ALYSSA GWYNNE C.

ORQUE BSGD I-IB

COLLEGE

ALGEBRA
1. Define the following:
a. Sets- are collections of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. Sets are one
of the most fundamental concepts in mathematics. Developed at the end of the 19th century,
set theory is now a ubiquitous part of mathematics, and can be used as a foundation from
which nearly all of mathematics can be derived.
Example: {9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54}
b. Empty Sets- the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in
a set) is zero. Some axiomatic set theories assure that the empty set exists by including an
axiom of empty set; in other theories, its existence can be deduced. Many possible properties
of sets are trivially true for the empty set. Null set was once a common synonym for "empty
set", but is now a technical term in measure theory.
Example:

or {}

c. Element of the Set- a number, letter, point, line, or any other object contained in a set.
Example: {24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34} - 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34
d. Finite and Infinite Sets- Finite Set describes a set which does not have an infinite number
of elements. That is, a set which can have its elements counted using natural numbers.
Formally, a set is finite if its cardinality is a natural number. While Infinite Set describes a set
which contains more elements than the set of integers. Formally, an infinite set is a set that
cannot have its elements put into one-to-one correspondence with the set of integers. For
example, the set of real numbers is infinite.
Example of a finite set:

{81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91}

Example of an infinite set:

{70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80,}

e. Equal Sets- sets which has exactly the same members or sets with precisely the same
elements. The order of elements in a set is not important.
Example: {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42} and {35, 21, 28, 7, 42, 14}
f. Equivalent Sets- sets which have the same cardinal number; sets whose elements can be
put into one-to-one correspondence with each other. Also known as equinumerable sets;
equipotent sets.
Example: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13} and {43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55}
g. Subset- A subset is a set contained in another set. In mathematics, especially in set theory, a
set A is a subset of a set B, or equivalently B is a superset of A, if A is "contained" inside B,
that is, all elements of A are also elements of B.
Example: {10, 11, 12, 13, 14} {10, 12, 14}
h. Universal Set- a set containing all elements of a problem under consideration.

Example: A set of all positive odd numbers {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,}

i. Complement of a Set- a set of elements not in the set, but in the universal set. By definition
all the original set's elements must be part of the universal set. The original set and its
complement are both proper subsets of the universal set. Every element in the
complementary set is in the universal set, and every element in the original set is in the
universal set. No element in the original set is in the complementary set. The number of
elements in the complementary set is the difference between the numbers of elements in the
universal set minus the number of elements in the original set.
Example: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, universal set is the set of all positive even numbers, so the
complement of the set is {12, 14, 16, 18, 20,}
j. Cardinal number of a Finite Set- is a generalization of the natural numbers used to
measure the cardinality (size) of sets. The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number the
number of elements in the set.
Example: {51, 52, 53, 54, 55} = 5
2. Methods of Presenting/ Describing Sets. Give one example each.
a. Roster form or Tabular form- all the elements of a set are listed, the elements are
being separated by commas and are enclosed within braces { }.
Example: set of all odd numbers lesser than 90 and greater than 80 - {81, 83, 85, 87, 89}
b. Set-builder form- all the elements of a set possess a single common property which is
not possessed by any element outside the set.
Example: Set O {101, 103, 105, 107, 109} O= {x : x is the first five odd numbers
greater than 100}
3. What are the set operations? Give one example each.
a. Union- Two sets can be "added" together. The union of A and B, denoted by A B, is
the set of all things that are members of either A or B.
Example: {71, 78, 75} {78, 79, 75} = {71, 75, 78, 79}
b. Intersection- A new set can also be constructed by determining which members two
sets have "in common". The intersection of A and B, denoted by A B, is the set of all things
that are members of both A and B. If A B = , then A and B are said to be disjoint.
Example: {98, 96, 91} {96, 92, 98} = {96, 98}
c. Complement- Two sets can also be "subtracted". The relative complement of B in A
(also called the set-theoretic difference of A and B), denoted by A \ B (or A B), is the set of
all elements that are members of A but not members of B. Note that it is valid to "subtract"
members of a set that are not in the set, such as removing the element green from the set
{1, 2, 3}; doing so has no effect. In certain settings all sets under discussion are considered
to be subsets of a given universal set U. In such cases, U \ A is called the absolute
complement or simply complement of A, and is denoted by A.
Example: {56, 89, 74, 75, 72} \ {74, 89} = {56, 75, 72}
4. Differentiate Rational and Irrational numbers.

Rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of
two integers, with the denominator q not equal to zero. Since q may be equal to 1, every
integer is a rational number. While Irrational number is any real number that cannot be
expressed as a ratio of integers. Informally, this means that an irrational number cannot be
represented as a simple fraction. Irrational numbers are those real numbers that cannot be
represented as terminating or repeating decimals.
5. Define the following classification of numbers and give five examples each.
a. Natural Numbers- are those used for counting ("there are six coins on the table") and
ordering ("this is the third largest city in the country") or any of the numbers 0,1,2,3,4, that
can be used to count the members of a set; the non-negative integers. These purposes are
related to the linguistic notions of cardinal and ordinal numbers, respectively.
Example: 304, 780, 888, 745, 891
b. Integers- An integer (from the Latin integer meaning "whole"), commonly known as a
"whole number", is a number that can be written without a fractional component. For
example, 21, 4, and 2048 are integers, while 9.75, 5, and 2 are not. The set of integers
consists of zero (0), the natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ...) and their inverse (negatives, i.e. 1, 2,
3, ...).
Example: -71, -456, 45, 89, 61
c. Prime Numbers- A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that
has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.
Example: 829, 839, 853, 857, 859
d. Composite Numbers- A composite number is a positive integer that has at least one
positive divisor other than one or the number itself. In other words, a composite number is
any positive integer greater than one that is not a prime number.
Example: 110, 111, 112, 114, 115
e. Imaginary Numbers- An imaginary number, when squared, gives a negative result or
a number that can be written as a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit i, which is
defined by its property i = 1.
Example: 25i, 41i, 23i, 65i, 32i