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Mtodos experimentais
Ensaios Reolgicos
Regime
transitrio
Deformao
Tenso
controlada
controlada
Relaxao
Fluncia
G(t)
J(t)
Dinmico-mecnico
Dinmico-mecnico
G'(), G"()
J'(), J"()
Escoamento
Escoamento
Curvas-
Espectro de relaxao
Espectro de retardao
mestras
H()
L()
dinmico
estacionrio
RELAXAO DE TESES
controla-se a deformao;
Relaxao de tenses
tenso
deformao
10
tenso
6
1
4
0
-1
0
0
tempo
deformao
Relaxao de tenses
tenso
deformao
10
6
1
4
deformao
tenso
0
0
tempo
Experincia de Relaxao
log(tenso)
deformao
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
-3
-2
-1
log(tempo)
deformao
log(tenso)
( t ) =
dt '.G ( t t ' ).
d ( t ' )
dt '
( t ) =
(t)
( )
( )
( t ) =
( )
d ( t ' )
dt '
d
( t , t ' ) = dt".
dt".& ( t" ) = [ ( t ) ( t ' )]
dt
"
t'
t'
mdulo de relaxao G(t)
(t) = G 0 . ( t )
( t ) =
dt '.
dt '. ( t ' ).
dt '. ( t ' ).
G ( t t ' )
t '
G ( t t ' )
t'
G ( t t ' )
.[ (t ) (t ')]
t '
mdulo de equilbrio
Geq = G(t )
mdulo instantneo
G0 = G(t 0)
(t) =
G( t t' )
t'
dt '.
G ( t t ')
.[ ( t ) ( t ')]
t'
t
( t ) =
( t ) = dt '.G ( t ' )
G ( t ) = (0).( t ) +
viscosidade limite
0 = dt.G ( t )
0
d( t )
dt
( t ) =
dt '.G ( t t ' ).
d ( t ' )
dt '
( t ) =
i t '
viscosidade complexa ()
( t )
= G () = .ei.
(t )
2
( t ) = . d. ().e + i.t
0
tem-se
2
( t ) = dt '.G ( t t ' ). d. ().i.eit '
0
2
2
( t ) = ds.G (s). . d. ().i.ei( t s ) = . d. ().eit .i. ds.G (s).e is
0
0
0
0
2
( t ) = . d. ().e it .G ()
0
Como
2
( t ) = . d.().e + i.t
0
vem
() = G (). ()
( t ) =
dt '.G ( t t ' ).
d ( t ' )
dt '
Regime impulsivo
deformao em degrau: (t) = 0 .u(t)
& (t) = 0 .(t)
derivada:
(t) =
Substituindo:
dt'.G(t t').
.(t' 0) = 0 .G(t)
Regime permanente
Velocidade de deformao: & (t) = &
(t) =
Substituindo:
0 = G(t).dt
Viscosidade:
Regime dinmico
Velocidade de deformao: ( t ) = 0 .eit
t
Substituindo: (t) =
( t ) = 0 .ei.(t +)
Espectro discreto
*
t
G ( t ) = G eq + G i .exp
i
i
G i = G 0 G eq
i
t
G ( t ) = G 0 G i . 1 exp
i
Espectro contnuo
G ( t ) = G eq +
t
d ln .H. exp
d ln . H = G 0 G eq
G( t) = G 0 +
t
d
ln
.
H
.
1
exp
G(t)
() = dt.G(t).e -it
G ( t ) = G eq + G i . e t i
i
() =
G eq
i
+
i
G i . i
1 + i. i
O mdulo complexo G() est associado com a transformada de Carson-Laplace da funo memria M(t)
M(t ) =
dG
dt
G(0) i.()
M(t ) =
it
dt.M(t).e =
Gi
1 + i. i
t
dG
G
= i . exp
dt
i
i i
Definindo G () = i.()
i.() = G 0 .
i
Gi
1
= G eq + G i . 1
1
+
i
1 + i. i
i
i
G () = G eq + G i .
i
i. i
1 + i. i
logo
( t ) = dt '.G ( t ' )
0
()
i
t
espectro de relaxao discreto G ( t ) = G i . exp
i
i
Gi = G0
i
t
G ( t ) = G 0 G i . 1 exp
i
t
d
ln
.
H
.
exp
d ln . H = G 0
G( t) = G 0 +
t
d
ln
.
H
.
1
exp
() = dt.G(t).e -it
G(t)
G( t) = G i .e
t i
() =
i
G () = i.()
G () = G i .
i
G i . 1 1 + i.
i
dG
dt
i. i
1 + i. i
Gi
= G0 .
i
i 1 + i. i
G(0) i.()
G i . i
1 + i. i
( t ) = dt '.G ( t ' )
0
M(t ) =
t
dG
G
= i . exp
dt
i
i i
()
i
( t ) = G i . i .(1 e t / )
i
() =
i
G i . i
1 + i. i
Mdulo de relaxao
G ( t ) = {G eq }+
t
d
ln
.
H
(ln
).
exp
Mdulo de equilbrio:
G eq = G ( t )
Mdulo instantneo:
{ } d ln .H
G 0 = G eq +
Funo memria
dG ( t t ' )
1
t t'
M(t t' ) =
= d ln .H (ln ). . exp
dt '
Funo viscosidade
G ( t ) = ( 0). ( t ) +
d( t )
dt
t
( t ) = {G eq }.t + d ln ..H (ln ).1 exp = dt '.G ( t ' )
0
viscosidade limite:
0 = dt '.G ( t ' )
0
Espectro de relaxao
G ( t ) = {G eq }+
t
d
ln
.
H
(ln
).
exp
{ } d ln .H
ordem zero:
G 0 = G eq +
ordem um:
d ln ..H
0 =
ordem dois:
J 0e .02
d ln . .H
2
Tempos caractersticos
d ln ..H
n =
ln 1
d ln .H
d ln . .H
2
0
0
=
.
J
0 N
G 0N
w =
ln 1
ln 1
d ln ..H
ln 1
J 0e w
=
0
J N n
= 0 .J 0e
FLUCIA
controla-se a tenso;
Experincia de fluncia
deformao
def_irrev
def_retard
def_inst
tenso
16
14
def. total
10
tenso
8
def. irreversvel (viscosa)
6
4
def. retardada
def. instantnea
0
0
tempo
tenso
deformao
12
( t )
(t ) =
( )
dt '.J ( t t ' ).
d ( t ' )
dt '
1
d( t ' )
( t ) = J g .( t ) + . dt '.( t ' ) + dt '.J d ( t t ' ).
dt '
1
d J (t t' )
( t ) = J g . ( t ) + . dt '.( t ' ) dt '. ( t ' ). d
d t'
1
d J (s)
( t ) = J g . ( t ) + . ds. ( t s) + ds. ( t s). d
0
ds
0
J(t ) = Jg + Ji . 1 e t +
i
Ji = Je Jg
i
t t
J ( t ) = J e J i .exp +
i
i
J(t ) = Jg +
t
d ln .L. 1 e +
d ln . L = J e J g
J(t) = J e
d ln . L.exp
t t
+
ordem zero
Je = Jg +
d ln .L
(t ) =
dt '.J ( t t ' ).
d(t ')
dt '
2
( t ) = . d.().e + i.t
0
2
2
( t ) = dt '.J ( t t ' ).i. . d.().eit ' = ds.J (s).i. . d.().ei( t s )
0
0
2
( t ) = . d.eit .().i. ds.J (s).e i..s
Como
2
( t ) = . d. ().e +i.t () = dt. ( t ).e i.t
0
0
tem-se
() = J ().()
Como
1
d J (s)
( t ) = J g . ( t ) + . ds. ( t s) + ds. ( t s). d
0
ds
0
tem-se
1
J () = J g +
+ J d ()
i.
J d () = ds.e i.s .
0
d J d (s)
ds
(t ) =
d
. Jg + Jd (t t ' )
dt '
dt '.
instantnea
dt '.
d
. J g = J g . ( t )
d t'
dt '.
d
. J d (t t' )
d t'
retardada
J d (t) = J i . 1 e t
i
dJd
1
= J i . .e t
dt
i
i
J d ( ) = J i .
i
i
Ji
1
.
=
i 1 + i. i
i 1 + i. i
J ( ) = J g + J d ( )
J d (t) =
d ln . L.(1 e
dJd
1
= d ln . L. . e t
dt
(t ) =
dt '.
d
t t'
.J g +
+ J d ( t t ' )
dt '
instantnea
dt '.
d
. J g = J g . ( t )
d t'
d t t'
1
dt
'.
.
=
0
+
. dt '. ( t ' )
d t'
viscosa
retardada
dt '.
d
. J d (t t' )
d t'
J d (t) = J i . 1 e t
i
dJd
1
= J i . .e t
dt
i
i
J d ( ) = J i .
i
i
Ji
1
.
=
i 1 + i. i
i 1 + i. i
J ( ) = J g + J d ( )
J d (t) =
d ln . L.(1 e
dJd
1
= d ln . L. . e t
dt
L=
H=
H
2
.H( )
2 2
G eq d ln .
H
L
2
.L( )
+ 2 .L2
J g + d ln .
0
G ( t ) = {G eq }+ d ln .H(ln ).e t
Viscosidade complexa
() = dt.G ( t ).e
i. t
G eq
G ()
=
=
+ d ln .H.
1 + i
i
i
d
d G () i.t
G(t ) =
.().ei.t =
.
.e
2
i
0
0
1
' () = . d.M ().sin (. )
0
1
' ' () = . d.M ().[1 cos(.)]
0
Mdulo complexo
G () = dt.M ( t ).ei.t
0
G () = {G eq }+
d ln .H.
i
= i.()
1 + i
1
1
1
J () = J g +
=
+ d ln .L.
1 + i G ()
i
J d () = dt.
0
dJ d (t ) i.t
.e
dt
dJ (t )
J 'd () = dt. d . cos(.t )
dt
0
J"d () = dt.
0
dJ d (t )
. sin(.t )
dt
dJ d (t ) 2
= . d.J d ().e i.t
dt
0
dJ d (t ) 2
2
= . d.J 'd (). cos(.t ) = . d.J"d (). sin(.t )
dt
0
0
2
2
J" ()
J d (t ) = dt. . d.J"d (). sin(.t ) = . d. d
.[1 cos(.t )]
0
0
0
2
2
J ' ()
J d (t ) = dt. . d.J 'd (). cos(.t ) = . d. d
. sin(.t )
0
0
0
Slido viscoelstico:
G eq 0 ;
1
=0
0
Lquido viscoelstico:
G eq = 0 ;
1
0
0
2
G ' ()
0 = d ln t.t.G ( t ) = . d ln .
J 0e
1
2
1
= 2 . d ln t.t 2 .G ( t ) = J g + . d ln .J ' ' ()
2
G 0 = G eq + . d ln .G ' ' ()
Dissipao de energia
dU = .d U =
(t 2 )
t2
(t1 )
t1
d ( t ' )
dt '
Sendo
( t ) = 0 .e i..t
G () =
( t ) = 0 .e i (.t )
0 i
.e
0
U =
] [
1
1
dt '. + * . . i. i. *
2
2
calculando, obtm-se
U U 1
1
1
=
= .. 0 . 0 . sin = .. 02 .G ' ' () = .. 02 .J ' ' ()
t
T
2
2
2
Demonstrao:
dU = .d U =
( t ) = 0 .e i..t
(t 2 )
t2
(t1 )
t1
( t ) = 0 .e i (.t )
d ( t ' )
dt '
0 i
.e
0
Tem-se
2
U =
0
2
U =
] [
1
1
dt '. + * . . i. i. *
2
2
][
1
dt '. . 0 . 0 . ei.t + e i.t . i.e i(.t ) i.e i (.t )
4
2
1
U = . 0 . 0 .
4
dt '.i.[e
i.( 2.t )
ei + e i e i.( 2.t )
1
U = . 0 . 0 .
4
dt '.i.[2i.sin(2.t ) 2i.sin()]
0
2
1
1
U = . 0 . 0 .2.sin . 0 . 0 .
2
2
dt '..[sin(2.t ')]
0
I10/I2
G(t)
TCL
J(t)
TCL
() G()
()
G().J() = 1
J()
)
Gross
L(ln )
H(ln )
Mdulo
Susceptibilidade
Espectros
H(ln ), L(ln )
Qualidade ptica
Amortecimento de vibraes
Tenses residuais
Inchamento do extrudido
Envelhecimento
Viscosidade limite
Ruptura de juntas