ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

MW= molecular weight = molar mass

EW = formula weight= empirical weight
MF = molecular formula = actual formula of a compound
Gram mole = mole

Factor that can be derived based on the nature of solute

f (for an acid)

# of replaceable hydrogen ions, H+

f (for a base)

# of replaceable hydroxide ions, OH-

f (for a salt)

Total number of positive charges

f (for an oxidizer or reducer)

Total number of electrons lost or gained

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Titration of 0.215 g of pure Na2C2O4 (134 g/mol) required 45ml of KMnO4.
What is the molarity of the KMnO4 solution?
MnO4 + C2O42 + H+ Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O

ENVI ENGG: BOD

5 day BOD is the total amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during
the 1st 5 days of biodegradation. It is estimated that oxidation of the organics in
wastes is 60 70% complete in 5 days, and about 95 99% after 20 days.
The 5 day BOD test involves putting a sample of waste and diluted to 300 ml

into a stopered bottle, measuring the concentration of DO in the sample at the

beginning of the test and again after 5 days of incubation. The difference in DO
concentration is the 5 day demand.
The procedure is standardized to test at a temperature of 20C
The 5 day BOD of a diluted sample is given by:

ENVI ENGG: BOD

Unless the problem, specifically state that the test is SEEDED, always assume
that the test is UNSEEDED

ENVI ENGG: BOD

Calculate the BOD of a wastewater sample in ppm, if 10 mL sample are mixed with
dilution water containing 9.50 mg/L of DO. The DO content of the mixture is
6.7 mg/L after a 5-day incubation at 20oC. Assume that the initial DO of
wastewater sample is zero.
a) 101.54
b) 90.4
c) 82.67
d) 74.50
SOLUTION:

ENVI ENGG: BOD

The water sample from a sewage plant had a 20-day BOD of
400 mg/L at 200C. What was the expected 5-day demand?
SOLUTION:

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
STEPS INVOLVED IN THE OXYGEN TRANSFER PROCESS

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Oxygen transfer, and transfer of other sparingly soluble gases can be modeled
using the two film theory or two resistance theory.
The two film theory dates back to Lewis and Whitmans paper in 1924.
The two film theory has been extended by Higbie (1935) and Dankwertz(1951)
but these extensions generally are not needed when designing aeration systems
for wastewater treatment.
The extensions become important when considering stripping of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)

TWO FILM THEORY

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Oxygen transfer, and transfer of other sparingly soluble gases can be modeled
using the two film theory or two resistance theory.
The two film theory dates back to Lewis and Whitmans paper in 1924.
The two film theory has been extended by Higbie (1935) and Dankwertz(1951)
but these extensions generally are not needed when designing aeration systems
for wastewater treatment.
The extensions become important when considering stripping of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)

TWO FILM THEORY

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING- OTR

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1) A bioreactor has an oxygen mass transfer coefficient capability of 400
h-1. What is the maximum concentration of E. coli that can be grown
aerobically in this reactor. Respiration rate of E. coli is 0.35 g O2 (g
Cell)-1 h-1. Critical oxygen concentration is 0.2 mg/L. Assume oxygen
saturation with air to be 6.7 mg/L.

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The OTR is the actual mass of oxygen transferred per unit time and it is the
key process variable for design
The DO saturation concentration is the concentration of dissolved oxygen at
saturation with no reactions in the liquid, and includes the impact of
hydrostatic pressure. Subsurface aeration systems, which release bubbles
below the surface, always have higher saturation concentrations than the text
book values of DOsat due to this hydrostatic pressure.
The mass transfer coefficient, kLa is a function of the aeration system and the
tank geometry.

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

OXYGEN TRANSFER EFFICIENCY

STANDARD CONDITIONS

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
The oxygen transfer rate (OTR), a key input in diffuser design is the rate of oxygen mass
transfer multipled by the volume of the aerator.

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING