About the project:Management has been considered as key player behind the success of

any organisation. A good management results in success and vice-versa.

The managers perform different functions of the management viz.
Planning , Organising, Staffing , Directing and Controlling in order to make
their organisation successful. As Planning talks about all the future
aspects of the organisation, on the other hand Organising talks about the
manner in which different departments and structure of the organisation
are to be managed. While staffing talks about the hiring of employees , on
the other hand directing talks about the ways in which the management
can derive greater output.
This project will talk about :1.
2.
3.
4.

Management,
Planning,
Characteristics of Planning, and
Types of Plans
Note

In order to understand the concept of Types of Plans in a better way, a live

example of the Exodus Group has been taken. An interview has been arranged
with the manager of the group by the project-maker in order to understand
the concept better.

About the Exodus Group:Exodus Group is the initiative taken by eight students towards the medical
healing if the cancer patients. The basic aim of this group is to collect fund
from conducting several programs such as Inter-School Seminar
Competition, Cultural programs , and many more. This group is having its
base at Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Introduction to Management:According to Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich, Management is the
process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals
working together in groups, efficiently accomplished selected aim.
Management is a very popular term and has been used extensively for all
types of activities and mainly for taking charge of different activities in
any enterprise. Thus, management has to see that tasks are completed
and goals are achieved (i.e., effectiveness) with the least amount of
resources at a minimum cost (i.e., efficiency). Management, has therefore,

been defined as a process of getting things done with the aim of achieving
goals effectively and efficiently.
Functions of Management :Management has been defined in the form of a process . Under the
process (planning , organising , staffing , directing and controlling) , many
activities inter related to each other are included . these activities are
known as functions or elements of management .

Plannin
g

Controll
ing

Directin
g

Organis
ing

Staffing

Planning :- Planning is the determination of a future course of

action to achieve a desired result. Under planning, it is ascertained
that what should be done, how it should be done and who should do
it.
Organising:- It refers to harmonious adjustment of various parts to
achieve common objectives.
Staffing:- It refers to filling and keeping filled the post with people.
Directing :- It refers to instructing, guiding, communicating and
inspiring people in the organisation. Under directing following four
activities are included :
(i)
(iii)

Supervision
Leadership

(ii) Communication
(iv) Motivation

Controlling:- It refers to bringing the actual results closer to the

desired results. Under this, manager monitors whether the jobs are
being performed in accordance with the set plan or not.

Introduction to Planning

Planning is the thinking process, the organised foresight, the

vision based on facts and experience that is required for
intelligent action
-Alfred and Beatty
Planning is the basic function of management and with it starts
the other functions of management. It is the function of
management which tries to bridges the gap between where
we are and where we want. So long, Planning does not
determine the objectives and methods of achieving those
objectives, the other functions like organising, staffing,
directing and controlling are meaningless. It is a mental
exercise that requires imagination, foresight, sound judgement,
creativity and innovation. It requires taking decision, since it
involves making choice from various alternative course of
action. It is also concerned with both ends and means i.e. what
is to be done and how it is to be done.
Planning forms that part of management which lays down the
objectives and various activities to be done for the attainment
of those objectives. Under this it is decided- what is to be done,

how it is to be done, when it is to be done and by whom it is to

be done.
Deciding about all these aspects is called planning. A problem
about taking decisions on these matters arises when there are
more than one possible answer. Therefore, it can be said to be
a process of choosing.
Characteristics of Planning

After understanding the concept of planning, the following facts

come to light about its nature and features:1. Planning Focuses on Achieving Objectives
Every organisation has a set of goals to be achieved.
Planning involves setting goals and determining the most
economical and viable course of action to achieve the
predetermined goals.
2. Planning is a Primary Function of Management
Planning is the first important function of management.
The other functions, e.g., organising, staffing, directing
and controlling come later. In the absence of planning no
other function of management can be performed. This is
the base of other function of management.
3. Planning is Pervasive
It is required at all the levels of management as well as in
the departments of the organisation. It is not a function
restricted to top level but it is performed by managers at
every level.
4. Planning is continuous
Plans
such
plans
plans

are made for a specific time period. At the end of

time period, new plans have to be drawn. When
are objective-based and goals are achieved, new
are drawn with new objectives.

5. Planning is Futuristic
It is essential looking ahead, as it is based on forecasting
and is prepared for the future.
The Purpose of planning is to meet future events
effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. It
implies peeping into the future, analysing it and predicting
it. Thus, it is futuristic process.
6. Planning involves Decision-making
Planning becomes a necessity when there are many
alternatives to do job. A planner chooses the most
appropriate alternative. Therefore, it can be asserted that
planning is a process of selecting the best and rejecting
the inappropriate. It is, therefore, observed that planning
involves decision making.
7. Planning is a mental exercise
Planning is known as mental exercise as it is related to
thinking before doing something. A planner has mainly to
think about the following questions:
(i)
What to do?
(ii) How to
do it?
(iii)
When to do it?
is to do it?

(iv) Who

Goal
Orient
ed
Mental
Exerci
se

Involv
es
Decisi
on
Makin
g

Primar
y
Functi
on

Functi
ons
Pervas
ive
Futuris
tic

Types of Plans

Planning is a process and a plan is its outcome. Plan is a sort of

commitment to accomplish all the activities needed for the
attainment of special results. A plan is a specific action
proposed to help the organisation in achieving its objective. In

other words, it can be said that it is a document that outlines

how goals are going to be achieved. From this point of view
there are many plans. They can be divided into two categories
as follows:(i)

Standing or Repeatedly Used Plans

As the name indicates that these plans are formulated
once and they are repeatedly used. These plans are
formulated by companies to deal with the situation
again and again. They are also developed to ensure that
the internal operations of the business are running
smoothly. These plans include :(i) Objectives
(ii)
Strategies
(iii) Policies
(iv) Procedures
(v) Methods
(vi) Rules

Objectives
It refers to the desired future that an organisation seeks
to reach. They are the ends of managerial activity i.e.
the end result of activities.
They are framed by the top management and
accordingly objectives are framed by the top
management and accordingly objectives are set for
different departments and units. Objectives, should be
set in specific, quantitative terms, in the form of a
written statement of desired results, to be achieved
within a given time period.
Objectives of Exodus Group
Me:- Sir what are the basic objectives of the Exodus Group?
Manager:-Aman, before answering to your question I would like to put
some facts and figures
in front of you. Every year more than thirty
lakhs of people die in India because of
cancer. Among those thirty lakhs,
th
more than 2/5 of them are not having enough
resources for the
treatment. Now coming to your question, the basic objectives of
the
group is to provide the medical aid to those 2/5 th who are not having the
resou-ces for the treatment. This year we are having the
objectives to provide medical aid
to atleast 100 patients of cancer. I
know the numbers are small but , even helping a
a single patient
makes a difference.

Strategy
A strategy is a comprehensive plan which considers
business environment for accomplishing the objectives
of an organisation. It includes of an organisation. It
includes the following three dimensions:(i)
Determining the long-term objectives.
(ii) Adopting a particular course of action.
(iii) Allocating resources necessary to achieving
objectives.
Strategies of Exodus Group
Me:- Sir the objective of your group is really good. What have you decided
in order to achieve your objective i.e. working for the 2/5 th of the patients
who are not having enough
resources for the treatment. Is there any
strategy taken by Exodus for the
implementation.
Manager:- I think preparing the strategy for Exodus was one of the most
interesting and diffic-ult and sagacious task I have ever done. In order
to get prepared with the strategies
the team has to look after the longProcedure
of Exodus
Group prepared with the
term objectives
, while getting
long-term objectives we
also have to get prepared with the alternate course of actions
as
well.
Talking about the implementation, The Exodus Group sets and assigns goals
Me:- Sir according to you, which is the most difficult task for you at this
on
a weekly basis rather than monthly and quarterly basis so that we
point of time? Is there
any procedure to complete the task?
can track ourselves
and can make an assertion where we are and
where we want
to go.
Manager:Aman
as the group is new , as it has been three months from

Procedure

the establishment. Getting the support from the public is one of the most
It describes the exact manner, in which a certain
difficult task at this point of
time. For getting the support we have to do
activity not
is only
to inbe
performed.
It
a chronological
campaigning
the public
but on
the is
online
platform as well.
sequenceat of
steps
to is
bereally
taken.
They Inare order
designed
Campaigning
online
platform
interesting.
to gotofor
campaigning
are in need
two things
(i) punctuality we have to be
execute we
policies
and ofachieve
objectives.
punctual in making post otherwise, the interest of people reading it start
falling.
(ii) creativity in order to make our group interesting in the
eyes of visitors we have to
go with the person who is having a good
command over the language i.e. English and with
good
artistic
work
especially
in
designing
the
posters.
Right now, The minimalist Group from Mumbai is providing us the
posters and the only
work that we have to do is to go for articles. As
we recieve the posters from The Mini- -malist we used to publish a notice in
the groups page for the article regarding the
particular topic. The
members used to submit the article on the respective date as
asked
by
the group. Then the team (assigned for this purpose) of the group shortlist
the article and select the most appropriate one. After this it gets

Rules
Rules tell us what is to be done and what is not to be
done in a particular situation. In the presence of rules
there is no need to take any decision. Whatever is said
in the rules has to be followed without any thinking.

Rules of Exodus Group

Me:- Sir every organisation is bounded by certain rules and regulations. Can
you please let us know what certain rules that are practised in Exodus
are?
Manager:- Sure, the basic reason behind keeping certain rules and
regulations is to get
prod- -uctive result at the end of the day. There
are certain rules that are practised in Exodus such as, Smoking is not
allowed in the premise; No social networking website or app is allowed
during the working hours , except the person who is assigned the work to
look after the facebook page, blogs, etc. and many more.

(ii) Single-Use or Special or Adhoc Plans

These plans are connected with some special problem.
These plans end the moment the problems are solved.
After having been used once there is no importance of
these plans and, in future, whenever they are needed
they are re-created. These plans include:(i)
Budget
(ii) Programme

Budget

Budgets describe the desired result in numerical terms.

A budget is a projection designed to define the anticipated
costs and results in nu- -merical terms of a single project.
Thus it comes under single- used plan.
Since, budget is prepared in numerical terms, it
becomes easier to
compare
them
with
actual
performance. Thus, it is considered as a
control
device,
prepared during the planning process.
Programme

They are the detailed statement about a project which

outline the ob- -jectives, policies , procedures and budgets
which are to be implemen-ted in the project.
These are concrete action plans indicating how, when
and by whom work is to be done. These also come under the
single use plan as they are developed for a project.
Programme of Exodus Group

Me:- Sir would you like to talk about the programmes that are going to be
conducted by
the Exodus Group?
Manager:- Sure!! As children are considered as the fastest learner and the
most influential
part of the society, the group would like to work with
them. In the coming months, the
group will be conducting several
competitions for them having a least amount for the
participation.
It
would create three desired output , they are :
(i)
Collection of Fund.
(ii)
Development of their extra- curricular skills.
(iii) Whatever the message the group want to communicate to the
society , will be
communicated through them.

Difference between Single- use Plan and Standing Plan

Basis of
Difference

Single- Use Plans

Standing Plans

Objective
s

These plans are made to

manage
certain
special
activities successfully.
Generally, the scope of
these plans is narrow,
because
their
goal
is
concerned
with
some
special project or event.

These plans are made to effect

similarly in decisions.

As soon as a goal is
achieved , these plans
become useless. Hence,
they are instable.

These plans are comparatively

stableand are put to use time
and again by making desired
changes.

Scope

Stability

Generally , the scope of these

plans is wider, because they
are concerned with more than
one department or business
activities.

Difference between Objectives and Strategy

Basis of
Difference

Objective

Strategy

Meaning

An objective is the end A strategy is a comprehensive

towards which all activities plan formulated to achieve an
of the organisation are objective.
directed.

Main

An objective needs to be The

business

environment

Element

expressed in measurable needs to be taken into

terms and is to be achieved consideration
whenever
a
within a given time period.
strategy is formulated.

Difference between Policy and Rule

Basis of
Difference
Meaning

Freedom
in
Decision

Policy

Rule

Policy is a general guideline A rule is a statement that tells

which brings uniformity in us what is to be done and what
decision making.
is not to be done in a particular
situation.
A manager can use his A rule does not allow any
discretion while using policy. discretion to the manager.

Difference between Objective and Policy

Basis of
Difference

Objective

Policy

Meaning

Policy is a general guideline Policy is a general guideline

which brings uniformity in which brings uniformity in
decision making.
decision making.

Need

No

organisation

can

be Their formulation

is

not

so

established
without important. They can
objectives. So they are very cannot be laid down.
important.

Conclusion

After going through this project, I am acquainted with :

1. Management
(i)
Characteristics of Management
(ii) Functions of Management
2. Planning
(i)
Characteristics of Planning
(ii) Types of Plans
(iii) Difference between the types of plans

Bibliography

be

or

1. Introduction to Management, Business Class XII , Author :

R.K. Singla, Publisher : VK Global Publications Pvt. Ltd.
2. Business Studies : Principles and Functions of
Management, Part I , Publisher: NCERT
3. Principles of Management ,
Author: Heinz Weihrich,
Publisher: Mc Graw Hill Publications Pvt. Ltd.