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Activities, Exams
Dismissal
Grading System
50% Major exams
30% Quizzes, Reports
20% Activities
General Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
REFERENCES
Alters, S. and
Campbell, N.A. et
Miller, S. and
McGraw-Hill
We
2. MOLECULES
3. CELLS
4. TISSUES
5. ORGANS
6. ORGAN SYSTEMS
7. ORGANISM
8. POPULATION
9. COMMUNITY
10. ECOSYSTEM
11. BIOSPHERE
producers
consumers
energy input,
mainly from
sunlight
A Energy inputs
from the environment
flow through producers, then consumers.
PRODUCERS
plants and other
self-feeding organisms
nutrient
cycling
CONSUMERS
B Nutrients become
incorporated into the
cells of producers
and consumers. Some
nutrients released by
decomposition cycle
back to producers.
puts
onment
producsumers.
a molecule or cellular structure that responds to a specific form of stimulation, such as the energy of light or
the mechanical energy of a bite (Figure 1.4).
Stimulated receptors trigger changes in activities of
organisms. For example, after you eat, the sugars from
become
into the
cers
rs. Some
ased by
n cycle
ucers.
y that
system
ws out
s heat.
Skin
recepto
rs
Every
Organisms
Traits
DNA
=
mule (sterile)
Group
Name
uts
to
es:
als
od.
is,
Examples:
14
PART 1
Felis cattus
Figure 1-12
Charles Darwin
Felis leo
(3) mu
alism,
first
accep
tion th
theor
selecti
lution
advoc
evolu
impor
ian ev
and na
the e
expla
wides
imate
ism an
repre
challe
presen
of tho
suppo
1. Pe
ba
th
th
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Archaea
Eukarya
organisms. Like this basilisk lizard, they actively move about during at least
part of their life.
Figure 1-12
(3) multiplication of species, (4) gradualism, and (5) natural selection. The
first three theories are generally
accepted as having universal application throughout the living world. The
theories of gradualism and natural
selection are controversial among evolutionists, although both are strongly
advocated by a large portion of the
evolutionary community and are
important components of the Darwinian evolutionary paradigm. Gradualism
and natural selection are clearly part of
the evolutionary process, but their
explanatory power might not be as
widespread as Darwin intended. Legitimate controversies regarding gradualism and natural selection often are misrepresented by creationists as
challenges to the first three theories
presented above, although the validity
of those first three theories is strongly
supported by all relevant observations.
Darwinian selection
Modern evolutionary theory is strongly identified
with Charles Robert Darwin who, with Alfred
Russel Wallace, provided the first credible
explanation of evolution. This photograph of
Darwin was taken in 1854 when he was 45
years old. His most famous book, On the Origin
of Species, appeared five years later.
Figure 1-13
macromolecula
ing those of the
DNA). All of th
the theory that
structure of a b
ary tree, known
Species that sh
common ances
lar features at a
species that hav
common ances
5 THEORIES
Perpetual change properties of organisms
undergo transformation across generations
through time
Common descent all form of life descended
from a common ancestor through a branching
of lineage
Multiplication of species the evolutionary
process produces new species by splitting
and transformation of older ones
population
neg
oror
bette
of
m
off
! Natural
inamong
aw
falcons
F
in
their Th
share
enviro
with
noti
As
underlie
ofa
a When
bette
mor
a
offspri
less
com
S
As
The
na
under
w
ano
m
mo
inofa asur
line
he
c
Firs
more for food, shelter, and other limited resources.
T
a
ano
Asmor
it d
Second, individuals of a population differ from one
Take-H
ad
h
more
another in the details of shared traits. Such traits have
comf
How didn
Seco
a heritable basis.
and
! Individ
mo
anothe
Third, adaptive forms
of
traits
make
their
bearers
diffe
a
heritable
wild rock
o
com
a
herit
more competitive,
so (a)those
forms
tend
toabecome more pigeon
natu
! Adaptiv
Figure 1.8
Outcome
of artificial
selection:
and
of the hundreds of varieties of domesticated
Thir
and
repro
common overfew
generations.
The
differential
survival
T
wild rock
pigeons descended from captive populations of
dif
wild rock of
pigeons
(Columba livia). (b)
A peregrine
more
c
and reproduction
individuals
in
a
population
that
pigeon populatio
othe
falcon (left ) preying on a pigeon (right ) is acting
na
! commo
Natura
b
an agent ofof
natural
selection
in the wild.
differ in the asdetails
their
heritable
traits is called wild rock
among in
wild
rock
and re
natural selection.
pigeon
their shar
10 INTRODUCTION
oth
pigeon
differ
Thinkb of how pigeons differ in feather color and
underlie
natura
other traits (Figure 1.8a). Imagine that a pigeon breeder
wild rock
b
Thin
pigeon
other t
f shared traits.
Such
traits
have
population
differ
from
one
environment.
of such an
has that
and reproduction
of adaptive
individuals in trait
a population
How did lifeThe
becomebearer
so diverse?
Take-Home
Message
NATURAL
SELECTION
AT
WORK
red traits. Such traits have
differ
the details
of their heritable traits is called
Individuals
of a so
showin
variation
in their shared,
How!did
life become
diverse?
a better
chance
ofpopulation
surviving
and
passing
its DNA to
ms of traits make their bearers
heritable traits. Such variation
arises
through
mutations
in DNA.
natural
selection.
! Individuals of a population show
variation
in their shared,
hose
forms
tendtheir
to become
more
! Adaptive
improve
individuals
of
f traits
make
bearers
offspring
than
other
individuals
ofsurviving
population.
Think
of chances
how
pigeons
differ
in feather color and
heritable
traits. traits
Such
variationan
arises
through
mutations
in the
DNA.
and
reproducing,
so
they
tend
to
become
more
common
in a
ions.
The
differential
survival
orms tend to become more
! Adaptive traits improve an individuals
of1.8a).
surviving
traitschances
(Figure
Imagine
thatconcept
a pigeon breeder
population over
successiveother
generations.
The
naturalist
Charles
Darwin
expressed
the
ndividuals
in
a
population
that
and reproducing, so they tend to become more common in a
The differential survival
! Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction
their heritable traits is called population
over
successive
generations.
wild
rockoffi
duals in a population that
of survival
of
the
this:
among individuals
a ttest
population like
that differ
in the details of
! Natural
selection
is
the
differential
survival
and reproduction
pigeon
their
shared,
heritable
traits.
It
and
other
evolutionary
processes
r heritable traits is called
among
of apopulation
population
that differ
in the details
of
First,
a individuals
natural
tends
to increase
in size.
ons differ in feather color and
underlie
the diversity
of life.
their
shared,
heritable
traits.
It
and
other
evolutionary
processes
). Imagine that a pigeon breeder
As it underlie
does,thethe
individuals
of the population compete
differ in feather color and
diversity
of life.
agine that a pigeon breeder
Slow bird
tion: a
cated
ons of
aregrine
acting
ne
fastrock
bird
wild
pigeon
wild rock
domestication
Thousands of
years ago
Selective breeding
Thinking
about thinking?
Sometimes
We
Be
Respectfully
Such
Example:
Gravity it applies everywhere in the world
2.
3.
4.
Make a prediction
5.
6.
7.
Hypothesis
Olestra causes intestinal cramps.
Prediction
People who eat potato chips made with Olestra will be more
likely to get intestinal cramps than those who eat potato chips
made without Olestra.
C Experiment
D Results
Control Group
Experimental Group
Eats regular
potato chips
Eats Olestra
potato chips
93 of 529 people
get cramps later
(17.6%)
89 of 563 people
get cramps later
(15.8%)
E Conclusion
Percentages are about equal. People who eat potato chips
made with Olestra are just as likely to get intestinal cramps
as those who eat potato chips made without Olestra.
These results do not support the hypothesis.
Consider the
was named fo
In 2005, resea
to identify fac
themselves ag
made two obs
fly rests, it fol
dark undersid
butterfly sees
flicks its paire
closed. At the
the hindwing,
series of clicks
The researc
peacock butter
earlier studies
might explain
1. When folde
leaf. They may
from predator
2. Although th
tory birds, it a
owl eyes (Figu
eyes is known
so exposing th
3. The hissing
Table 1.3
1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Prediction
5. Gather
information
Laboratory
experiment
6. Assess results Compile test results and draw conclusions from them.
7. Report
histo
pulls
time
after
has s
theo
infin
that
A
with
ple,
logic
drop
test a
abou
the t
ever
A
scien
theo
hold
othe
hold