Attendance

Activities, Exams
Dismissal

Grading System
50% Major exams
30% Quizzes, Reports
20% Activities

General Objectives
1.
2.

3.
4.

Understand the origin and chemical basis

of life
Understand basic functions and
mechanisms of cells, tissues, embryonic
development
Know different organ systems that explain
basic processes of life
Learn taxonomic characters of major
divisions of the animal kingdom

REFERENCES
Alters, S. and

B. Alters. 2006. Biology

Understanding Life. Hoboken, J. Wiley

Campbell, N.A. et

al., 2006. Biology Concepts

and Connections. 5th Ed. Pearson Education

Hickman, C.P. Jr. et

al., 2008. Integrated

Principles of Zoology. 14th Ed. McGraw-Hill
Higher Education

Miller, S. and

McGraw-Hill

J.P. Harley, 2007. Zoology. 7th Ed.

branch of biology relating to the animal

kingdom: structure, embryology, evolution,
classification, habits and distribution of both
living and extinct

We

understand life by thinking about nature

at different levels of organization

Patterns begin at the fundamental building

blocks of everything:
1. ATOMS

2. MOLECULES

3. CELLS

4. TISSUES

5. ORGANS
6. ORGAN SYSTEMS

7. ORGANISM

8. POPULATION

9. COMMUNITY

10. ECOSYSTEM

11. BIOSPHERE

Life is more than the sum of its individual parts

because something occurs at each successive
level of the organization
Emergent property characteristic of a system
that does not appear in its component parts
Example:
Atom + atom = molecule (no life)
Molecule + molecule = cell (life)

Energy capacity to do work

Nutrient type of atom / molecule which an
organism cannot make for itself. Needed for
growth and survival

2 categories of organisms based on energy

requirement:
A. Producers able to make their own food
using light or simple raw materials through
photosynthesis

B. Consumers cannot make their own food;

get energy from eating consumers. Also
includes decomposers

Energy flows through life in one direction

Environment

producers

consumers

Some energy escapes as heat (byproduct),

unusable by cells
energy that enters the world of life would
ultimately leave - permanently

energy input,
mainly from
sunlight

A Energy inputs
from the environment
flow through producers, then consumers.

PRODUCERS
plants and other
self-feeding organisms

nutrient
cycling

CONSUMERS

B Nutrients become
incorporated into the
cells of producers
and consumers. Some
nutrients released by
decomposition cycle
back to producers.

animals, most fungi,

many protists, bacteria

energy output, mainly heat

C All energy that

enters an ecosystem
eventually flows out
of it, mainly as heat.

puts
onment
producsumers.

a molecule or cellular structure that responds to a specific form of stimulation, such as the energy of light or
the mechanical energy of a bite (Figure 1.4).
Stimulated receptors trigger changes in activities of
organisms. For example, after you eat, the sugars from

Receptor molecule or cell structure that

responds to stimulation

become
into the
cers
rs. Some
ased by
n cycle
ucers.

y that
system
ws out
s heat.

Skin
recepto
rs

Every

organism strives for balance,

receptors are present to inform the organism
of imbalances

Homeostasis process in which adjustments

are made to keep conditions within a range
that favors survival

Organisms

need to reproduce to prevent

from becoming extinct

Traits

are passed on from one generation to

the next

DNA

(deoxy ribonucleic acid) is the building

block of life containing the source of traits
and distinct features

- contains information that guides growth and

development

Inheritance transmission of DNA from parent

to offspring
Diversity the number of different types of
species
There are approx. 100 Billion kinds of
organisms that have ever lived on Earth, as
many as 100 million are with us today

Species genetically distinct organism,

capable of producing viable offspring with
others of its kind
Examples:

=
mule (sterile)

Group

species together on the basis of their

characteristics

Name

is composed of a genus and species

uts
to
es:

als
od.
is,

through producers, then through consumers. This flow

maintains the organization of individual organisms,
and it is the basis of lifes organization within the biosphere (Figure 1.3). It is a one-way flow, because with
each transfer, some energy escapes as heat. Cells do not
use heat to do work. Thus, energy that enters the world
of life ultimately leaves itpermanently.

Examples:

14

PART 1

Introduction to the Living Anima

Organisms Sense and Respond to Change

Organisms sense and respond to changes both inside
and outside the body by way of receptors. A receptor is
a molecule or cellular structure that responds to a specific form of stimulation, such as the energy of light or
the mechanical energy of a bite (Figure 1.4).
Stimulated receptors trigger changes in activities of
organisms. For example, after you eat, the sugars from

Felis cattus
Figure 1-12

Charles Darwin

Modern evolutionary theory is strongly identified

with Charles Robert Darwin who, with Alfred
Russel Wallace, provided the first credible
explanation of evolution. This photograph of
Darwin was taken in 1854 when he was 45
years old. His most famous book, On the Origin
of Species, appeared five years later.

Felis leo

(3) mu
alism,
first
accep
tion th
theor
selecti
lution
advoc
evolu
impor
ian ev
and na
the e
expla
wides
imate
ism an
repre
challe
presen
of tho
suppo

1. Pe
ba
th
th

Bacteria

- Single cells (no nucleus), most ancient group

Archaea

- Single cells (no nucleus), closer to eukaryotes

Eukarya

- With nucleus, includes the plants, fungi,

animals

s one species. Individuals of a species share one

re heritable traits, and they can interbreed suclly if the species is a sexually reproducing one.
nus and species names are always italicized. For
ple, Scarus is a genus of parrotfish. The heavyC Eukarya
parrotfish in Figure 1.2g is called Scarus gibbus. A
ent species in the same genus, the midnight parA Bacteria These prokaryotes tap more diverse sources
h, is S. coelestinus. Note that the genus name may
of energy and nutrients than all other organisms. Clockwise
breviated after it has been spelled out one time.
from upper left, a magnetotactic bacterium has a row of iron
use various classification systems to organize
crystals that acts like a tiny compass; bacteria that live on
etrieve information about species. Most systems
skin; spiral cyanobacteria; and Lactobacillus cells in yogurt.
species together on the basis of their observable
cteristics, or traits. Table 1.1 and Figure 1.7 show
mon system in which more inclusive groupings
the level of genus are phylum (plural, phyla),
om, and domain. Here, all species are grouped
A Bacteria These prokaryotes tap more diverse sources
omains
Archaea,
Eukarya.
Protists,
of energyBacteria,
and nutrients
than alland
other
organisms.
Clockwise
upper
left,
a magnetotactic
a row of iron
,from
fungi,
and
animals
make upbacterium
domainhas
Eukarya.
crystals that
acts like bacterium)
a tiny compass;
that live
bacteria
(singular,
andbacteria
archaeans
areon
skin; spiral cyanobacteria; and Lactobacillus cells in yogurt.
-celled organisms. All of them are prokaryotic,
B Archaea Although they often appear similar to bacteria,
means they do not have a nucleus. In other
these prokaryotes are evolutionarily closer to eukaryotes. Left,
a colony of methane-producing cells. Right, two species from
sms, this membrane-enclosed sac holds and proa hydrothermal
vent
on the seafl
Protists are
single-celled
and oor.
multicelled eukaryotic species that
Plants are multicelled eukaryotes, most of which are photosynthetic. Nearly
a cells DNA. As a group, prokaryotes have the
range from the microscopic to giant seaweeds. Many biologists are
all have roots, stems, and leaves. Plants are the primary producers in land
now viewing the protists as many major lineages.
ecosystems. Redwood trees and flowering plants are examples.
diverse ways of procuring energy and nutrients.
are producers and consumers in nearly all of
osphere, including extreme environments such
B Archaea
C Eukarya
A Bacteria
zen desert rocks, boiling sulfur-clogged lakes,
uclear reactor waste. The first cells on Earth may
B Archaea Although they often appear similar to bacteria,
aced similarly hostile challenges to survival.
these prokaryotes are evolutionarily closer to eukaryotes. Left,
lsa colony
of eukaryotes
start out cells.
life with
nucleus.
of methane-producing
Right,atwo
species from
a hydrothermal
on the
seafloor.kind of eukaryote.
urally,
protistsvent
are the
simplest
ent protist species are producers or consumers.
are single cells that are larger and more complex
Figure 1.7 Animated Representatives of diversity from the
Fungi
are eukaryotes.
Most of
arethe
multicelled.
kinds are
Animals are multicelled eukaryotes that ingest tissues or juices of other
prokaryotes. Some of them are tree-sized, multithree most
inclusive
branchings
tree of Different
life.

B Archaea Although they often appear similar to bacteria,

these prokaryotes are evolutionarily closer to eukaryotes. Left,
a colony of methane-producing cells. Right, two species from
a hydrothermal vent on the seafloor.

Bacteria

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Archaea

parasites, pathogens, or decomposers. Without decomposers such

as fungi, communities would become buried in their own wastes.

celled seaweeds. Protists are so diverse that they are

now being reclassified into a number of separate major
Plants are multicelled species. Most of them live on
lineagesland
based
emerging
biochemical
evidence.
or inon
freshwater
environments.
Nearly
all plants
ells, prokaryotic (no nucleus). Most ancient lineage.
Cellsare
of photosynthetic:
fungi, plants,They
andharness
animals
eukaryotic.
theare
energy
of sunells, prokaryotic. Evolutionarily closer to eukaryotes.
light tosuch
driveasthe
of sugars
from carbon
Most fungi,
theproduction
types that
form mushrooms,
igure 1.7 Animated Representatives of diversity from the
dioxide and
water.are
Besides
feeding themselves,
are multicelled.
Many
decomposers,
and all photosecrete
ic
(with
a nucleus).
Single-celled
andof
multicelled
reecells
most
inclusive
branchings
of the tree
life.
synthesizers also feed much of the biosphere.
categorized as protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
enzymes that digest food outside the body. Their cells

Eukarya

organisms. Like this basilisk lizard, they actively move about during at least
part of their life.

arison of Lifes Three Domains

The animals are multicelled consumers that ingest

series of stages that lead to the adult form. Most kinds

actively move about during at least part of their lives.
From this quick overview, can you get a sense of
the tremendous range of lifes varietyits diversity?
Take-Home Message
How do living things differ from one another?

Figure 1-12

(3) multiplication of species, (4) gradualism, and (5) natural selection. The
first three theories are generally
accepted as having universal application throughout the living world. The
theories of gradualism and natural
selection are controversial among evolutionists, although both are strongly
advocated by a large portion of the
evolutionary community and are
important components of the Darwinian evolutionary paradigm. Gradualism
and natural selection are clearly part of
the evolutionary process, but their
explanatory power might not be as
widespread as Darwin intended. Legitimate controversies regarding gradualism and natural selection often are misrepresented by creationists as
challenges to the first three theories
presented above, although the validity
of those first three theories is strongly
supported by all relevant observations.

Darwinian selection
Modern evolutionary theory is strongly identified
with Charles Robert Darwin who, with Alfred
Russel Wallace, provided the first credible
explanation of evolution. This photograph of
Darwin was taken in 1854 when he was 45
years old. His most famous book, On the Origin
of Species, appeared five years later.

1. Perpetual change. This is the

basic theory of evolution on which
the others are based. It states that
the living world is neither constant
nor perpetually cycling, but is
always changing. The properties of
organisms undergo transformation
across generations throughout time.
This theory originated in antiquity
but did not gain widespread acceptance until Darwin advocated it in
the context of his other four theories. Perpetual change is documented by the fossil record, which
clearly refutes creationists claims
for a recent origin of all living
forms. Because it has withstood
repeated testing and is supported
by an overwhelming number of
observations, we now regard perpetual change as a scientific fact.

Figure 1-13

- gradual process wherein traits and

Darwins Theory
characteristics become
more or less common in
of Evolution
a population as a function of reproduction of
their ancestors
Darwins theory of evolution is now
over 130 years old (Chapter 6). Darwin
articulated the complete theory when
he published his famous book On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection in England in 1859 (Figure 112). Biologists today are frequently
asked, What is Darwinism? and Do
biologists still accept Darwins theory
of evolution? These questions cannot
be given simple answers, because Darwinism encompasses several different,
although mutually compatible, theo-

An early tree of life draw

biologist, Ernst Haeckel,
influenced by Darwins t
descent. Many of the ph
shown in this tree, includ
progression of evolution
(! Menschen, top), hav

macromolecula
ing those of the
DNA). All of th
the theory that
structure of a b
ary tree, known
Species that sh
common ances
lar features at a
species that hav
common ances

5 THEORIES
Perpetual change properties of organisms
undergo transformation across generations
through time
Common descent all form of life descended
from a common ancestor through a branching
of lineage
Multiplication of species the evolutionary
process produces new species by splitting
and transformation of older ones

Gradualism large differences in anatomical

traits that characterize different species
originate through the accumulation of many
small incremental changes over time

Natural selection variations of a species that

permit their possessors most effectively
exploit their environment will most likely
survive and pass on their genes

population
neg
oror
bette
of

m
off
! Natural
inamong
aw
falcons
F
in
their Th
share
enviro
with
noti
As
underlie
ofa
a When
bette
mor
a
offspri
less
com
S
As
The
na
under
w
ano
m
mo
inofa asur
line
he
c
Firs
more for food, shelter, and other limited resources.
T
a
ano
Asmor
it d
Second, individuals of a population differ from one
Take-H
ad
h
more
another in the details of shared traits. Such traits have
comf
How didn
Seco
a heritable basis.
and
! Individ
mo
anothe
Third, adaptive forms
of
traits
make
their
bearers
diffe
a
heritable
wild rock
o
com
a
herit
more competitive,
so (a)those
forms
tend
toabecome more pigeon
natu
! Adaptiv
Figure 1.8
Outcome
of artificial
selection:
and
of the hundreds of varieties of domesticated
Thir
and
repro
common overfew
generations.
The
differential
survival
T
wild rock
pigeons descended from captive populations of
dif
wild rock of
pigeons
(Columba livia). (b)
A peregrine
more
c
and reproduction
individuals
in
a
population
that
pigeon populatio
othe
falcon (left ) preying on a pigeon (right ) is acting
na
! commo
Natura
b
an agent ofof
natural
selection
in the wild.
differ in the asdetails
their
heritable
traits is called wild rock
among in
wild
rock
and re
natural selection.
pigeon
their shar
10 INTRODUCTION
oth
pigeon
differ
Thinkb of how pigeons differ in feather color and
underlie
natura
other traits (Figure 1.8a). Imagine that a pigeon breeder
wild rock
b
Thin
pigeon
other t

f shared traits.
Such
traits
have
population
differ
from
one
environment.
of such an
has that
and reproduction
of adaptive
individuals in trait
a population
How did lifeThe
becomebearer
so diverse?
Take-Home
Message
NATURAL
SELECTION
AT
WORK
red traits. Such traits have
differ
the details
of their heritable traits is called
Individuals
of a so
showin
variation
in their shared,
How!did
life become
diverse?
a better
chance
ofpopulation
surviving
and
passing
its DNA to
ms of traits make their bearers
heritable traits. Such variation
arises
through
mutations
in DNA.
natural
selection.
! Individuals of a population show
variation
in their shared,
hose
forms
tendtheir
to become
more
! Adaptive
improve
individuals
of
f traits
make
bearers
offspring
than
other
individuals
ofsurviving
population.
Think
of chances
how
pigeons
differ
in feather color and
heritable
traits. traits
Such
variationan
arises
through
mutations
in the
DNA.
and
reproducing,
so
they
tend
to
become
more
common
in a
ions.
The
differential
survival
orms tend to become more
! Adaptive traits improve an individuals
of1.8a).
surviving
traitschances
(Figure
Imagine
thatconcept
a pigeon breeder
population over
successiveother
generations.
The
naturalist
Charles
Darwin
expressed
the
ndividuals
in
a
population
that
and reproducing, so they tend to become more common in a
The differential survival
! Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction
their heritable traits is called population
over
successive
generations.
wild
rockoffi
duals in a population that
of survival
of
the
this:
among individuals
a ttest
population like
that differ
in the details of
! Natural
selection
is
the
differential
survival
and reproduction
pigeon
their
shared,
heritable
traits.
It
and
other
evolutionary
processes
r heritable traits is called
among
of apopulation
population
that differ
in the details
of
First,
a individuals
natural
tends
to increase
in size.
ons differ in feather color and
underlie
the diversity
of life.
their
shared,
heritable
traits.
It
and
other
evolutionary
processes
). Imagine that a pigeon breeder
As it underlie
does,thethe
individuals
of the population compete
differ in feather color and
diversity
of life.
agine that a pigeon breeder

Slow bird

tion: a
cated
ons of
aregrine
acting

ne

fastrock
bird
wild
pigeon

wild rock

Effects of humans on natural selection

domestication
Thousands of
years ago

Selective breeding

Thinking

about thinking?

Sometimes
We

we let others think for us

learn to think before we believe

Critical thinking (Greek: Kriticos = discern),

to judge information before accepting it

Be

conscious of of biases or underlying

agendas

Respectfully

question authority ask the

right questions

Such

practices will help you decide whether

to accept or reject information

It is the study of the observable those

objects or events for which valid evidence
can be gathered. It does not address the
supernatural.
But it does not deny the possibility that the
supernatural exists

Scientific method follows a particular

standard:
Explanations

must be testable in the natural

world that others can repeat

Example:
Gravity it applies everywhere in the world

Observations, hypothesis, tests

1.

Observe some aspect of nature

2.

Frame a question that relates to your observation

3.

Propose a hypothesis a testable answer to your

question

4.

Make a prediction

5.

Devise a way to test the prediction (experiment)

6.

Assess the result of the test

7.

Report your findings

Hypothesis
Olestra causes intestinal cramps.

Prediction
People who eat potato chips made with Olestra will be more
likely to get intestinal cramps than those who eat potato chips
made without Olestra.

C Experiment

D Results

Control Group

Experimental Group

Eats regular
potato chips

Eats Olestra
potato chips

93 of 529 people
get cramps later
(17.6%)

89 of 563 people
get cramps later
(15.8%)

E Conclusion
Percentages are about equal. People who eat potato chips
made with Olestra are just as likely to get intestinal cramps
as those who eat potato chips made without Olestra.
These results do not support the hypothesis.

Consider the
was named fo
In 2005, resea
to identify fac
themselves ag
made two obs
fly rests, it fol
dark undersid
butterfly sees
flicks its paire
closed. At the
the hindwing,
series of clicks
The researc
peacock butter
earlier studies
might explain

1. When folde
leaf. They may
from predator

2. Although th
tory birds, it a
owl eyes (Figu
eyes is known
so exposing th

3. The hissing

conclusions you drew, to the scientific community.

Table 1.3

Example of a Scientific Approach

1. Observation

People get cancer.

2. Question

Why do people get cancer?

3. Hypothesis

Smoking cigarettes may cause cancer.

4. Prediction

If smoking causes cancer, then individuals who smoke

will get cancer more often than those who do not.

5. Gather
information

Conduct a survey of individuals who smoke and

individuals who do not smoke. Determine which
group has the highest incidence of cancers.

Laboratory
experiment

Establish identical groups of laboratory rats (the

model system). Expose one group to cigarette
smoke. Compare the incidence of new cancers
in each of the two groups.

6. Assess results Compile test results and draw conclusions from them.
7. Report

Submit the results and the conclusions to the scientific

community for review and publication.

histo
pulls
time
after
has s
theo
infin
that
A
with
ple,
logic
drop
test a
abou
the t
ever
A
scien
theo
hold
othe
hold