HYDRAULIC CONSTRUCTION 1:

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ENSTP Yaound, Cameroun

April-May 2014

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: SCHEMATIZATION

SPRING (treatment)

Service
pipe line

STORAGE (treatment)

Distribution
pipe line

USERS

AVAILABILITY OF WATER IN THE WORLD (VOLUMES)

Volum and %

106 km3

Oceans

1320

97,18

Snow and ice

30

2,21

Groundwater (depth < 800 m)

0,294

Groundwater (depth > 800 m)

0,294

Groundwater in unsaturated zone

0,07

0,005

Lakes (freshwater)

0,12

0,009

Salty lakes

0,10

0,007

Rivers

0,001

0,0001

Vapor in atmosphere

0,013

0,001

ESTIMATION OF THE WATER SUPPLY:

1) NUMBER OF INHABITANTS ESTIMATION

Demographic trend in 40-50 years

ESTIMATION OF THE WATER SUPPLY

2) RATE FLOW ANALYSYS: ANNUAL AND DAILY CONSUMPTION

Average daily Q

Hourly Q for the day

with the highest
consumption

month

DN
Q g
86400

Average Q of the day with the highest water demand

- service pipe line-

Q g o

DN
86400

hour

Hourly peak Q
- distribution pipe line-

SOURCE OF WATER
GROUNDWATER

SOURCE OF WATER
GROUNDWATER
Definition of the protection area around a well.
Geometric criteria: 10m radius around the well = absolute protection area
200m radius around the well = respect area
Is really the geometric approach correct?

SOURCE OF WATER
GROUNDWATER: SELF-SINKING WELL (big diameter)
pre-excavation (till the water table)

h0

h
s
H
fS
S

GfS
G = weight of the structure per unit of length
f = friction coeff. (soil well material)
S = soil load (active load Ka)
G = f S gives the value (H-h)

SOURCE OF WATER
GROUNDWATER: INFILTRATION GALLERY (one side contributing)

undisturbed water table

impermeable layer

dh
qk h
dx

H 2 h2
qk
2L

h 2 h02 H 2 h02

Lx

R Cr H h0 k

SOURCE OF WATER
GROUNDWATER: WELL IN PHREATIC (unconfined) ACQUIFER (tubular well)
undisturbed water table

impermeable layer

dh
Q 2 r hk
dr

R Cr H h0 k

h h
Q k
R
ln
r0
2

2
0

r
r0
h 2 h02 H 2 h02
R
ln
r0

ln

SOURCE OF WATER
GROUNDWATER: WELL IN ARTESIAN (confined) ACQUIFER (tubular well)

dh
Q 2 r h k
dr
Q 2 h k

h h0
R
ln
r0

Pressure line

Impermeable
layer

r
r
h h0 H h0 0
R
ln
r0
ln

k
15

impermeable bottom

SOURCE OF WATER
GROUNDWATER: WELL IN ARTESIAN (confined) ACQUIFER PARTIALLY
EMBEDDED (tubular well)

pressure line

Impermeable
layer

Filtrating
layer

The well does not cross the

permeable layer but stops at the top
of it. The Q is computed assuming
that a semi-sphere with radius r is
involved in the filtration process

dh
Q 2 r k
dr
2

H h0
Q 2 k
1 1

r0 R

Q 2 r0 k H h0

SOURCE OF WATER
SUPERFICIAL WATER (RIVERS, LAKES,)
To be used just when other sources (groundwater or spring) are not available
A proper process to have drinking water has to be done
The hydraulic story of the river, the lake, etc has to be studied in order to define the
extreme events (low water or overflood) that can happen and the variability in the water
quality

Usually the quality of the river water is very low in the last part of the river

SOURCE OF WATER
RIVER: small derivation with horizontal screen and derivation with vertical screen
SMALL DERIVATION WITH HORIZONTAL SCREEN

Mobile barrage

Protection of the river bed

Mobile barrage

screen

Spillway

Sedimentation tank
DERIVATION WITH VERTICAL SCREEN

Surface basin < 30 km2

Q<100 l/s, km2
Height of the work <3m
Spillway

Sedimentation tank

SOURCE OF WATER
RIVER: derivation with SIPHON

The siphon has not to damage the bank river

The depth of the inflow section has to be properly chosen
It has to be ensure the protection of the inflow section to avoid the entrance of sands,

SOURCE OF WATER
RIVER: BIG derivation with vertical screen
BIG DERIVATION WITH VERTICAL SCREEN

Protection of the
river bed

Spillway

Spillway

SOURCE OF WATER
RIVER

SOURCE OF WATER
RIVER

Colli a Volturno

Sedimentation tank

SOURCE OF WATER
RIVER

SOURCE OF WATER
LAKES: TOWER
It is better to ensure the possibility of
taking the water from different depths and
not only near the bottom of the lake ( for
the seasonal temperature variations and to
avoid to take sediments during, for
example, a flood)
The diameter is usually not less than 4-5m.
Tie-beams at the bottom, in case, to ensure
the floating assessment.

SOURCE OF WATER
LAKES: TOWER

Lake Arvo

Hoover dam

SOURCE OF WATER
SPRING
Tank to control the rate
flow
spring

Sedimentation tank

Spillway

Spillway

To the service
pipe line

Tank

spring

To the drainage
system

Tank

Sedimentation tank

All the metal components have to be realized in

stainless steel

SOURCE OF WATER
SPRING

Valmeriana spring

SERVICE PIPE LINE: ALTIMETRIC PROFILE

d = const.
L = const. for the all cases
Punctual energy losses negligable

Absolute pressure line (ap.l)

Relative pressure line (rp.l)
Hydrostatic line

a) rp>0 . Condition required for

s.p.l. carrying drinking water. In
particular it is required rp>5m
b) At the intersection between the
s.p.l. b and the rp.l. rp=0. Above the
rp.l., rp<0
c) Similar to b but c is above the hydrostatic line. The pipe works as a siphon.
d) s.p.l above the ap.l.. Its not possible to have the ap<0. The pressure line varies its
slope (less Q flows). Between 1 and 2 the ap=0 and there is flow a canaletta

SERVICE PIPE LINE: ALTIMETRIC PROFILE

Pressure line with valve in C
Pressure line old pipe

p<0 valve in A

Pressure line new pipe

(valve in A)

S.p.l. gets old: to size it we have to consider an old pipe, indeed Q that flow in an old pipe
is less than the Q in a new pipe. For new condition a valve is added. It causes a loss of
energy
h-h*. h*= loss of energy due to the assigned Q.
Note the different behavior for different valve position.
v=1m/s usually assumed.

SERVICE PIPE LINE: DIAMETERS

From Gauckler-Strickler:

D 2

D
Q
Ks
4
4

h
L

2/3

Q
D 1.548
Ks J

3/ 8

J 10.293
8/ 3
K
D
s

For commercial diameter, we design

two pipes with length L1 and L2,
diameter D1 and D2 and J1 and J2,
respectively, such that:

h J1L1 J 2 L2
It is then:

L1 (h J 2 L) /( J1 J 2 )

L2 L L1

SERVICE PIPE LINE: DIAMETERS

To solve the problem in this case, the node elevation has to be fixed.