2/21/2014 9:57 AM

FLUIDS

Chapter 3: The Bernoulli Equation

Newtons Second Law
F=ma along a streamline
F=ma normal to a streamline
Physical interpretations
Static, Stagnation, Dynamic and Total Pressure
Examples of use of the Bernoulli Equation
The energy line and the hydraulic grade line
Restrictions of use of the Bernoulli Equation

Newtons 2nd Law

The net force acting on the fluid particle must
equal its mass times its acceleration
For inviscid fluid, we are assuming that the
fluid motion is governed by pressure and
gravity forces only

Newtons 2nd Law (cont.)

Streamlines lines that are tangent to the
velocity vectors throughout the flow field
Along the streamline,

V
as V
s

Normal to the streamline,

V2
an
R
Note : For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, the pressure
variation across streamline is merely hydrostatic (because of
gravity alone), even though the fluid is in motion

F=ma along a streamline

The equation of motion along the streamline

direction is

p
V
sin
V
s
s

A change in fluid particle speed is accomplished by

the appropriate combination of pressure and
particle weight along the streamline

F=ma along a streamline (cont.)

Rearranging and integrating the equation for

inviscid, incompressible flow gives

1
2
p V z Constant along a streamline
2

Applicable to steady flows only

Example 1
Some animals have learned to take advantage of the Bernoulli effect.
For example, a typical prairie dog burrow contains two entrances
a flat front door and a mounded back door. When the wind blows
with velocity Vo across the front door, the average velocity across
the back door is greater than Vo because of the mound. Assume the
air velocity across the back door is 1.07Vo. For a wind velocity of 6
m/s, what pressure difference, p1-p2, is generated to provide a
fresh air flow within the burrow.

F=ma normal to a streamline

For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow

2

V
p
dn z Constant across the streamline
R

F=ma normal to a streamline (cont.)

When the fluid travels along a curved path, a
net force directed towards the center of
curvature is required, due to either gravity or
pressure or both.
When the streamlines are straight, the
centrifugal effect is negligible and the
pressure variation across the streamline is
due to gravity alone even though the fluid is
in motion.

Physical Interpretation

An equivalent form of the Bernoulli

Equation
Total head

z H Constant along a streamline

2g
Elevation head
-related to potential energy of the
particle

Velocity head
-vertical distance needed for the fluid to fall freely
(neglecting friction) if it is to reach V from rest

Pressure head
-height of the column of fluid that is needed to produce the pressure p

Pressure head + Elevation head = Piezometric head

Static, stagnation, Dynamic and Total

Pressure
1
p V 2 z pT
2

Constant along a streamline

Static pressure
Actual thermodynamic pressure

Dynamic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Total pressure

Static, stagnation, Dynamic and Total

Pressure (cont.)

For 2 points at the same height with V2=0

1
p2 p1 V12
2

Figure 1 : Measurement of
static and stagnation
pressures

Static, stagnation, Dynamic and Total

Pressure (cont.)
Then, p2 is called the stagnation pressure
The pressure at stagnation point, p2, is
greater than the static pressure, p1
There is a stagnation point on any stationary
body that is placed into a flowing fluid

Example 2
Air is drawn into a small open circuit wind tunnel as shown.
Atmospheric pressure is 98.7 kPa (abs) and the temperature is
27C. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the pressure at
the stagnation point on the nose of the airplane. Also determine the
manometer reading, h, for the manometer attached to the static
pressure tap within the test section of the wind tunnel if the air
velocity within the test section is 60 m/s. Elevation of (1),(2) and
(3) is assume the same.

Pitot Static Tube

Fluid speed can be calculated if we know

the values of the static and stagnation
pressures in a fluid.
Figure 2 : The Pitot static tube

p3 p V
1
2

p4 p1 p
V 2 p3 p4

Pitot Static Tube

Examples of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Free Jets

Figure 3 : Vertical flow from a tank

Assumptions

z1=h, z2=0
Reservoir is large, V1=0
Reservoir is open to atmosphere, p1=0 gage
Fluid leaves as a free jet, p2=0
Once outside nozzle, the stream continues as a free
jet, p5=0

Examples of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Free Jets (cont.)

Figure 4 : Vertical flow from a tank

h
v2 2
2 gh

v5 2 g h H

Example 3
For the system in the figure, h= 36 ft and the diameter of the side
opening is 2 in. Find the
(a) Jet velocity in units of ft/s
(b) Volume flow rate in units of gallon per min. (gpm)

Solution: Example 3
0

02

P1 + V1 + Z1 = P2 + V2 + z2

P1 = 0
V1 = 0
Z1 = h
Z2 = 0
P2 = 0
d1 = 2 in = 2/12 = 0.167 ft
Note that: = g,

thus: / = g

Z1 = V22
a) V = (2gh) = (2 x 32.2 ft/s x 36 ft) = 48.15 ft/s

Solution: Example 3

Example 4
A smooth plastic, 10-m long garden hose with an inside diameter of 15
mm is used to drain a wading pool as shown. If viscous effects are
neglected, what is the flowrate from the pool?

Solution: Example 4

Examples of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Confined Flows
In many cases, fluid is confined and its pressure
cannot be prescribed a priori need to use the
concept of conservation of mass

Figure 5 : Steady flow into and out of a tank

Examples of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Confined Flows (cont.)

AV
Q AV , m

In such case, mass is conserved, i.e. inflow rate

must equal to the outflow rate

1 A1V1 2 A2V2 or A1V1 A2V (if incompress ible)

In general, following Bernoulli, an increase in
velocity (could be due to reduction of flow area) is
accompanied by a decrease in pressure
For flows of liquids, this may result in cavitation, a
potentially dangerous situation that results when
liquid pressure is reduced to vapor pressure and the
liquid boils.

Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation
and then immediate implosion
of cavities in a liquid i.e.
small liquid-free zones
("bubbles") that are the
consequence of forces acting
upon the liquid.
It usually occurs when a
liquid is subjected to rapid
changes of pressure that cause
the formation of cavities where
the pressure is relatively low.

Example 5
Water is siphoned from the tank
as shown. The water barometer
indicates a reading of 30.2 ft.
Determine the maximum value
of h allowed without cavitation
occurring.
Note
that
the
pressure of the vapor in the
closed end of the barometer
equals the vapor pressure.

Solution: Example 5

Solution: Example 5

Example 6
Water flows from a large tank as shown. Atmospheric pressure is 14.5
psia and the vapor pressure is 2.88 psia. If viscous effects are
neglected, at what height, h, will cavitation begin?

Solution: Example 6

Solution: Example 6

Examples of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Free Jets (cont.)

Figure 3 : Typical flow patterns and

contraction coef. for various round exit
configurations

If exit of tank is not

smooth, well
contoured nozzle, the
diameter of the jet will
be less than the
diameter of the hole
vena contracta effect
Contraction coef.,
Cc=Aj/Ah
jet

hole

Examples of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Flowrate measurement
Assumptions steady, inviscid and incompressible

Figure 6 : Typical devices for measuring

flowrate in pipes

Examples of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Flowrate measurement (cont.)

Between points (1) and (2)

p1 12 V12 p2 12 V22
and
Q A1V1 A2V2
hence
Q A2

2( p1 p2 )
2
1 A2 A1

Examples of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Flowrate measurement (cont.)

The actual measured flowrate, Qactual will be smaller
than this theoretical results because of the
assumptions made in deriving the Bernoulli
Equation
Other flowmeters based on Bernoulli equation are
used to measure flowrates in open channels such as
flumes and irrigation ditches.

Orifice Nozzle Venturi Flow Meter

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic

Grade Line
Energy line is a line that represents the
total head available to the fluid
Under the assumptions of the Bernoulli
equation, the energy line is horizontal
If the fluid velocity changes along the
streamline, the hydraulic grade line will not
be horizontal

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic

Grade Line (cont.)

Figure 7 : Representation of the

energy line and the hydraulic
grade line

Measures the sum of

the pressure head and
the elevation head. The
sum is called
piezometric head

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic

Grade Line (cont.)

Figure 8 : Representation of the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for flow from a tank

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic

Grade Line (cont.)

The distance from the pipe to HGL in Fig. 7

indicates the pressure within the pipe.
If the pipe lies below HGL the pressure within
the pipe is positive
If the pipe lies above HGL the pressure is
negative

Example 7
Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the flow of Example
6.

Restrictions of use of the Bernoulli

Equation

Assumptions involved in deriving the

Bernoulli equation
Fluid is incompressible ok with liquids
Flow is steady
Inviscid flow
In the absence of viscous effects, the total energy of the
system remains constant

There are no mechanical devices in the system

between the two points along the streamline to
which the equation is applied