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INTRODUCTION
It can be regarded that the range of detecting low level target by radar system as a practical parameter and
depends on the electrical specification of the radar system, operated wavelength and propagation of radio wave.
Original Article
Received: Jul 12, 2016; Accepted: Aug 05, 2016; Published: Aug 11, 2016; Paper Id.: IJECIERDAUG20163
The main reasons of difficulties for reconnaissance the low objects is the limiting detecting range.
In the ordinary weather situation taking in account the refraction radio wave.
The detecting range has been extremely affected by the dead angles and reflected interference from local
objects.
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If both the direct and indirect paths are illuminated equally by transmitting antenna (1).
By refering to figure 1 and using the flat earth approximation R can be expressed
R = 2 h sin
(1)
Where h is target height and is measured between pointing direction of antenna and reflecting surface figure 2.
pt 2 2 1
4
r =
|
F
|
(4 ) 3 R 4
(2)
Where 1 is emphasized as being the free space cross section, the product 1|F|4 may be thought of as an effective
cross sections :
Pt: Is the radar transmitting power.
G: The radar antenna gain.
Rt: Is the target range.
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Ha
(3)
The strength of the signal received by the radar system in accordance of earths influences is written in form:
pt 2 2 1 ( )
r =
F
(4 ) 3 R 4
(4)
Where F (): Is the pattern propagation factor which for small angle is
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F (): 4 Ht Ha|R
(5)
Where Ht is the altitude of the target relative to the earth surface (2). Figure 3
Dr .h = 4.12 ( ha +
ht )
(6)
Where ha: the height electrical average of the antenna above the ground (meter).
Ht: the height of target
The radio horizon range is the maximum value of detecting range of the radar system.
The zone of semi shadow sticks by line of radio horizon which consist all the points belong the range of radio
horizon Figure. 4.
The shape of radiation pattern of the antenna will depends upon the affecting factor of ground, height of antenna
of radar system wave length and grazing angle:
2ha
sin g
fs = 2 sin
(7)
sin = n
(8)
4ha
If n is odd, the value of detection range can be multiple with camparison of detection range in free space, but if n
is even, the value of detection range decrease to zero.
If suppose n = 1, should be limit the direction of bottom lobe of radiation pattern according to
o 60
4ha
= 15
ha
(9)
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Where
: is the direction of bottom lobe of radiation pattern of antenna.
Ha: is the height of antenna
: is the wave length.
But the nearest ground surface is limited by bottom part of lobe and will approximate the detecting range by radar
system as follows:
Rr .s
Where:
4hap.v
R. max f .s
(10)
p.v is point of view according to which can approximate the detection range of radar system
p.v
suppose that
Ht
Rr .s
(11)
R = Rmax f .s .
4 .ha.Ht
(12)
SITE SELECTION
For site selection has an important situation to detect the low level targets and decreasing the affecting terrain and
insure all the investigation concering the technical specification for radar system.
The selection of radar site should responds all the requirements necessary to investigate the goal of implement the
radar site.
The terrain shears the forming radiation pattern, this area called FRESNEL zone figure 5 and can be regarded in
the case of antenna rotafing 3600 as follows:
Rmin = 0.72
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ha2
(13)
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Rmax = 23.2
ha2
(14)
o = 15
4h
To over came the skirting of radiate pattern, the real distance must not exceed than:
Rmin = 0.72
ha2
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CONCLUSIONS
The main goal of this paper is to increase the ability of detecting low flying targets using radar system by
implementation. Some technical aspects.
The essential points of this conclusion is the right selection site according to technical requirements of radar
system and installing on tower or natural height, by benefit from the mountine site.
The best systems for tracking and detecting low flying targets should be chosen.
Increasing the intensity of radiation beam this done by changing the distribution of radiation power between air
layers by selecting the best sets for feeding when the line of sight is limited.
Finally the modification and improvement for some sets of radar system is sufficient to enhance the ability of
detecting low flying targets.
REFERENCES
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