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Calculation Steps
Definiton of Concentration mass of solute dissolved in 1dm3 of solvent.
Unit of concentration gdm-3
Definiton of Molarity number of moles of solute dissolved in 1dm3 of solvent.
Unit of molarity moldm-3
Relationship between Concentration and Molarity

Example 1
Calculate the concentration of 10 g of potassium hydroxide in 500 cm3 solution.

Example 2
Calculate the molarity of 1.4 moles sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in 250cm3 solution.

Example 3
23.40g of sodium chloride are dissolved in 200cm3 of water. Calculate the concentration in g dm-3.
[Ar: Na=23, Cl= 35.5]

1. n=MV

or

n=

2. Examples:

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1. Calculate the number of moles of hydroxide ions in 50cm3
0.1moldm-3 in Barium Hydroxide solution

2. Calculate the number of moles of hydroxide ions in 50cm3

0.1moldm-3 in Potassium Hydroxide solution

3. Calculate the number of moles of hydroxide ions in 50cm3

0.1moldm-3 in Sodium Hydroxide solution

4. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions in 20cm3

0.1moldm-3 in Sulphuric acid solution

5. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions in 50cm3

0.1moldm-3 in Nitric acid solution

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6. Calculate the number of moles of 50cm3 0.1moldm-3 in Nitric acid
solution

7. Calculate the mass of 50cm3 0.1moldm-3 in Nitric acid solution

8. Find the volume of distilled water in cm3 required to produce 0.5moldm-3

sodium hydroxide solution from 4g of sodium hydroxide

9. Find the volume of distilled water in cm3 required to produce 1.5moldm-3

Barium hydroxide solution from 7g of Barium hydroxide

10.Find the volume of distilled water in cm3 required to produce 1.5moldm-3

Barium hydroxide solution from 3.5mol of Barium hydroxide

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11.Find the volume of distilled water in dm3 required to produce 1.5moldm-3
Magnesium hydroxide solution from 0.8g of Magnesium Hydroxide solution

12.Find the mass(in g) of Barium Hydroxide used in order to produce 50cm3

1.5moldm-3 Barium hydroxide solution.

13.Find the mass(in g) of Barium Hydroxide used in order to produce 40cm3

0.1moldm-3 Barium hydroxide solution.

14.Find the mass(in g)of Potassium Hydroxide used in order to produce 50cm3
1.5moldm-3 Potassium Hydroxide solution.

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15.Find the mass(in g) of Sulphuric acid used in order to produce 50cm3

1.5moldm-3 Sulphuric acid.

16.Change 1.5moldm-3 Sulphuric acid into gdm-3

Titration
Acid base Titration
1. Titration is a quantitative analysis method to determine the ________ of an acid that is
required to ______ a known _______ of an alkali, or vise versa with the help of an ______
indicator
2. The end point (neutral point) is the point at which _________ occur completely. All the
______ ions in acid combine with all the _____ ions alkali to form _____ which is
_____________ (pH= )
3. An acid-base indicator indicator is used to detect the end of the titration when it changes
colour.

1. When an alkali from a burette

is added slowly into an acid in
a beaker, the pH value of the
mixture will increase slowly as
shown by the graph.
2. The mixture will be less acidic.
3. At the point of neutralization, it
is found that the pH value of
the mixture changes sharply.
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Discussion:
1. Calculate the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution
2. Name the type of reaction that occurs in the conical flask
3. State the colour change of the solution in the conical flask when the end point of
nitration is reached.
4. Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs in this activity
5. If the phenolphthalein indicator is replaced with methyl orange indicator, state
the colour change involved at the end point of the reaction.

Electrical conductivity of a solution

1. Aqueous solution of acid and

alkali are good electrolytes and
good conductors,
2. This is because they can fully
dissociate into ions.
3. At the end point of
neutralization, all the H+ ions
of an acid and the OH- ions of
an alkali have reacted
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completely to form water
molecules (covalent bonds)
which do not conduct
electricity.
4. Thus, the end point can be
determined when the electrical
conductivity is at the lowest as
shown in graph.
Conclusion:
The concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution determined through the titration
method is
Calculation on neutralisation
1. a Acid + b Alkali salt + water
2. In the equation, a mol acid reacts completely with b mol alkali. Hence, the
mol ratio of acid to alkali is

Example 1:
In an experiment, 26.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is needed to neutralize
25.0cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide.

Example 2:
If 6.25cm3 of calcium hydroxide solution, Ca(OH)2, 0.1 mol dm-3, is neutralized
completely by hydrochloric acid,
HCl, 0.05 mol dm-3, what is the volume of HCl used?
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Example 3:
In an experiment, 12.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is needed to neutralize
12.50cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide.

Example 4:
In an experiment, 26.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is needed to neutralize
1.0moldm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide.
If the experiment is repeated by using same volume and concentration of Hydrochloric
acid to neutralize 1.0moldm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the volume of
sodium hydroxide.

Example 5:
In an experiment, 26.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is needed to neutralize
1.0moldm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide.
If the experiment is repeated by using same volume and concentration of Sodium
Hydroxide solution to neutralize 1.0moldm-3 of Hydrochloric acid solution. Calculate
the volume of Hydrochloric acid.

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Example 6:
In an experiment, 12.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is needed to neutralize
1.0moldm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide.
If the experiment is repeated by using same volume and concentration of Sodium
Hydroxide solution to neutralize 1.0moldm-3 of Hydrochloric acid solution. Calculate
the volume of Hydrochloric acid.

Example 7:
In an experiment, 26.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 Hydrochloric acid is needed to neutralize
1.0moldm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide.
If the experiment is repeated by using same volume and concentration of Sodium
Hydroxide solution to neutralize 1.0moldm-3 of Sulphuric acid solution. Calculate the
volume of Sulphuric acid.

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Activity to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution using
titration method
Materials: 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, phenolphthalein
Apparatus: 25 cm3 pipette, burette, 25 cm3 conical flask, retort stand with clamp, white
tile
Procedure:

Preparation of standard solution

1. Standard solution is a solution in which its ________________ is accurately
known.
2. The standard solution can be prepared by a ___________________
(standardardized with a known volume, e.g: 100cm3, 200cm3, 500cm3 and
1000cm3)

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Example: preparing a standard .1 mol dm-3 solution of sodium hydroxide
1.

Calculation for preparing 100cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution:

2. Procedures:

Preparation of a solution by Dilution

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1. Dilution is a process of addition of ____ to a _____ concentrated solution to
produce a _______ concentrated solution.
2. When a solution is diluted, the volume of solution________ but the number of
moles of solute ____________________________.

Example 1:
3. What is the molarity of the sodium hydroxide pollution produced when 800 cm3
of distilled water is added to 200 cm3 of 0.8mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide
solution?

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