Handzettel - Introduction Into I18N L10N

03.01.
2015
Martina Panzer
Introduction into
Internationalization &
Software Localization
m.panzer@sprachverstand.com
www.sprachverstand.com
Translator (E-F-R)
(University diploma)
Freelance in Translation/Localization
Trainer Software Localization
Teacher for translation studies and localization
Senior lecturer and researcher, PhD program Design and
localization of online help systems and websites
Salesperson (Computer system)
Export Manager (PVC granulates)
<sprachverstand>
Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer
<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer
Software with
adapted interface
What is Software Localization ?
Defintions, Context
Internationalization
as pre-conditions for Software Localization
Different aspects, problems of Software

Localiztion
(software code, hotkeys, tags)
Tools
(hands-on)
Quality Testing
to explore the criteria for high-quality localization
and usability
Introduction L10N, I18N, M.Panzer
03.01.2015
Software Localization (L10N)
Software without adapted interface
Localization is the translation and

adaptation of a product to the
languages, customs, and culture of a
foreign market (Carter, 1992)
Linguistic aspects
Cultural aspects
Desired look-and-feel
With special technical methods and tools

Microsoft:
http://www.microsoft.com/dede/default.aspx
af
Afrikaans
sq
Albanian
ar-sa
Arabic (Saudi
Arabia)
ar-iq
Arabic (Iraq)
ar-eg
Arabic (Egypt)
ar-ly
Arabic (Libya)
ar-dz
Arabic (Algeria)
ar-ma
Arabic
(Morocco)
Arabic (Tunisia)
ar-om
Arabic (Oman)
ar-tn
Language Codes:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/ms533052%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
Locale:
A locale is a set of parameters that
defines the user's language, country
and any special variant preferences
that the user wants to see in their
user interface. A locale identifier
consists of at least a language
identifier and a region identifier.
ar-ye
Arabic (Yemen)
ar-sy
Arabic (Syria)
ar-jo
Arabic (Jordan)
ar-lb
Arabic
(Lebanon)
ar-kw
Arabic (Kuwait)
ar-ae
Arabic (U.A.E.)
ar-bh
Arabic (Bahrain)
ar-qa
Arabic (Qatar)
eu
Basque
bg
Bulgarian
be
Belarusian
ca
Catalan
zh-tw
Chinese
(Taiwan)
zh-cn
Chinese (PRC)
zh-hk
Chinese (Hong
Kong SAR)
zh-sg
Chinese
(Singapore)
hr
Croatian
cs
Czech
da
Danish
nl
Dutch
(Standard)
nl-be
Dutch (Belgium)
en
English
en-us
English (United
States)
en-gb
English (United
Kingdom)
en-au
English
(Australia)
en-ca
English
(Canada)
en-nz
English (New
Zealand)
en-ie
English (Ireland)
en-za
English (South
Africa)
en-jm
English
(Jamaica)
Software localization in the framework of

globalization and internationalization
Globalization (G11N)
Internationalization (I18N)
Localization (L1ON)
GLOBALIZATION
G 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 N
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Internationalization
Globalization
Globalization (G11N)
All activities in an organization aiming at the
marketing of a software product beyond the national,
local market. The aim is the successfull marekting in
several, different, regional market having in mind the
regional technical, economical and legal aspects
(Marketing divisions).
International Marketing, Marketing plans etc.
The development of software products

having in mind the possibility of a simple
adaptation to other markets. Aim is the
adaptation to country specific version with
as low effort as possible (Development
division).
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Localization
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What will be localized?

Software Product
Documentation,
License Agreements,
Packaging, Marketing
Materials
Online
Software
Paper
System software
Application Software
Training Materials
Examples
Localization (L10N)
foreign market
(Translation/Localization division).
Webpages
Manual
Help
Power Point
Presentations
Menus, Dialog boxes, Strings

Authoring System
HTML or XML Webpage
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Software
System
software
Application
software
System software is computer software

designed to operate the computer
hardware and to provide a platform for
running application software.
The most basic types of system software
are:
Computer BIOS and device firmware
operating system
utility software
software development tools (like a
compiler, linker or debugger).
IT products:
Software - Hardware
Software
Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related
data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. In
other words, software is a conceptual entity which is a set of computer programs,
procedures, and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data
processing system.
Hardware
Application software, also known as an application

or an "app", is computer software designed to help
the user to perform singular or multiple related
specific tasks. Examples:
enterprise software,
accounting software,
office suites,
graphics software and media players.
A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer

hardware, upon which can be installed a system software called operating system
and a multitude of software applications to perform the operator's desired
functions.

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The Localization Process
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Aspects:
The development of
software products
having in mind the
possibility of a simple
adaptation to other
markets.
Strings
Sorting
Date Formats
Time Formats
Calender
Currencies
Measurement units
Graphics
Colors
Fonts
Product Packaging
Source: Esselink, 2000

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I18N: Formats
Wochenende
12. Mrz 2005

12.03.2005
10/03/2005
German
12/03/2005
12-03-2005
12 mars 2005
French
03/12/2005
March 12, 2005
12 March 2005
American
2005-03-12
I18N: Symbols
German
Weekend
American
Symbols are specific for every culture but can often

not be localized
Symbols are commonly known and are derived
from other areas of life (e.g. windows, mouse etc.)
Symbols are often based on allusions (concrete
concept vs. abstract concept; e.g.: Trojan/The
Trojan Horse from the greece mythology)
EU
American
German
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I18N: Symbols
<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina

Panzer
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I18N: Symbols
Examples from software localization:
Sample for Text in Graphic:
EN: trash
DE: Papierkorb
EN: clipboard
DE: Zwischenablage
EN: home
DE: Anfang / Startseite
The text has to be written and stored outside the graphic
=> Translation and editing graphics costs time and money
EN: table (Spreadsheet)

DE: Tabelle
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I18N: Truncated text

(adaptable field size)
I18N: Sorting
Truncated text in a field of a dialog

must be adapted or the field size
must be adapted.
Different
Routines for
Sorting
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I18N: Coding of characters
Switching of code pages

One single byte per character not sufficient for asian language (e.g.)
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ASCII
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a
character-encoding scheme originally based on the English alphabet that
encodes 128 specified character - the numbers 0-9, the letters a-z and A-Z,
some basic punctuation symbols, some control codes and a blank space - into
the 7-bit binary integers.
ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control
characters (many now obsolete).
Different language alphabets/characters are stored in different code pages.
The code page has to indicated in the language version of a
software/webpage.
Disadvantage:

Panzer
ASCII
12 positions are left free (AFNOR, DIN,)
for national special codes :
US-ASCII # $ @ [ / ] ^ { | } ~
ASCII-FR # $ % / ^ ~
ASCII-DE # $ ^
schne Gre
sch|ne Gr}~e
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If you use the wrong ASCII

coding the wrong characters
will be displayed
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Unicode
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding,
representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing
systems.
The latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 110,000
characters covering 100 scripts and various symbols.
Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings.
ASCII

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I18N: Localization of string tables with

variables

BEGIN
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
END
Unicode
Unicode
"Kein gltiges %s. "/"Keine gltige %s "/"Kein gltiger %s " ???
"This is not a valid %s. " "%1 ist bereits vorhanden. ??? ersetzen? "
"%1 already exists. \nDo you want to replace it? " "Monday to Friday ", "Copying test.doc
to c:\dummy " ... ???
"%s to %s "
"Copying %d file%s. "
"Kopiere %d Datei%s . "
"Kopiere %d Datei(en). "
"Kopiere %d Ordner. "
"Copying %d folder%s. " "Kopiere %d Ordner%s. "
"Keines
"/"Keine
"
???
"None "
In which menu/dialog does this command appear?
Which hotkeys are already used in this menu?
"&Delete "
"Click the Continue button to close this Window. "
To what dialog does this instruction refere? How is there
the exact label of this button?
Problem of
Internationalization !
Quelle: Prof. Uwe Reinke, FH Kln
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I18N: Localization problem with

hard coded text
I18N: Localization problem

with hard coded text
Program code BEFOR I18N:

print(The Text in English.);
Program code AFTER I18N:
print(get_resource(MSG_TEXT));
Good Internationalization:
Instead of hard coded text use Placables (Message
Identifier)
GUI texts are stored in separate ressource files (.rc) und
identified by the Message Identifier
GUI text stored in locale specific ressource file:
Englishe ressource file
Content of the ressource file is to be translated
French ressource file
...
...
MSG_TEXT=The Text in English.
MSG_TEXT=Le Texte du Franais
...
...
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Locale
I18N: Bad Internationalization
In a geographical meaning: Place or region

(i.e. Italien speaking Switzerland
In a software technological meaning: A set of
data or code associated to a place or a region
If text is still hardcoded or integrated in grafic,

fields are not resizable, formats not modifiable,
character code does not allow for other
languages (characters, orientation), etc.
=> Internationalization is not successfull
Localization is still possible, but:
Character code, Keyboard layout, text orientation

Time, date or currency format
Measurement units
more errors, less constistancy, less usability, less

quality => more expensive, less satisfied customers
New programming or re-programming is very

expensive and time-consuming
Localization
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Example for SL: Online help, manuals

foreign market (Carter, 1992)
Online help for a software
User manual (.pdf)

http://manuals.info.apple.com/en/iphone_user_guide.pdf
Linguistic aspects
Cultural aspects
Desired look-and-feel
With special technical methods and tools
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Example for SL: Webpages

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Example for SL: Graphical user

interfaces (software)
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Parts of software
Parts of the user interface

Dialog boxes
SOFTWARE
PRODUCT
Menus
Graphical
elements
Programmcode
Interaction elements
(contains necessary
instructions to control the
program processes and the
functions)
(ensure communication
between user and program;
user interface)
NOT TRANSLATABLE
Messages
(strings)
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Software code: Menus
Hotkeys
Menu in Windows
software
Source file of the Windows

program (ressource file .rc)
6 MENU FIXED IMPURE
BEGIN
POPUP "&DATEI"
BEGIN
MENUITEM "&Neu...\tSTRG+N"
MENUITEM "&ffnen...\tSTRG+O"
MENUITEM "S&chlieen"
MENUITEM SEPARATOR
MENUITEM "S&peichern\tSTRG+S"
MENUITEM "&Speichern &unter..."
MENUITEM "Als Websei&te speichern..."
MENUITEM "Pac&k & Go..."
MENUITEM SEPARATOR
MENUITEM "&Webseitenvorschau"
MENUITEM SEPARATOR
MENUITEM "Seite einr&ichten"
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Software code: Dialog box
Software code: Strings
14 DIALOG FIXED IMPURE 0, 0, 356, 196

STYLE DS_MODALFRAME I DS_3DLOOK I DS_CONTEXTHELP I WS_POPUP I
WS_VISIBLE I WS_CAPTION I WS_SYSMENU
CAPTION "Page Setup"
FONT 8, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
GROUPBOX "Paper",1073,8, 9,224,56,WS_GROUP
LTEXT "Si&ze:",1089,16,24,36,8
COMBOBOX 1137,64,23,160,160,CBS_DROPDOWNLIST I CBS_SORT I
WS_VSCROLL I WS_GROUP I WS_TABSTOP
LTEXT "&Source:",1090,16,45,36,8
COMBOBOX 1138,64,42,160,160,CBS_DROPDOWNLIST I CBS_SORT I
WS_VSCROLL I WS_GROUP I WS_TABSTOP
GROUPBOX "Orientation",1072,8,69,64,56,WS_GROUP
CONTROL "P&ortrait",1056,"Button",BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON I
WS_GROUP I
WS_TABSTOP,16,82,52,12
...
DEFPUSHBUTTON "OK",1,190,174,50,14,WS_GROUP
PUSHBUTTON "Cancel",2,244,174,50,14
PUSHBUTTON "&Printer..." ,1026,298,174,50,14
GROUPBOX "Preview",34,240,8,108,158
CONTROL " ",1080, "Static",SS_WHITERECT,254,46,80,80
CONTROL "",1081,"Static",SS_GRAYRECT,334,50,4,80
CONTROL "",1082,"Static",SS_GRAYRECT,262,122,80,4
END
STRINGTABLE FIXED IMPURE

BEGIN
100 "OLE initialization failed. WordPad cannot continue."
102 "Failed to create object. "
103 "Can't find record %s."
104 "%d%% complete. Formatting ... please wait"
105 "%d%% copied"
106 "Do you wish to save this file in a different format?"
107 "Do you want to save changes to %1"
108 "%1 already exists.\nDo you want to replace it?"
109 "Changes page layout settings\nPage Setup"
110 "Sets Options\nOptions"
111 "Inserts a bullet on this line\nBullets"
112 "EXT"
113 "CAP"
114 "NUM"
115 "Rich Text"
116 "Word 6"
117 "%s to %s
118 "&Delete
Fehlermeldungen (100 103)

Statusmeldungen (104 105)
Fragen (106 108)
Tipps (109 111)
Tastaturmodi (112 114)
Listenelemente (115 116)
Zeichenketten mit Variablen (117)
Dynamische Men- oder
Dialogfeld-Optionen (118)
END
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Web page code

which makes you happy
Code of web pages (HTML)
Stringtable
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Editable text of Online Help (.rtf)
Tools
Text editor => NO
(see example on slides 31- 36)
Excel files
Decompiled
(see next slide)
Special Software Localization tools

Translation Memory tools
Compiled
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Software localization tools

=> Translation of software code
Tools
The translator can have the texts of the software (menus, dialog
boxes, buttons, messages) in two formats:
Excel file:
Resource code file (.rc file)
Translation without
context
Often truncated
lines
Source code of all GUI elements as plain text

(ASCII text) => see slides 31-36
TXT
Source text
=> NO
Do while K < 100

K=K+1
Print "Zhler =", K
Wend
These files must be decompiled before they

can be edited
Then, they can be opened in every text
editor
Translatable text must be recognized!
Translation difficult!
After translation text must be compiled
again into an executable program file
Resource file
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Sofware localization tools
Software localization tools
Localizer/
Translator
Editor
Executable binary files (.EXE or .DLL
LION-Tool
files)
Files contain program code in

compiled form
EXE
Files are only editable with special tool

which extracts the GUI text elements
to be translated and make them
available in a special editor
(translation tool)
Developer
User
Program
0101 1001 0100
1110 1010 0110
0010 1011
Translation easy because only
TXT
EXE
Source text
Program
Compiler
translatable text is visible! WYSIWYG!
After translation a new binary file in
Binary file
Do while K < 100

K=K+1
Print "Zhler =", K
Wend
the target language is created. This

file is an executable file for the
application
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Localization tools (ex.: Passolo)
Labeled by ID
numbers
Linker
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Binary file
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Extracted text of
the binary files
Resource file
0101 1001 0100

1110 1010 0110
0010 1011
WYSIWYG display,
possibiliy to modify
field size and
position
Hotkeys visible and

editable
Translated Hotkeys,
and duplicates are
checked, spell
checker
Additional
comments and
status information
for each line
possible
After translation and

checks translated
binary file is created
via a button
function
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Translation Memory Systems
(Translation storage)
=> Translation of webpages, online help, documents,

Other benefits of special localization tools:
XLS, PPT etc.
WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get) of graphical elements

of the the user interface (dialogs, buttons, etc.)
meanwhile also available in some Translation Memory Systems
Resizing capability: Control elements can be adapted and resized
to the needs in the target language
Usually not possbile in Translation Memory Systems
Support of different software formats
Bilingual archive of phrases

Stores existent or new translations per phrase/segment
Request through fuzzy logic
Precondition: Source text in digital form, target text will be created
in digital form (files)
Concordance Search
Integration with Terminology Management System
(Win 32-Bit, Microsoft .NET, Borland Delphi, Java, WinCE, Palm, WAP, ...)
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Translation Memory System

(Components)
Benefits of a Translation Memory System
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Project
Management
3
Text Editor/
Document
Editor
Quelle: Prof. Dr. Uta Seewald-Heeg, University of

Applied Sciences,Kthen
High text volumes with high portion of repetition within

the text. High volumes of reference material is helpful
Ensure consistency (terminology, style, syntax) via a
terminology management system and/or concordance
search
4 Import /
Export
Filter
Protection of text function (tagged text) via tag protection

Effective checking plug-ins (spell checker, tag checker etc.)
5
Alignment
Program
Translation
Storage
Terminology
Management
System
Quick amortisation with few big customers
Term
Extraktion
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Translation Memory System (TM)
Translation Memory-System (TM)
TM function in the menu
TM functions in tool bar
TM functions in tool bar

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Translation Memory System (Concordance)
(empty segment/tags)
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TMS Editor TagEditor
(fuzzy match)
Fuzzy Matching:
In computing, approximate
string matching (often
colloquially referred to as fuzzy
string searching) is the
technique of finding
approximate matches to a
pattern in a string.
The closeness of a match is
measured in terms of the
number of primitive operations
necessary to convert the string
into an exact match.
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TMS Editor TagEditor
Stand-alone translation editor for tagged texts, MS

Office documents and DTP formats
Tags are protected and checked by the program
Display modus: Edit, unilingual display, bilingual
display and display of source/target text (WYSIWYG)
Several display modi (e.g. different display size for
tags!)
Linked with a Translation Memory -> Concordance,
terminology
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TagEditor
Create log file:
word/segment count (fuzzy matches)
overview over files to translate
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TagEditor
TagEditor
Tag Settings
Open program Link with TM Open suitable tag configuration file
Wizard to detect tags in the
corresponding text
Alternatively: Import of an
existing settings file
Choose tag settings

(predefined and user
defined)
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TagEditor
TagEditor
Toolbar Tags
Workbench function in toolbar
Insert
placables
Translate:
Open segment, translate, save
segment
For editing: disable tag protection

and do not forget to enable tag
protection again!!!!
Save bilingual version:

Format .ttx
The tag toolbar shows the commonly used

standard tags for formatting and special
characters
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TagEditor
TagEditor
Tag review / spell checking
Display modus
Bilingual Editor
Tag review
upon closing of each
segment
As plug-in after translation
of the file
Spell checking of a file
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TagEditor
TagEditor
Ansichtsmodi
Display modi
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Monolingual editing version

With long tags and short tags
Bilingual Preview
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TagEditor
Testing of the localized version
Display modi
Linguistic test
MonolingualeVorsch
Preview
Linguistic aspects
Cosmetic aspects
Internationalization test
Design test
Continuity vs. Adaptation
Functional test
Function under different conditions (OS, locale etc.)
Final test
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Linguistic quality
of the localized version
Quality testing
Internationalization tests
During development process, devolper
Localization tests
Readability
Linguistic test
Cosmetic tests
Optical presentation of characters on the screen or on the

paper
Correctness
=> Localizer together with developer
Spelling,grammar, punctuation
Functional tests and final testing
Clear arrangement and classifications
=> acc. to agreement, producer or developer
Logical structure and user-friendly design
Clearness of text
=> Agreements, Test Scripts, Glossaries, Style Guides
GUI text must be understandable and intuitive
Simplicity and Transparency

Lexical level, text must me self-explanatory
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Linguistic quality
Linguistic quality
Regulations and guidelines
Linguistic consistency
Syntax, lexic, style as well as formal aspects like layout and
fonts
Product independent standards

Product (producer) dependent standards
Conciseness
Information must be short and concise
Styleguides form Microsoft, IBM, Apple, Siemens-Nixdorf
Completeness
All functions, errors, help texts, instructions etc. must be
completely described
These instructions exist for the original version

(authoring) as well as for the localized version
(translation)!
Politeness and directness

Address personally and directly to the user => improves
motivation
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Optical design should be kept unmodified

(respect usability principles)
Colors have
different meanings
in different
cultures!
Adaptation to cultural differences (colors,

pictures, icons (example see next slide)! !
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Design of
the localized
version
Design of
the localized version
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Design of
the localized version
Examples for testing
Different cultures have

different pictures!
=> Use of international

pictograms
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Wrong
line break
in
German

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Sync is not a
word in German
the whole
German word
has to be 84
hyperlinked!
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Internationalization testing
Internationalization testing
The following questions provide a good basis for testing an

internationalized software product.
The following questions provide a good basis for testing an internationalized

software product. Click on the links for more details.
Do messages come from correct locale-specific message catalogs?

Does information in non-message locale-specific files come from those
files?
Do time, date, numbers, and collated data show the correct, locale-specific
formats?
Does the product require any additional variables to be set in order to run
in another locale?
Does multibyte information get printed correctly?
Does information come from a default, fallback locale when locale-specific
files are not installed?
Do GUI and command line messages, objects, and labels display correctly in all
locales?
Do platform-specific standard input methods work with all areas that receive text
input?
Are the product`s email, Web transmissions, and registration information
processed properly?
Do help systems and help database searching work correctly?
Does a canvas implemented as an editor work correctly with all text, including
multibyte characters?
Does a Web browser that is part of the product work with different encodings?
Do compilers that are part of the product work with multibyte data?
Are multibyte file and directory names, file contents, and other multibyte data
parsed, processed, viewed and saved correctly?
Do certain source code tests and reviews yield the desired results?
Do packages and instructions provided to localization centers contain all the
required information?
Do third-party components that are part of the product pass all required I18N
testing?
Sample I18N Quality Criteria/Checklist
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Localization tests
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Localization tests
Goal: linguistic and optical consistency of the translation in accordance with the source text
Basic Test scripts, style guides, glossaries
Cosmetic tests
Must be executed for every language version!
1.
2.
Linguistic tests (Native speaker)

- Consistent use of terminology and style guide
- Completeness of the translation (Elements of third party software (e.g. operating system?)
- Punctuation, accentuated characters (e.g. , , )
- Sorting, hyphenation
- Display of fields and messages without truncated text
- Consistency of menu item, titels of dialog boxes on GUI and in text
- Correct use of icons, graphics, colors, sounds (culture)
- Correct display of strings
- Correct display of strings with variables
- Function of hotkeys (no duplication, accordance with OS)
In the ressource editor

In running program
- Number and completenss of menus, options, commands etc.
- Size and fitting of dialog boxes, dropdown menus, buttons
- Correct display of GUI elements with different screen resolutions
- Esthetic controll (USABILITY)
- Uniqueness and function of hotkeys
- Sorting in dropdown menus (Manual: TOC)
- Are all options in dropdown menus and combo fields displayed?
- Correct display of country (locale) specific data
- Correct display of left-to-right text orientation (text, icons, graphics)
=> The translation of the software will be frozen for usage in translation of other text
types (help, manual)
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Functional test und Final tests
Functional and Final tests
Mostly easy with good internationalization

Target: Executable version for delivery to the producer
Functional test
Final review (upon delivery of a completely translated

product)
- CDs and DVDs (Completeness and complete translation of all
files)
- Functionability of installation DVD and/or installation software
- Are all components (help, program components, folders and
folder structure) translated and complete?
- Functionalibilty of deinstallation program
- Is there a response/reaction to all questions/requirements of
the producer?
- Are all previous or intermediate program versions erased?
- Virus check
- Are all file names translated (if necessary)?
- Do the functions and component correspond the to source version?

- Can we exchange saved files between the language versions?
- Is the input of characters, controls, hotkey etc. possible on all locale
specific keyboard?
- Is Unicode supported?
- Are all country specific data applicable?
- Correct function with localized operating system
- Compatibility with commonly used products on the target market
(e.g. Outlook)
- Link to websites with information, promotions? Does the program
work on other hardware?
- Functionalibility of all country specific addons (e.g. spell checker)
89
90
23

Handzettel - Introduction Into I18N L10N

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03.01.

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

Different aspects, problems of Software

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

Introduction L10N, I18N, M.Panzer

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

Software Localization (L10N)

Software without adapted interface

Localization is the translation and

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

Software Localization (L10N)

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

Introduction L10N, I18N, M.Panzer

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

Software localization in the framework of

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

The development of software products

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

What will be localized?

Menus, Dialog boxes, Strings

HTML or XML Webpage

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

Introduction L10N, I18N, M.Panzer

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

System software is computer software

Application software, also known as an application

A personal computer is made up of multiple physical components of computer

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

The Localization Process

Source: Esselink, 2000

Introduction L10N, I18N, M.Panzer

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

12. Mrz 2005

Symbols are specific for every culture but can often

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina

Examples from software localization:

Sample for Text in Graphic:

EN: table (Spreadsheet)

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina

Introduction L10N, I18N, M.Panzer

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina

I18N: Truncated text

Truncated text in a field of a dialog

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

I18N: Coding of characters

Switching of code pages

Introduction L10N, I18N, M.Panzer

I18N: Coding of characters

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

If you use the wrong ASCII

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

I18N: Coding of characters

I18N: Coding of characters

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

I18N: Localization of string tables with

I18N: Coding of characters

"Kein gltiges %s. "/"Keine gltige %s "/"Kein gltiger %s " ???

<sprachverstand> Dipl.-bers. Martina Panzer

Introduction L10N, I18N, M.Panzer