Short Report on Turkeys

Energy Profile
EKA R M A P LILIPALY
ID 23114016

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE

ENGINEERING
BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2016

Table of Content
Table of Content.................................................................................2
Turkeys Background..........................................................................3
Turkeys Energy Profile.......................................................................4
Energy consumption by sector.......................................................5
Future Goal and Strategic Plan..........................................................7
References.........................................................................................8

Turkeys Background
Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country (Immerfall 2009). The
Asian part of Turkey includes 97% of the total area, and the rest 3%
is the European part of the country (Metz 1996). Turkeys territory is
about 1,600 km long and 800 km wide, with a similarity to a
rectangular shape (Congress 2006). This country rank 37th in the
world in terms of area, and encircled by seas on three sides, the
Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the
Mediterranean Sea to the south (Tourism 2005).

Figure 1. Map of Turkey

(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/tu.html)
The climate in Turkey has a significant different condition from one
region to the other. Although the area situated in large
Mediterranean geographical location, where the climate are quite
temperate, the landscape nature diversity and the existence of
mountains that are parallel to the coast are the reasons for the
climate differences (Sensoy 2008)

Figure 2. Climate Diagram of Turkey

(http://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/turkiye_iklimi.pdf)
3

Turkeys Energy Profile

The rapidly growth of Turkeys population and economy in the few
decades is inflicted on the countrys energy demand. Energy is one
of the most important priorities in Turkeys development program,
because energy produced by this country only meets part of the
consumption. In 2013, Turkeys energy consumption is 120,290
Mtoe, while its production is 31,944 Mtoe, with oil and natural gas
are the main source of consumption (Kaygusuz 2016).

Figure 3. 2013 Turkeys Energy Production and Consumption (Mtoe)

(Kaygusuz 2016)
hard coal

lignite

8.61 2.07natural gas

2.53 3.15
5.30
44.42
hydropow er
geothermal
(electric)
4.65 1.41
7.90
3.73 (heat)
Geothermal
Animal & Plant Wastes
oil

16.25
w ood

w ind

solar

Figure 4. 2013 Turkeys Energy Production (%)

hard coal
oil

2.33
hydropower
32.451.44
1.01
1.26(heat)
Geothermal
4.41
wood

lignite
natural gas

0.56 0.69
15.26
geothermal
(electric)
11.37
Animal & Plant Was tes

29.23

wind

s olar

Figure 5. 2013 Turkeys Energy Consumption (%)

Above figures show Turkey energy production and consumption in
2013. The figures cleary show inbalance in Turkeys energy usage.
This country imported about 75%of its energy requirement. Most of
the energy consumption comes from fossil fuel, with comparison of
17,891 Mtoe produced and 102,398 Mtoe consumed. Around 82.5%
of its fossil fuel needs is imported (Kaygusuz 2016). Turkeys annual
budgets must have been burdenend for importing fossil fuel.

Energy consumption by sector

Turkeys largest energy consumption is on the resindential and
services sector, around 37%, compared to industrial sector (32%).
The figure below shows this countrys consumed energy based on
sector breakdown in 2011 (Hulsey 2014).

Figure 6. Sector by Sector Breakdown of Turkeys Energy

Consumption in 2009
(https://sites.utexas.edu/mecc/2014/05/09/1422/)

Turkeys large consumption in residential and services sector is

probably based on the infeasibelity building design. Most of the
building in this country is lack of insulation, proved by Turkeys
insulation material used per capita is ten times less than European
countries combined. Turkeys industrial sector is also estimated to
have inefficiency in energy usage. Transportation sector is predicted
to increase, parallel to the increase in Turkeys economy (Hulsey
2014).
It is save to assumed that the residential and services sector, the
sector that used largest energy, consumed most energy in the form
of electricity. However, this assumption does not mean that the
industrial sector is not using electricity as much as the other one.
Next figure show the Turkeys electricity generation by type in 2015.

Figure 7. Electricity Generation by Type (2015)

(http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfa)

Turkeys total electricity (power) demand has been increasing

rapidly and it reached 264 TWh in 2015. According to the projections
of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, final electricity
demand of Turkey is expected to reach at 416 TWh in 2023. Natural
gas accounted for 37,8% of total electricity generation in 2015. The
structure of other energy sources used for electricity generation in
2015 was coal (28,4%), hydro (25,8%), wind (4,4%) geothermal
(1,3%), fuel oil, diesel and naphtha (1,6%), and biogas (0,6%). By
the end of 2015, the installed power capacity of Turkey has almost
reached 74.000 MW of which 35,4% consisted of hydro power,
followed by natural gas (28,7%), coal (21,3%), wind (6,2%), multi
fueled (5,9%), geothermal (0,8%) and other sources (1,7%). Turkey
imports nearly 99% of the natural gas it consumes. Over the last
decade, Turkey has been the second country, after China, in terms
of natural gas demand growth. In 2015, Turkey imported around
48,4 bcm of gas. 55,3% of the natural gas is imported from Russia,
followed by Iran (16,2%), Azerbaijan (12,7%), Algeria (8,1%) and
Nigeria (2,6%). Turkey imports around 89% of its oil supplies. In
2015, Turkey imported 25 million tons of crude oil in 2015 mainly
from Iraq (45,6%), Iran (22,4%), Russia (12,4%) Saudi Arabia (9,6%),
Colombia (3,5%), Kazakhstan (2,6%) and Nigeria (2,1%) (Affairs
2016).

Future Goal and Strategic Plan

Turkey realizes the importance of developing a more efficient and
effective energy consumption to reduce the national burden.
Turkeys Ministry of Energy and National Resources has conducted
participatory studies, focal group meeting by internal and external
stakeholders, and current situation and trend analysis at local,
regional and global scale. This actions has develope a strategic
plans for the nation energy, and it consists of 8 themes, 16 goals
and 62 objectives (Resources 2014).
In the field of Energy and Natural Resources:
Good Governance and Stakeholder Interaction,
Regional and International Effectiveness
Technology, R&D and Innovation,
7

 Improvement of Investment Environment,

In the field of Energy:
Supply Security,
Energy Efficient and Saving
In the field of Natural Resources:
Efficient and Effectice Raw Material Use,
Raw Material Supply Security.
The 16 goal from the themes are:
1. Strong and Reliable Energy Infrastructure
2. Optimum Resources Diversity
3. Effective Demand Management
4. Making Use of Its Energy in the Most Efficient Way
5. Improved Capacity for Energy Efficiency and Saving
6. Ministry with Strong Corporate Capacity
7. Ministry Using Information Technology Effectively
8. A Well Coordinated Ministry
9. Turkey Integrated with Regional Energy Markets
10.
Becomes a Powerfull Actor in the International Arena
11.
Indigenous Technology in energy and Natural Resources
12.
A result Oriented R&D Approach
13.
Competitive and Transparent Markets
14.
Improved Investment Processes
15.
Security of Non Energy Raw Material Supply
16.
Efficient and Effective Use of Non Energy Natural Raw
Material

References
Affairs, MoF 2016, Turkey's Energy Profile and Strategy, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, Turkey, viewed 31 August 2016,
<http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfa%3E.
Congress, ULo 2006, Geography of Turkey, US Library of Congress,
viewed 31 August 2016.
Hulsey, A 2014, Energy Efficiency as a Solution to Turkey's Growing
Energy Demand, The University of Texas, Austin, viewed 31 August
2016, <https://sites.utexas.edu/mecc/2014/05/09/1422/>.

Immerfall, S 2009, 'Handbook of European Sicieties: Social

Transformation in the 21st Century', in Springer (ed.), Springer, p.
417.
Kaygusuz, KT, E. 2016, 'The increase of exploitability of renewable
energy sources in Turkey', Journal of Engineering Research and
Applied Science, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 352 - 358.
Metz, HC 1996, Turkey: A Country Study, Fifth edn, United States
Government Publishing Office for the Federal Research Division of
the Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
Resources, MoEaN 2014, Turkey's 2015 - 2019 Energy Strategic
Plan, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Turkey.
Sensoy, S, Demircan, M., Ulupinar, U., Balta, I. 2008, Turkiye Iklimi,
MGM, viewed 31 August 2016,
<http://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/turkiye_iklimi.pdf%3E.
Tourism, TMo 2005, Geography of Turkey, Turkey, viewed 31 August
2016, <http://www.turizm.net/turkey/info/geography.html%3E.