Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004) 763770

www.elsevier.com/locate/enganabound

The boundary element electromagnetic thermal analysis of human

exposure to base station antennas radiation
Dragan Poljaka,*, Andres Perattab, Carlos A. Brebbiab
a

Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Split, Rudera Boskovica bb, Split 21000, Croatia
b
Wessex Institute of Technology, Ashurst, Southampton, UK
Received 1 August 2003; revised 4 February 2004; accepted 4 February 2004

Abstract
Electromagnetic thermal analysis of human exposure to base station antennas radiation is presented in this article. The formulation is
based on a simplified cylindrical representation of the human body. Electromagnetic analysis involves incident and internal field dosimetry,
while the thermal model deals with the bio-heat transfer phenomena in the body. The electric field induced in the body is determined from the
axial current distribution inside the body. This current distribution is obtained along the body obtained by solving the Pocklington integral
equation via the Galerkin Bubnov Boundary Element Method. Once the internal electric field and related total absorbed power in the human
body is obtained, a related temperature rise in the body due to the Global system Mobile exposure is calculated. This temperature rise is
determined by solving the bio-heat transfer equation via the dual reciprocity boundary element method, and is found to be rather negligible.
q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Electromagneticthermal analysis; Global system mobile; Base stations; Human exposure; Element method

1. Introduction
The presence of the Global system mobile (GSM)
electromagnetic fields in the environment due to cellular
phones and base stations has been causing an increasing
public concern regarding possible adverse health effects of
these fields.
It is well known that the human body is particularly
sensitive to high frequency (HF) electromagnetic fields as in
that case it may absorb a significant amount of the radiated
energy, as the dimensions of organs become comparable to
the wavelength of the incident field. Therefore, the principal
biological effect of HF electromagnetic radiation has been
considered to be dominantly thermal in nature [1 4].
Thus, the hazardous electromagnetic field levels can be
quantified analysing the thermal response of the human
body exposed to the HF radiation. Thermally harmful
effects can occur if the total power absorbed by the body is
large enough to cause protective mechanisms for heat
control to break down. This may lead to an uncontrolled rise
in the body temperature (hyperthermia).
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 385-21-305-809; fax: 385-21-463-877.
E-mail address: dpolijak@fesb.hr (D. Poljak).
0955-7997/$ - see front matter q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enganabound.2004.02.004

The problem to be considered is by itself twofold: first

the rate of power deposition in tissue due to the
electromagnetic radiation has to be determined; and then
the related temperature distribution within the body has to
be calculated.
In particular, the electromagnetic analysis involves
modelling of the radiation sourceso called incident field
dosimetry and modelling of the induced field in the body
internal field dosimetry.
This article extends the previous work by the authors
related to the electromagnetic modelling of the low
frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) human exposures
to the electromagnetic thermal analysis of human
exposures to HF radiation reported in Refs. [5,6]. It is
worth underlining that the principal feature of the proposed
model, compared to the more complex and realistic models,
is simplicity and computational efficiency in getting the
rapid estimation of the phenomenon.
Incident field dosimetry is based on a simple analytical
formula obtained by using the ray-tracing algorithm arising
from the geometrical optics approach [7,8]. Internal field
dosimetry including the calculation of currents and fields
induced in the human body is based on the cylindrical model
of the human body [9,10]. The formulation is based on

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D. Poljak et al. / Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004) 763770

the Pocklington integro-differential equation for thick

cylinder. The Pocklington equation is solved using an
efficient Galerkin Bubnov scheme of the boundary element
method [10 12]. Once the current distribution along the
body is known then it is possible to calculate the induced
electric field and the total power absorbed. This absorbed
power is directly related to the heating effect and represents
a thermal source.
Finally, a thermal response of the human body is
analysed by solving the bio-heat transfer equation which
include the balance between internal heat generation due to
metabolism, internal convective heat transfer due to blood
flow, external interaction by convection and radiation and
cooling of the skin by sweating and evaporation [3,4].
This differential equation is numerically solved using the
dual reciprocity boundary element method (DR-BEM).

Fig. 1. The equivalent antenna model of the human body.

2.2. Electromagnetic modeling of the human body

2. Electromagnetic analysis
2.1. Incident field dosimetry
The magnitude of the far-field radiated by the base
station antenna system is determined by using the raytracing algorithm based on the geometrical optics method.
Thus, the total field, tangential to the human body, is
a superposition of the incident and reflected field
components [7,8]
Etot Einc Eref

and the corresponding incident and reflected field components are given by Refs. [7,8]
Einc
E

ref

E0 f; q 2jbr
e
r

E f0 ; q0 2jbr0
GR f ; q 0 0
e
r
0

2
3

where r and r are the corresponding distances from the

antenna structure and its image, respectively, to the
observation point, GR is the appropriate reflection
coefficient [7,8], and E0 is the magnitude of the incident
field defined as
p
4
E0 f; q 30NPrad Gf; q
where Prad is the radiated power, N is the number of
carriers and Gf; u is the radiation pattern for a particular
antenna.
In addition, using a concept of effective isotropic
radiated power (EIRP) and the perfectly conducting ground
(PEC) approximation it follows
p
30N EIRP
Etot 2
5
r
where factor 2 represents the worst case scenario of the
reflection of the wave from the PEC ground.

When exposed to base station antennas radiation the

human body behaves as an equivalent finitely conducting
cylinder of length L and radius a; as it is shown in Fig. 1.
Currents and fields induced inside the organs which give rise
to the heating of the tissue.
At GSM frequencies near 900 MHz the average conductivity of the body is approximately s 1:4 S/m and the
corresponding average permittivity is approximately
1r 55:
The current distribution along the body is obtained as the
solution of the Pocklington integro-differential equation for
a thick loaded straight wire given by Ref. [6]:
"
#
2jkR
L 2p 2
1
inc
2 e
Ez z; a 2
k
2
j4pv10 2L 0
R
z
 Iz0 Iz0 dz0 df ZL zIz

where Iz is the induced axial current distribution along the

body, k is the free space phase constant and, R is the distance
from the source point to the observation point, both of which
are located on the wire surface
s
f
R z 2 z0 2 4a2 sin2
7
2
ZL in Eq. (6) is the impedance per unit length of the cylinder
by which the electrical properties of the body are taken into
account. In the RF and GSM frequency range (order of MHz
and higher) the impedance per unit length is given by Ref. [6].
 
1
ka J0 j21=2 ka
8
ZL z 2
Zc
a ps 2 J1 j21=2 ka
The current density induced in the body can be expressed
via the axial current [6]
 
Iz ka J0 j21=2 kr
Jz r; z 2
9
a p 2 J1 j21=2 ka

D. Poljak et al. / Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004) 763770

and the induced electric field is determined as

Ez r; z

Jz r; z
s jv1

10

where J0 and J1 are Bessel functions.

The Pocklington integro-differential equation (6) is
numerically solved via Galerkin Bubnov boundary
element method [10 12]. The mathematical details regarding this numerical solution method are given in Appendix A.

and represents a standard measure of the local heating rate

in numerical and experimental dosimetry [1].
The average thermal properties of the cylindrical
body model (muscle properties) are given as follows:
l 0:545 W/m/8C, Wb 0:433 kg/m3 and Qm
703:5 W/m3, where Cpb 3475 J/kg/8C. The arterial temperature is assumed to be Ta 36:7 8C.
The boundary condition for the bio-heat transfer equation
(11) is to be imposed to the interface between skin and air,
and is given by
q HTs 2 Ta

3. Thermal analysis

765

15

where q denotes the heat flux density defined as

Thermal effects are usually defined as the energy
deposition higher than the thermoregulatory capacity of
the human body These thermal processes inside the human
body can be studied by solving the Pennes bio-heat transfer
equation [3,4]. The bio-transfer equation expresses the
energy balance between conductive heat transfer in a
volume control of tissue, heat loss due to perfusion effect,
metabolism and energy absorption due to radiation.
The rate of volumetric heat generation due to the
electromagnetic irradiation is obtained from the electromagnetic modelling of the human body that has been
presented in Section 2.
The thermal steady state phenomena are analysed via the
stationary bio-heat transfer equation [3,4]:
7l7T Wb Cpb Ta 2 T Qm QEM 0

11

where

l is the thermal conductivity,

Wb is the volumetric perfusion rate,
T is the tissue temperature,
Cpb is the specific heat of blood,
Ta is the arterial temperature,
Qm is the power produced by metabolic process
QEM is the electromagnetic power deposition.

q 2l

T
n

16

while H; Ts and Ta denote, respectively, the convection

coefficient, the temperature of the skin, and the temperature
of the air.
The bio-heat transfer equation (11) is solved using
DR-BEM.
The mathematical details are presented in Appendix B.

4. Computational results
The tremendous growth in the use of cellular telephones
has resulted in an increasing number of GSM base stations,
particularly in densely populated areas The possible adverse
effect of their radiation on human health has recently
become a very hot topic. Thus, a computational examples
presented in this section is related to the human body
exposed to the radiation of a base station antenna system
mounted on a roof-top, Fig. 2.

The electromagnetic power deposition QEM is a source

term deduced from the electromagnetic modelling, and
determined by relation
QEM

s 2
lEl
2

12

where E is the maximal value of the electric field induced

inside the human body, and s is the conductivity of the
particular tissue.
The dissipated power density QEM is directly related to
the specific absorption rate (SAR), as follows
QEM rSAR

13

where r denotes a tissue density, and SAR is defined as

SAR

s
lEl2
2r

14
Fig. 2. The system of base station antennas mounted on a roof top.

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D. Poljak et al. / Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004) 763770

Table 1
Technical parameters of the base station antenna system
Operational frequency
Number of sectorsp
Main radiation directionsp

Antennasp

Antenna system height

Maximum no. of channels
per sector

EIRP per channel

Celwave APXV906514
antenna gain
Horizontal beam-width
Vertical beam-width

GSM downlink band (935960 MHz)

3
Sector A: 08
Sector B: 1208
Sector C: 2408
Sector A: Celwave APXV906514,
six antennas
Sector B: Celwave APXV906514,
six antennas
Sector C: Celwave APXV906514,
six antennas
34 m
Sector A: 6
Sector B: 6
Sector C: 6
58.15 dBm
14 dBi
658
98

Table 2
HF exposure parameters from the GSM base station
Incident field
E (V/m)

Internal field
E (V/m)

Power density
QEM (mW/m3)

Temperature
rise DT (8C)

15

0.1

4.66 1026
Fig. 4. Temperature distribution in the body model and normal heat flux
vector field.

The electric field due to the radiation from a roof top base
station mounted on a 35 m high building, in Split, Croatia,
Fig. 2 has been calculated at 30 m distance of the antenna
system main beam in a nearby flat. The technical parameters
of the base station antenna system are presented in Table 1.
The related numerical results are presented in Table 2.
The maximum value of the total electric field tangential
to the body and calculated via ray-tracing algorithm is
15 V/m. This external field causes the internal field in the
body in amount of 0.1 V/m.
The distribution of the internal electric field induced
inside the human body is shown in Fig. 3.

Knowing the internal electric field distribution provides

the calculation of related electromagnetic power distribution absorbed by the body.
Finally, a temperature distribution inside the body due to
the absorbed electromagnetic energy is determined by
solving the bio-heat transfer equation (11) by means of
DR-BEM. The obtained temperature distribution with
related heat flux field is shown in Fig. 4.
The total temperature increase obtained by the cylindrical body model inside the muscle tissue, due to the both
metabolic heat production and electromagnetic power
deposition is around 37.17 8C. Furthermore, the maximum
calculated temperature rise due to the electromagnetic
power deposition is DT 4:66 1026 8C and found to be
rather negligible.

5. Conclusion

Fig. 3. Calculated electric field inside the human body exposed to the rooftop base station antenna system.

The electromagnetic thermal model for human

exposure assessment to base station antennas radiation is
presented in the article. The formulation is based on the
simplified cylindrical model of the human body. It is to be
pointed out that the main feature of the presented model
is its simplicity and computational efficiency in rapid

D. Poljak et al. / Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004) 763770

estimation of the problem, compared to the more complex

realistic models.
The electromagnetic analysis deals with the incident and
the internal field dosimetry while the thermal analysis
involves the modeling of the bio-heat transfer processes in
the body. The incident electric field is determined by means
of the ray-tracing algorithm while the corresponding
internal field is determined from the axial current distribution induced in the body. The total field radiated by the
base station antenna system is the excitation function for the
internal dosimetry calculation. The axial current distribution
is obtained as a solution of the Pocklington integrodifferential equation for straight thick cylinder. The
numerical solution of the Pocklington equation has been
carried out via the Galerkin Bubnov scheme of the
boundary element method (GB-BEM). Once the internal
electric field is known, the absorbed power inside the body
is computed. Finally, the temperature rise in the body, due to
the human exposure to GSM radiation, is determined by
solving the bio-heat transfer equation. The bio-heat transfer
equation has been solved using DR-BEM.
Observing the obtained numerical results it can be stated
that the average temperature increase in the human body due
to an exposure to a far field of radio base station antennas
radiation is found to be rather small.

Appendix A. Galerkin Bubnov boundary element

solution of the Pocklington equation

to zero with respect to certain weighting functions {Wj }; i.e.

kRn ; Wj l 0;

A1

where K is a linear operator, I is the unknown function to be

found for a given excitation Y:
The unknown current is expanded into a finite sum of
linearly independent basis functions {fi } with unknown
complex coefficients ai
I In

n
X

ai fi

A2

where V is the calculation domain.

Since the operator K is linear, a system of linear
equations is obtained by choosing Wj fj which
implies the Galerkin Bubnov procedure. Thus, it can be
written
n
X

ai kK fi ; fj l kY; fj l

Substituting Eq. (A2) into Eq. (A1) yields

n
X

ai Kfi Yn Pn Y

A7

Eq. (A7) is the strong Galerkin Bubnov formulation of

the Pocklington integral equation of Eq. (6). Utilizing the
integral equation kernel symmetry and taking into account
the Dirichlet boundary conditions for the current at the
free ends of the cylinder, after integration by parts Eq.
(A7) becomes

L
n
X
dfj z L dfi z
1
0
0
2
ai
0 gE z;z dz dz
j4p
dz
v
1
dz
2L
2L
i1
L
L
L
k12
fj z
fi z0 gE z;zdx0 dx
Zs zfj zfi zdz
L

2L

2L

2L

Ezinc zfj zdz;

j 1;2;;n

A8

Eq. (A8) represents the weak Galerkin Bubnov formulation of the integral equation (A1).
The resulting system of algebraic equationsarising from
the boundary element discretization of Eq. (A8) is given by
Ref. [11]
X
Z ji {I}i {V}j ; and j 1; 2; ; M
A9
i1

where Z ji is the local matrix representing the interaction of

the ith source boundary element with the jth observation
boundary element

1
{D}j
{D0 }Ti gE z; z0 dz0 dz
4jpv1
Dlj
Dli
!

2
T
0
0
k
{f }j
{f }i gE z; z dz dz

A3

i1

Dlj

Dlj

where Pn Y is called a projection operator [11].

Now the residual Rn is formed as follows
Rn KIn 2 Y Pn Y 2 Y

j 1; 2; ; n

i1

Z ji 2

i1

KI KIn

A5

2L

KI Y

j 1; 2; ; n

where the expression in brackets stands for a scalar product

of functions given by

kRn ; Wj l
Rn Wjp dV
A6

An operator form of the Pocklington integro-differential

equation (6) can be, for the sake of convenience,
symbolically written as

767

A4

In accordance to the definition of the scalar product of

functions in Hilbert function space the error Rn is weighted

Dli

ZL z{f }j {f }Ti dz

A10

The vector {I} contains the unknown coefficients of the

solution, and it represents the local voltage vector. Matrices
{f } and {f 0 } contain the shape functions while {D} and {D0 }
contain their derivatives, M is the total number of finite
elements, and Dli ; Dlj are the widths of ith and jth finite
elements.

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D. Poljak et al. / Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004) 763770

Functions fk z are the Lagranges polynomials and {V}j

is the local right-side vector for the jth observation boundary
element and

Ezinc {f }j dz
A11
{V}j
Dlj

represents the local voltage vector.

Linear approximation over a boundary element is used as
it has been shown that this choice provides accurate and
stable results [11]. Since the functions f x are required to be
of class C 1 (once differentiable), a convenient choice for the
shape functions over the finite elements is the family of
Lagranges polynomials given by
Li x

m
Y
x 2 xj
; ji
x 2 xj
j1 i

A12

The evaluation of the right-hand side vector can be

performed in the closed form if a constant incident electric
field is assumed along the wire, i.e.
Ezinc E0

A13

Thus, using the linear basis functions, it follows

Vij

Dl=2
2Dl=2

E0

zj1 2 z
Dl
dz E0
2
Dl

A14

and
V2j

Dl=2
2Dl=2

E0

z 2 zj
Dl
dz E0
2
Dlg

A15

The expressions for quadratic approximation can be

obtained in a similar way [11].

Appendix B. The dual reciprocity boundary element

solution of the bio-heat transfer equation
The steady state thermal model for the human body
exposure has been solved with a three-dimensional
Direct Boundary Element Method (BEM-DM). The
modeling accounts for domain decomposition and Dual
Reciprocity Method (DRM) for the integration of the
source terms [13].
The BEM approach has been implemented successfully
in a large number of research and engineering applications
[2,3] showing to be one of the most efficient and accurate
schemes for elliptical and parabolic partial differential
equations PDEs.
For the sake of completeness, in this section the
main steps in the numerical modelling are summarized.
Nevertheless, a more detailed explanation can be found in
Refs. [13,14].
The problem consists on finding the solution of the
diffusion equation in a homogenous media with Dirichlet

boundary conditions and variable source terms.

7l7f rf on V

B1

f f on G1

B2

where the terms due to metabolic activity, electromagnetic

power deposition, and due to the volumetric perfusion rate
where all accounted into the generalized source term are
given by

rf Wb Ccb f QM QEM

B3

and the scalar field f represents the variation of temperature

defined as follows

f T 2 Ta

B4

Using Greens theorem for scalar functions or simply by

applying a weighted residual technique and integrating by
parts, a following integral relation for an isolated subdomain
can be written

fp
cjfj
dG 2
f
f p dG
f p r dV s
n
Gs
G s n
Vs
B5
where
1
B6
fp
4pr
is the 3D fundamental solution of Laplace equation, i.e. the
solution of the equation
72 fp dj; y 0

B7

rj; y is the distance between the field j point and source

point y; fp =n is the derivative in normal direction to the
boundary, and cj is the geometrically dependent free term
accounting for the Cauchy type singularity of the integral on
the left-hand side of Eq. (B5) (for example, c 1=2 for a
field node placed in a smooth boundary).
Discretization of expression (B5) with Ne elements leads
to the equation to the equation
ci fi

Ne
X
j1

Gs;j

Ne

X
fp
f p
dG 2
f dG
rfp dVs
n

n
G
V
s;j
s
j1

B8
where i stands for the source point and Gk;j ; represents the jth
boundary element of Vk :
The present implementation is based on the isoparametric approach with quadratic interpolation functions over
triangular and quadrilateral elements that surround a region
or subdomain of any arbitrary shape.
The number of degrees of freedom associated to a given s
subdomain due to the pure boundary element is
Nds

Ne
X
k1

nk

B9

D. Poljak et al. / Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004) 763770

where nk is the number of freedom nodes per boundary

element (nk 6 for triangular elements, and nk 9 for
quadrilateral elements).
With quadratic elements, the potential or its normal
derivative, at any point of the jth boundary element can be
written in terms of their corresponding values at the nk
collocation nodes by means of the interpolation functions ca

fj

ca jfa

B11

The dimensionless coordinate j spans from the

computational domain to the physical patch or boundary
element.
The description of the elements used, and their
corresponding shape and interpolation functions can be
found in Ref. [15,16]
So far, the BEM approach for the Laplace part of the
operator has been considered. The rest of the equation is
integrated with the DRM approach in which the right-hand
side of Eq. (B8) is replaced by an approximation. In this
way, the domain integral can be expressed in terms of the
information available at the boundary, and maybe in terms
of a number Ls of some optional internal collocation nodes.
The main idea is to express the domain integral in terms of a
boundary integral.
A series of particular solutions u^ ij is used to relate each
ith source node with Nds Ls field points, such that the
source term is approximated by
B12

aj fij

j1

where aj is unknown coefficients and fij is arbitrary

approximating functions. Once established these functions,
a particular solution is obtained from
72 uijp fij

B13

In this work, the functions fij is radial basis functions with

first order augmentation polynomials of the form
fij rij 1 x y

B14

where rij is the distance between source i and field j

points, see Refs. [17,18].
Combination of previous equation yields
Nds
Ls
X

aj 72 fijp x; y

B15

j1

Integration of the last expression with the fundamental

solution of the Laplace operator (B15) leads to the following
integral equation
Nds
Ls
X
j1

aj

Nds
Ls
X

f
Gk;j

fp 72 fijp dV

Nds
Ls
X
j1

aj

fp fij dV

B16

Ne
X
fp
f p
dG 2
f dG
n
n
G
k;j
j1

al @ci filp

Ne
X
j1

Ne
X
j1

fj

ca jfa
n
a1

72 fx

Ne
X
j1

nk
X

Nds
Ls
X

ci fi

B10

a1

ri <

By applying once again Greens identity to Eq. (B8) one

obtains

l1

nk
X

769

Gk;j

Gk;j

filp

fpi
dG
n

filp p A
f dG
n i

B17

where k index stand for the different subdomains, j index

stands for the element adjacent to a given subdomain, and l
stands for the adjacent collocation nodes.
Furthermore, performing some straightforward mathematical manipulation the following system of equations for
each subdomain, expressed in matrix notation


f
f 21
Hf 2 G
Hf 2 G
B18
F r
n
n
where H and G are the BEM matrices defined by
 p

f
ca
dG
H haij
n j
Gk;j

ca f p d G
G gaij

B19
B20

Gk;j

where a 1; Nds Ls stands for the collocation nodes

inside the jth field element j 1; ; Ne ; and i
1; ; Nds Ls stands for the source point, while f is the
vector of potentials at the collocation nodes, and w=n is
the vector of normal derivatives of potentials at the
collocation nodes.
The next step is to perform the assembly of the individual
systems of equations provided by each subdomain.
The needed matching conditions are provided by the
continuity of potential and normal current density, imposed
at the interface between two adjacent subdomains. The
matching between subdomains A and B in Fig. B1 can be
established through nodes a 1 6; belonging to the
common element j according to

fajA fajB


 
 
f a
f a

t
2 tA
A
n j A
n  j B

B21
B22

The assembled system of equations is formally similar to

the one expressed by Eq. (B18), except that the matrices H
and G are now banded.
Finally, by imposing the global boundary conditions of
the problem a square system
of m equations by m unknowns
P
is formed, where m Ns1 Nds
Each subdomain contributes with Nds equations, and
each collocation node carries two magnitudes, potential and
flux. In the particular case of large decomposition with
tetrahedrical subdomains, the relation between the total

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D. Poljak et al. / Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004) 763770

[3]

[4]

[5]

Fig. B1. Assembly of subdomains A and B system of equations by imposing

continuity of potentials and fluxes at the common interface j:

number of collocation nodes in the whole domain Nf n ; and

the total number of collocation nodes at the boundary Nf b is
N
Nf n 12m 2f b : From here it is clear that the total number
of unknowns is equal to the number of equations and the
system becomes determined.
It is noteworthy that one of the great advantages of the
domain decomposition technique, in addition to its
capabilities in dealing with piecewise homogeneous
material properties and despite of the fact that it is not a
necessary requirement in this particular example, is that the
final system of equations is sparse and highly banded.
As it is well known, the system matrices produced by
pure boundary element techniques are completely dense,
and direct solvers have to be used, bringing as a
consequence large computation times, and memory requirements. On the other hand, the higher the number of
subdivisions, the better the sparsity patterns of the matrix to
solve, and here is where iterative solvers like GMRES or
pre-conditioned conjugate gradient become more efficient
in comparison with direct solvers based on LU factorization
in which the CPU time usually increases with a cubic law of
the number of degrees of freedom of the system.
The present code employs CSR sparse format and an
implementation of the family of iterative solvers SPARSKIT2
by Saad [19,20]. The most suitable solver for this example in
terms of convergence rate was pre-conditioned CG.
The geometrical information was introduced to the code
through GID, a flexible pre and post-processing tool from
University of Barcelona [21].

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[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]
[12]
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[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]
[19]
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[1] Adair ER, Petersen RC. Biological effects of radio-requency/

microwave radiation. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 2003;
50(3):95362.
[2] International Commission on Non-Ionizing radiation Protection
(ICNIRP), Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying, electric,

[21]

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