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PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS by Lizally Soberano

INGREDIENT
TYPE

DEFINITION

Acidifying Agent

Provide acidic medium for product stability

Alkalinizing
Agent

Provide alkaline medium for product stability

Adsorbent

Holding other molecules onto its surface by


physical/chemical means
Developing pressure in aerosol container and
expelling the product

Aerosol
propellant

Air displacement
Antifungal
preservative

Displace air in hermetically sealed container to


enhance stability
Liquid and semisolid preparations
Prevent growth of fungi
Parabens in combination

Antimicrobial
preservative

Liquid and semisolid preparations

EXAMPLES
- Acetic Acid
- Citric Acid
- Fumaric Acid
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Nitric Acid
- Ammonia solution
- Ammonium carbonate
- Diethanolamine
- Monoethanolamine
- Potassium Hydroxide
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Sodium borate
- Sodium carbonate
- Sodium hydroxide
- Trolamine
- Powdered cellulose
- Activated charcoal
- Carbon dioxide
- Dichlorodifluoromethane
- Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Trichloromonofluoromethan
e
- Nitrogen
- Carbon dioxide
- Butylparaben
- Ethylparaben
- Methylparaben
- Benzoic acid
- Propylparaben
- Sodium benzoate
- Sodium propionate
- Benzalkonium chloride

Prevent growth of microorganisms


Antioxidant

Prevent deterioration of preparations by


oxidation

Buffering Agent

Used to resist change in pH upon


dilution/addition of acid/alkali

Ascorbic acid
Ascorbyl pamitate
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Hypophosphorous acid
Monothioglycerol
Propyl gallate
Sodium ascorbate
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium formaldehyde
Sulfoxylate
Sodium metabisulfite
Potassium metaphosphate
Potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate,

PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS by Lizally Soberano

Chelating/
sequestering
agent

Forms stable, water soluble complexes with


metals

monobasic
- Sodium acetate
- Sodium citrate
- Edetic acid
- Edetate disodium

Stabilizers to complex heavy molecules


Colourant

Imparts colour to liquid and solid pharm preps

Clarifying agent
Emulsifying
agent

Filtering aid because of adsorbent qualities


Promotes and maintains dispersion of finely
subdivided particles of liquid in vehicle in which
it's immiscible
End product may be liquid/semisolid emulsion

Encapsulating
agent
Flavourant

Forms thin shells for purpose of enclosing drug


for ease of administration
Imparts pleasant flavour and often odor to
pharm prep.

- FD&C Red No. 3


- FD&C Red No. 20
- FD&C Yellow No. 6
- FD&C Blue No. 2
- D&C Green No. 5
- D&C Orange No. 5
- D&C Red No. 8
- Caramel
- Ferric oxide, red
- Bentonite
- Acacia
- Cetomacrogol
- Cetyl alcohol
- Glyceryl monostearate
- Sorbitan monoleate
- Polyoxyethelene 50
stearate
- Gelatin

Natural and synthetic

Anise oil
Cinnamon oil
Cocoa
Menthol
Orange oil
Peppermint oil
Vanillin

Humectant

Prevents drying out of preps, particularly


ointments and creams, due to agent's ability to
retain moisture

- Glycerin
- Propylene glycol
- Sorbitol

Levigating agent

Liquid used as intervening agent to reduce


particle size of drug powder by grinding
together

- Mineral oil
- Glycerin
- Propylene glycol

Usually in mortar
Ointment base

Semi-solid for medicated ointments

- Lanolin
- Hydrophilic ointment
- Polyethylene glycol
ointment
- Petrolatum
- Hydrophilic petrolatum
- White ointment

PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS by Lizally Soberano

Plasticizer

Component of film-coating solution to make


film more pliable, enhance spread of coat over
tablets, beads, and granules

Solvent

Agent used to dissolve another pharmaceutical


substance/drug in preparation of solution
Cosolvents (water, alcohol) used when needed
Sterile for injections

Stiffening agent

Increases thickness or hardness of pharm prep


Usually an ointment

Suppository base

Vehicle for suppositories

Surfactant

Substances which absorb to surfaces or


interfaces to reduce surface or interfacial
tension
May be used as wetting agents, detergents, or
emulsifying agents

Suspending
agent

Viscosity increasing agent used to reduce rate


of sedimentation of (drug) particles dispersed
throughout a vehicle in which they are not
soluble
Oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, topical, etc.

Yellow ointment
Rose water ointment
Diethyl phthalate
Glycerin

Alcohol
Corn oil
Cottonseed oil
Glycerin
Isopropyl alcohol
Mineral oil
Oleic acid
Peanut oil
Purified water
Water for injection
Sterile water for injection
Sterile water for irrigation

Cetyl alcohol
Cetyl esters wax
Microcrystalline wax
Paraffin
Stearyl alcohol
White wax
Yellow wax

- Cocoa butter
- Polyethylene glycols
(mixtures)
- PEG 3350
- Benzalkonium chloride
- Nonoxynol 10
- Octoxynol 9
- Polysorbate 80
- Sodium lauryl sulphate
- Sorbitan monopalmitate
- Agar
- Bentonite
- Carbomer
- Carboxymethycellulose
sodium
- Hydroxyethyl cellulose

PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS by Lizally Soberano


- Hydroxypropyl cellulose
- Hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose
- Kaolin
- Methylcellulose
- Tragacanth
- Veegum
Sweetening
agent

Imparts sweetness to a prep

Tablet
antiadherents

Prevent sticking of tablet formulation


ingredients to punches and dies in tableting
machine during production

Tablet binders

Cause adhesion of powder particles in tablet


granulations

Tablet and
capsule diluent

Inert substances used as fillers to create the


desired bulk, flow properties, and compression
characteristics in the preparation of tablets and
capsules

Tablet coating
agent

Used to coat a formed tablet to protect against


drug decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or
humidity, to provide desired release pattern for
drug substance after administration, to mask
taste or odor of drug substance for aesthetic
purpose
Various types: sugar, film, or enteric

Aspartame
Dextrose
Glycerin
Mannitol
Saccharin sodium
Sorbitol
Sucrose
Magnesium stearate

- Acacia
- Alginic acid
- Carboxymethylcellulose
sodium
- Compressible sugar (NuTab)
- Ethylcellulose
- Gelatin
- Liquid glucose
- Methylcellulose
- Povidone
- Pregelatinized starch
- Dibasic calcium phosphate
- Kaolin
- Lactose
- Mannitol
- Microcrystalline cellulose
- Powdered cellulose
- Precipitated calcium
carbonate
- Sorbitol
- Starch

PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS by Lizally Soberano

Water-insoluble coatings may be used to coat


tablets and beads to slow release of drug as
they pass through GI tract
Tablet coating
agent:
sugar coating

Water-based; results in thickened covering


around formed tablet

- Liquid glucose
- Sucrose

These tablets generally start to break up in


stomach

Tablet coating
agent:
film coating

Thin cover around formed tablet or bead

Tablet coating
agent:
enteric coating

Pass stomach and break up in intestines

- Cellulose
- Shellac (35% in alcohol,
pharmaceutical glaze)

Tablet direct
compression
excipient

Used in direct compression tablet formulations

- Dibasic calcium phosphate

Tablet
disintegrant

Used in solid form to promote disruption of


solid mass into smaller particles more readily
dispersed or dissolved

Tablet and
capsule glidant

Improves flow properties of powder mixture

Tablet lubricant

Reduces friction during tablet compression

Tablet and
capsule
opaquant

Renders capsule or tablet coating opaque

Tablet polishing
agent
Tonicity agent

Imparts attractive sheen to coated tablets

Vehicle

Carrying agent for drug substance

Unless enteric, will dissolve in stomach

Cold welding rather than adhesion/cohesion

- Hydroxyethyl cellulose
- Hydroxypropyl cellulose
- Hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose
- Methylcellulose (Methocel)
- Ethycellulose (Ethocel)

(Ditab)
- Alginic acid
- Polacrilin potassium
(Amberlite)
- Sodium alginate
- Sodium starch glycolate
- Starch
- Colloidal silica
- Cornstarch
- Talc
- Calcium stearate
- Magnesium stearate
- Mineral oil
- Stearic acid
- Zinc stearate
- Titanium dioxide

Alone or with colorant

Renders a solution similar in osmotic


characteristics to physiologic fluids

Used in formulating variety of liquid dosage for

- Carnauba wax
- White wax
- Sodium chloride

PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS by Lizally Soberano


oral and parenteral administration
Flavored,
Sweetened

Oleaginous

Sterile

Viscosity
increasing agent

Used to change consistency of preparation to


render it more resistant to flow
In susp to deter sedimentation
Opth soln to enhance contact time
Thicken topical creams

Acacia syrup
Aromatic syrup
Aromatic elixir
Corn oil
Mineral oil
Peanut oil
Sesame oil
Bacteriostatic sodium
chloride injection

- Alginic acid
- Bentonite
- Carbomer
- Carboxymethylcellulose
sodium
- Methylcellulose
- Povidone
- Sodium alginate
- Tragacanth

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