moRvawem

petre mirianaSvilma. erT-erTi gadmocemis
mixedviT, mirianaSvils yuranis teqsti ilia
WavWavaZis davalebiTa da uSualo monawile
obiT uTargmnia.
yuranis pirveli qarTuli Targmani ki,
romelic arabuli dednidan iTargmna da Tan
ganmartebebis vrceli korpusi axlavs, gior
gi lobJaniZes ekuTvnis. es Targmani, rome
lic evropuli fondis `horizontis~ dafi
nansebiT, mirianaSvilis Targmanidan zustad
asi wlis Semdeg, anu 2006 wels gamosca `kavka
siurma saxlma~ rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve
qveynis gareT (kerZod, iranSi) umniSvnelova
nesi literaturuli premiebiT aRiniSna.

39