Natural numbers:

Used for counting purposes

Made up off all possible rational and irrational numbers

Integer:

Prime numbers:

Divisible only by itself and one

1 is not a prime number

Rational numbers:

A whole number

Can be written as a fraction

Irrational numbers:

Cannot be written as a fraction e.g.

Page 2

Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple:

HCF = product of common factors of x and y

LCM = product of all items in Venn diagram

Prime Factorization: finding which prime numbers

multiply together to make the original number

Page 3

Limits of accuracy:

The degree of rounding of a number

E.g. 2.1 to 1 d.p.

2.05 < 2.15

Standard form:

104 = 10000

101 = 0.1

103 = 1000

102 = 0.01

102 = 100

103 = 0.001

101 = 10

104 = 0.0001

100 = 1

105 = 0.00001

Page 4

Ratio

Used to describe a fraction

E.g. 3 : 1

Foreign exchange

Money changed from one currency to another using proportion

E.g.

Convert $22.50 to Dinars

$1 : 0.30KD
$22.50 : 6.75KD

Map scales

Using proportion to work out map scales

1km = 1000m

1m = 100cm
1cm = 10mm
Page 5

Direct variation:

is proportional to

Inverse variation:

is inversely proportional to

Page 6

Percentage:

Convenient way of expressing fractions

Percent means per 100

Percentage increase or decrease:

Simple interest:

100

Compound interest:

100

= 1+

Page 7

Units of speed:

km/hr

m/s

Units of distance:

km

Units of time:

hr

sec

5
18

= /

18
5

= /

Page 8

Function notation:

: 2 1

Function such that maps onto 2 1

Composite function

Given two functions and , the composite function of and is the function

which maps onto

Substitute = 2 and solve for

()

1 ()

Substitute =

Let = () and make the subject

Page 9

Page 10

General equation

2 + + = 0

Solve quadratics by

Trinomial factorization

Quadratic formula

2 4
2

IMPORTANT!

When question says give your answer to two decimal places, USE FORMULA!

Page 11

Gradient of a Straight Line:

= 2 1

Equation of Line:

2 1

= +
Find the gradient,

Find the -intercept,

Midpoint of Graph:

1 +2 1 +2
,
2
2

Length between two points:

1 2

+ 1 2

Page 12

 =1

= 3

= 2

1
2

Page 13

From O to A : Uniform speed

From B to C : Uniform speed (return journey)

From A to B : Stationery (speed = 0)

Gradient = speed
Page 14

From O to A : Uniform speed

From A to B : Constant speed (acceleration = 0)

From B to C : Uniform deceleration / retardation

Area under a graph = distance travelled.

Gradient = acceleration.

If the acceleration is negative, it is called deceleration or retardation. (The moving body is

slowing down.)
Page 15

Sum of angles at a point =360

Angles on a straight line = 180

Sum of angles in a triangle =180

For regular polygon

360

External angles =

Internal angles = 180

Corresponding angles

Alternate angles

Co-interior angles

Exterior angle=sum of interior opposite

360

For irregular polygon:

Sum of exterior angles =360

Sum of interior angles =180(n-2)

Vertically opposite angles

Page 16

A line of symmetry divides a two-dimensional shape into two congruent (identical) shapes.

A plane of symmetry divides a three-dimensional shape into two congruent solid shapes.

The number of times shape fits its outline during a complete revolution is called the order of
rotational symmetry.
Shape

Number of Lines of Symmetry

Order of Rotational Symmetry

Square

Rectangle

Parallelogram

Rhombus

Trapezium

Kite

Equilateral triangle

Regular hexagon

Page 17

Rectangle: Opposite sides parallel and equal,

all angles 90, diagonals bisect each other.

Parallelogram : Opposite sides parallel and

equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals
bisect each other

Rhombus: A parallelogram with all sides

equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals
bisect each other

Trapezium: One pair of sides parallel

Kite: Two pairs of adjacent sides equal,

diagonals meet at right angles bisecting one

of them
Page 18

= universal set

= does not belongs to

(union) = all the elements

= Subset

(intersection) = common elements

= compliment of A

or { } = empty set

n(A) = the number of elements in A.

= belongs to

is shaded

is shaded

is a subset of

= {a, b, c, d, e}

A is shaded
Page 19

Angle at centre = twice

Angle subtended by same arc

Angles in semicircle

angle on circumference

at circumference are equal

are 90

Opposite angles in a cyclic

quadrilateral = 180

Tangents from one point are equal

Alternate segment

between tangent and radius is 90

theorem
Page 20

Right angled triangles:

sin =

cos =

tan =

For any other triangle:

Sine rule:

sin

sin

sin

Cosine rule

To find the angle given 3 sides

cos =

One pair of information needed

2 + 2 2
2

To find side given angle and two sides

2 = 2 + 2 2 cos
Page 21

Pythagoras theorem

To find hypotenuse

2 + 2 = 2

To find one of the shorter sides

2 = 2 2

2 = 2 2

Angle of elevation:

Angle of depression:

Angle above the horizontal line.

Angle below the horizontal line.
1
2

Area of a triangle: sin

Page 22

The bearing of a point B from another point A is:

An angle measured from the north at A.

In a clockwise direction.

Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000 to 360)

Eg: The bearing of B from A is 050

Page 23

Area:

Parallelogram =

1
Triangle=
2
1
Trapezium= +
2
2
Circle=

Sector= 2

OR

sin

360

Volume and surface area:

Cylinder

Sphere

= 2

= 4 2

= 2

= 3

Cone

=
=

4
3

1
( 2 )
3

Hemisphere

= 2 2
2
3

= 3
Page 24

Volume:

Capacity and Mass:

Connecting volume and capacity:

1 = 13

1 = 13

Density =

Page 25

= +

0 = 1

Exponential equations:

Equations involving unknown indices

Page 26

Condition 1: Given distance from a point

Condition 2: Given distance from a straight

line

Condition 3: Equi-distant from two given

points

Condition 4: Equi-distant from two

intersecting lines

Page 27

A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.

E.g. Vectors a and b represented by the line segments can be added using the

parallelogram rule or the nose-to-tail method.

Multiplication by a scalar:

A scalar quantity has a magnitude but no direction

The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector

Column vector:

Top number is the horizontal component and bottom number is the vertical component

Parallel vectors:

Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction

In general the vector

is parallel to

Modulus of a vector:

In general, if =

, =

(2 + 2
Page 28

Addition:

+ +

+
=


+ +
Multiplication by scalar



=


Multiplication by vector:
+ +

=

+ +

You can only multiply if no. of columns in left equals to no. of rows in right
Determinant:

Determinant = leading diagonal secondary diagonal

A =
= ()

Inverse:

To work out inverse, switch leading diagonal, negate secondary diagonal, multiply by

1


A =
1 =
()

Page 29

Reflection:

When describing a reflection, the position of the mirror line is essential.

Rotation:

To describe a rotation, the centre of rotation, the angle of rotation and the direction of
rotation are required.

Translation:

A clockwise rotation is negative and an anticlockwise rotation is positive.

When describing a translation it is necessary to give the translation vector

Enlargement:

To describe an enlargement, state the scale factor, K and the centre of enlargement

If K > 0, both object and image lie on same side of the centre of enlargement.

If K < 0, object and image lie on opposite side of the centre of enlargement.

= 2

Page 30

Shear:

To describe a shear, state; the shear factor, the invariant line and the direction of the

shear

Stretch:

To describe a stretch, state; the stretch factor, the invariant line and the direction of the
stretch

=
Page 31

Reflection:
1 0

0 1

1
0

0 1
1 0

0
1

0
1

Reflection in the
Reflection in the

Reflection in the line =

1
0

Enlargement:
0

Reflection in the line =

where k=scale factor and centre of enlargement = (0,0)

Page 32

Rotation:
0 1

1 0

0
1

1
0

1 0
0 1

Stretch:
1 0

0
1

Rotation 90 anticlockwise, centre (0,0)

Rotation 90 clockwise, centre (0,0)

Rotation 180 clockwise/anticlockwise, centre (0,0)

Stretch factor k, invariant line x-axis & parallel to y-axis

Stretch factor k, invariant line y-axis & parallel to y-axis

Page 33

Shear:
1

Shear factor k, invariant line x-axis & parallel to x-axis

0
1

Shear factor k, invariant line y-axis & parallel to y-axis

Page 34

Histograms:

A histogram displays the frequency of either continuous or grouped discrete data in the

form of bars.

The bars are joined together.

The bars can be of varying width.

The frequency of the data is represented by the area of the bar and not the height.

When class intervals are different it is the area of the bar which represents the
frequency not the

height

Instead of frequency being plotted on the vertical axis, frequency density is plotted.

Class width = Interval

Frequency density = Height

=
Page 35

Mean:

Median:

The middle value when the data has been written in ascending or descending order

Odd no. of values

Even no. of

(add two values divide by 2)

Most frequently occurring value

Range:

5+1
= 3
2
6+1
values
= 3.5
2

Mode:

Difference between highest and lowest values

Estimated mean of grouped data:

Work out midpoints of each group and multiply by frequency

Divide by number of values

Page 36

Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a given point.

Inter-quartile range =

Page 37

Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an event happening.

Probability of an event =

If probability = 0, the event is impossible and if probability =1, the event is certain to happen

All probabilities lie between 0 and 1.

Exclusive events:

Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time.

The OR Rule:
For exclusive events A and B

p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B)

Independent events:

Two events are independent if occurrence of one is unaffected by occurrence of other.

The AND Rule:

p(A and B) = p(A) p(B)

Page 38

Linear sequences:

Find common difference e.g. 3 then multiply by and work out what needs to be added

Quadratic sequences:

Format: 2 + +
++ =

3 + =
2 =

Work out the values and then place into formula to work out nth term formula

Geometric progression:

Sequence where term has been multiplied by a constant to form next term

. . = (1)

a = 1st term

r = common difference
Page 39