Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1) Plasma can gain solutes and/or water from which of the following?
A) gastrointestinal tract only
B) renal tubules only
C) bone only
D) both the gastrointestinal tract and bone
E) both the gastrointestinal tract and renal tubules
2) Fluid and electrolyte balance occur when
A) the charges are neutral and happen to be in an aqueous solution.
B) the amount of solute in the plasma is the same as the amount in the
interstitial fluid.
C) solutes and water enter and exit the plasma at the same rate.
D) solutes and water enter the plasma at a greater rate than it exits.
E) solutes and water exit the plasma at a greater rate than it enters.
3) A substance is in negative balance when
A) it exits plasma at a greater rate than it enters plasma.
B) it enters plasma at a greater rate than it exits plasma.
C) it enters plasma at the same rate it exits plasma.
D) its production by cells is increased.
E) its usage by cells is decreased.
4) A substance is in positive balance when
A) it enters plasma at the same rate it exits plasma.
B) its production by cells is decreased.
C) its usage by cells is increased.
D) it enters plasma at a greater rate than it exits plasma.
E) it exits plasma at a greater rate than it enters plasma.
5) The regulation of water and ion excretion occurs primarily within the
A) proximal tubules only.
B) late distal tubules only.
C) collecting ducts only.
D) both proximal tubules and late distal tubules.
E) both collecting ducts and late distal tubules.
6) The regulation of sodium and water balance in the kidneys occurs
primarily through the unique action of which cells in the distal tubules and
collecting ducts?
A) podocytes
B) mesangial cells
C) granular cells
D) principal cells
E) intercalated cells
1
7) The regulation of acid-base balance in the kidneys occurs primarily
through the unique action of which cells
in the distal tubules and collecting ducts?
A) principal cells
B) mesangial cells
C) intercalated cells
D) podocytes
E) granular cells
8) Which of the following is a source of water input?
A) digestive tract only
B) renal tubules only
C) metabolism only
D) both digestive tract and metabolism
E) both the digestive tract and renal tubules
9) What regulates the rate of water loss?
A) cardiovascular system
B) lungs
C) kidney
D) skin
E) digestive tract
10) What is the force that moves water out of the distal tubules and
collecting ducts?
A) the passive regulated movement through Na+/H2O transporter
B) an osmotic gradient
C) the active transport of water
D) the passive unregulated movement along the paracellular pathway
E) an alteration in temperature
11) A greater plasma volume than normal is called
A) hypovolemia.
B) fluid balance.
C) normovolemia.
D) equilibrium.
E) hypervolemia.
12) If a person is normovolemic and consumes a large quantity of a
hyperosmotic solution, it will
A) cause cells to shrink due to a decrease in the osmolarity of extracellular
fluid .
B) cause cells to swell due to an increase in the osmolarity of extracellular
fluid.
C) have no effect on cell osmolarity and thereby cell size.
D) cause cells to swell due to a decrease in the osmolarity of extracellular
fluid.
E) cause cells to shrink due to an increase in the osmolarity of extracellular
fluid.
2
13) Under which of the following conditions do cell volumes not change and
the osmolarity in both extracellular
and intracellular fluids remain the same?
A) hypotonicity
B) hypertonicity
C) hypovolemia
D) hypervolemia
E) osmotic equilibrium
14) A student in your physiology lab is thirsty and decides to sneak a drink
of deionized or distilled water. The student drinks a fairly large quantity of
this water in a short period of time. What will happen to the student's cells?
A) Water is water, so it will not do anything to the student's cells.
B) It will make the cells hypovolemic.
C) It will cause the student's cells to swell.
D) It is an isotonic solution, so water will enter and leave cells at the same
rate.
E) It will cause the student's cells to shrink.
15) Seawater has an osmolarity of around 1000 mOsm, mostly from
dissolved sodium. Given what you know about the osmolarity in most of the
cells in the body, why is it dangerous to drink seawater?
A) In the cardiovascular system, the higher sodium levels would decrease
the pressure in the arteries
making it more difficult to get blood to the systemic capillaries.
B) In membrane transport, the increased sodium concentration would slow
down secondary active
transport of glucose into cells.
C) In the nervous system, the additional extracellular sodium concentration
would slow down the normal flow of sodium ions used to generate action
potentials.
D) In the digestive system, the seawater would draw more water out of the
bloodstream than would be
absorbed, leading to severe dehydration.
E) In the renal system, the osmolarity of the medulla of the kidney would
become even more
concentrated.
16) Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of dissipating heat during
exercise?
A) convection
B) evaporation
C) radiation
D) secretion of ADH
E) conduction
17) Which of the following conditions is NOT indicative of a decrease in
plasma osmolarity?
A) neural hyperexcitability
B) headache
C) nausea
D) confusion
E) seizure
3
18) Kidneys compensate for changes in plasma volume and osmolarity by
adjusting the rate of water
A) reabsorption only.
B) secretion only.
C) resorption only.
D) reabsorption and secretion.
E) secretion and resorption.
19) What solute is primarily responsible for producing the osmotic gradient
that drives water reabsorption?
A) phosphate B) sodium C) chloride D) potassium E) calcium
20) Which of the following accurately describes the thick ascending limb of
the loop of Henle?
A) impermeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
B) impermeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
C) permeable to water and contains Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
D) permeable to water in the presence of specific hormones
E) permeable to water and does NOT contain Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters
21) The osmotic gradient in the medullary region of the kidneys is
established and maintained by which of the
following?
A) Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B) Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the descending limb of the loop of Henle
C) efflux of water from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D) efflux of Na+ from the descending limb of the loop of Henle
E) efflux of water from the descending limb of the loop of Henle
22) If nothing else is removed from the filtrate once it reaches the late distal
tubules, the urine excreted would
have which of the following properties?
A) low osmolarity and large volume
B) low osmolarity and low volume
C) devoid of ions and large volume
D) high osmolarity and large volume
E) high osmolarity and low volume
23) What solute maintains the medullary interstitial fluid osmotic gradient?
A) urea
B) sodium ions
C) water
D) glucose
E) potassium ions
4
24) Which of the following correctly describes water movement across the
epithelial cells lining the collecting
duct?
A) Water can permeate the basolateral membrane through aquaporin-2 and
the apical membrane
through aquaporin-3, but aquaporin-2 is only present in the presence of
aldosterone.
B) Water can permeate the apical membrane through aquaporin-2 and the
basolateral membrane
through aquaporin-3, but aquaporin-2 is only present in the presence of
ADH.
C) Water can permeate the phospholipid bilayer only in the presence of
aldosterone.
D) Water can permeate the lipid bilayer at all times.
E) Water can permeate the phospholipid bilayer only in the presence of ADH.
25) A person must void what volume of urine per day?
E) peripheral chemoreceptors.
85) When an increase in hydrogen ions remains after one hour, this will lead
to a(n)
A) increase in hydrogen ion secretion from the kidneys.
B) increase in bicarbonate secretion in the kidneys.
C) failure of the kidneys to filter any more hydrogen ions.
D) decrease in bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys.
E) increased hydrogen reabsorption in the kidneys.
86) The most important buffer system in the extracellular fluid is
A) carboxyl groups.
B) monoprotonated phosphates.
C) bicarbonate.
D) chloride.
E) amino acids.
87) If hydrogen ions are added to a solution, the pH will
A) increase. B) decrease. C) remain the same.
15
88) If hydrogen ions are taken out of a solution, the pH will
A) increase. B) decrease. C) remain the same.
89) Which of the following is an effect of the transporters in the proximal
tubules?
A) reabsorption of bicarbonate
B) secretion of urea
C) reabsorption of hydrogen
D) secretion of sodium
E) secretion of potassium
90) In the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells, bicarbonate is
moved out of the cells by
A) K+/HCO3- countertransporters only.
B) HCO3-/Cl- countertransporters only.
C) Na+/HCO3- cotransporters only.
D) both K+/HCO3- and HCO3-/Cl- countertransporters.
E) both HCO3-/Cl- countertransporters and Na+/HCO3- cotransporters.
91) In the proximal tubule, hydrogen ions are transported into the filtrate by
A) Na+/H+countertransporters only.
B) H+ primary active transporters only.
C) H+/Cl- cotransporters only.
D) both Na+/H+ countertransporters and H+ primary active transporters.
E) both Na+/H+ countertransporters and H+/Cl- cotransporters.
92) Bicarbonate crosses the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by
A) Na+/HCO3- cotransporters.
B) conversion to carbon dioxide.
C) HCO3-/Cl- countertransporters.
D) HCO3- active transporters.
E) Na+/HCO3- countertransporters.
93) Under severe acidic conditions, the proximal tubules can convert
________ into bicarbonate.
A) glutamine
B) lysine
C) carbon monoxide
D) glycine
E) glutamate
16
94) In order to compensate for a hyperventilation, the
A) kidneys decrease the reabsorption of bicarbonate.
B) kidneys increase the reabsorption of hydrogen ions.
C) lungs increase ventilation rate.
D) kidneys increase the secretion of hydrogen ions.
E) kidneys increase the conversion of glutamine to bicarbonate.
95) A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid-base imbalance. Blood tests
reveal that blood pH is 7.3, and
bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the
state of this patient?
A) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
B) respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
C) respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
D) metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
E) Blood pH is normal.
96) A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid-base imbalance. Blood tests
reveal that blood pH is 7.5, and
bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the
state of this patient?
A) metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
B) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
C) respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
D) respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
E) Blood pH is normal.
97) What hormone activates the cAMP second messenger system in
principal cells of the distal tubules and
collecting ducts?
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) angiotensin II
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
E) parathyroid hormone
98) What hormone increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporin-2
proteins into the apical membrane of
principal cells?
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) angiotensin II
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
E) parathyroid hormone
17