Evidence Collection

Objectives:
Summarize Locards Exchange Principle
Identify 4 types of trace evidence
Distinguish between direct and circumstantial, class and individual
evidence
Types of evidence
summarize the 3 steps in crime scene investigation
Understand the importance of securing a crime scene
identify methods by which a crime scene is documented
demonstrate proper technique in collecting and packaging trace
evidence

Warm Up
Tuesday| September 20, 2016

1. Which member of the CSI team is responsible

for securing the scene and separating the
witnesses?
2. What are the roles of a detective and CSI?

3. What is a primary and secondary crime scene?

4. When can police search without a warrant?

5. Turn in projects if you havent already

SATWOTD

Dither (v.)
To be
indecisive

Because he had a terrible case of anxiety, Dan

dithered about which party to attend.

Crime Tuesday!!!

The Original Sherlock Holmes

Locards Exchange Principle

Q: What is the Principle of Exchange?

Who was the first person to note this principle?
Locards exchange principle has two parts. The first

part states that when a person comes into contact

with an object or another person, a cross-transfer of
physical evidence can occur.

The exchanged materials indicate that the two objects were

in contact.
Trace evidence can be found on both persons (and/or
objects) because of this cross-transfer.

Q: What is the Principle of Exchange?

Whenever two people come into contact with each
other, a physical transfer occurs.

Q: What is the Principle of Exchange?

The second part of Locards principle states that the

intensity, duration, and nature of the materials in

contact determine the extent of the transfer.

Q: What is the Principle of Exchange?

To a forensic examiner, these transferred materials
constitute what is called trace (or contact) evidence.

Pet hair on your clothes or rugs

Hair on your brush

Fingerprints on a glass
Soil tracked into your house on your shoes
A drop of blood on a T-shirt
Paint chips
Broken glass
A fiber from clothing

Locards Exchange Principle

To sum it up:

http://www.investigationdiscovery.com/tv-sho
ws/solved/videos/solved-trace-evidence/
trace evidence is crucial to CSI, especially in
solving murder cases

Turn and Talk

After seeing a movie, you and a group of friends walk to
your car in the movie theater parking lot. You find the
passenger's side window of your car shattered. Looking
inside the car, you notice that the car stereo, iPad, and $150
cash have been stolen.
In your own words, what is Locards Exchange Principle?
According to this principle, what specific evidence could
have been left in or around your car to help the police find
the person who committed this crime?
What do you think you and your friends can do to preserve
any evidence that may be present?

Q: How is the lab organized?

A full service crime lab should include the following

Physical Science Unit

Includes drug identification, soil and mineral analysis and

trace evidence sections

Uses principles of chemistry, physics and geology to
identify and compare physical evidence

Biology Unit
Applies the knowledge of biological science in order to

investigate biological samples (blood, bodily fluids etc.)

Q: How is the lab organized?

A full service crime lab should include the following

Ballistics Unit
Investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, and

ammunition. Also includes comparison of tool, tire and

shoe marks.

Document Examination Unit

Handwriting analysis, paper and ink analysis,

burned/charred documents, etc.

Q: How is the lab organized?

A full service crime lab should include the following

Photography Unit
Utilizes special photographic techniques for recording and

examining physical evidence

Toxicology Unit
Examines bodily fluids and organs for presence of drugs

and poisons

Other units
Latent fingerprint unit, polygraph unit, voiceprint analysis

unit, evidence-collection unit

16

Exchange Principle mini-lab :)

What evidence would you take from scene?

Which labs would you send it to?

17

September 21, 2016

Warm Up:
1. Grab a computer and type in

Agenda:

Monday: Review:
personnel + protocol

Tuesday: Locards
Exchange

Wednesday: Types of
Evidence

Thursday: CSI Effect

Friday: Review

this web address: goo.gl/L JTln

** (l is a lowercase L) **
2. Answer the questions that

follow :)
3. What is cross transfer?

U1 Exam= MONDAY!

SATWOTD

Insouciant (adj.)
Free from concern
; worry; care-free;
nonchalant.

Ms. Shade sometimes longs to be an

insouciant child again so she can avoid
her adult responsibilities.

Forensic Engineering
A bachelors degree in civil, structural, or
mechanical engineering is generally required for this
position (get certification in forensic engineering)
investigation of materials, products, structures or
components that fail or do not operate or
function as intended, causing personal injury or
damage to property
>5 years on job earn an avg salary of 81k
<10 years on job earn an avg of 99k
Growth- market for job will grow to 4% by 2024
Programs- St Joseph, Univ. of Southern CA

19

Essential Vocabulary

Trace Evidence: small but measurable amounts of physical or

biological material found at a crime scene

Direct Evidence: evidence that (if true) proves an alleged fact,

such as an eyewitness account of a crime

Circumstantial Evidence: (indirect evidence) evidence used to

imply a fact but not prove it directly

Individual Evidence: a kind of evidence that identifies a

particular person or thing

Class Evidence: material that connects an individual or thing to

a certain group

Review Trace Evidence

Whenever there is a contact between people or

contact from one person to an object, the
resulting exchange is called trace evidence

Often trace evidence is microscopic and barely

noticeable

Some examples:

21

Pet hair on clothing or rugs

Hair on your hairbrush
Fingerprints on glass
Soil tracked into your home
Drop of blood on a t-shirt
Used facial tissue
Broken glass
Clothing fiber or threads

Breakdown of Evidence

22

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 2

Q: What are the different types of evidence?

Evidence

Direct evidence includes:

Firsthand observations

(eyewitness accounts or
video evidence)
Direct
Circumstantial
In court = witness
testimony about what
that witness personally
saw, heard, or did.
Physical Biological
Confessions

Direct EvidenceTypes of Evidence

First hand observations by someone who saw something
(eyewitness accounts)
Confessions
Indirect or Circumstantial Evidence
Evidence used to imply something, but does not actually
prove it, but may provide a link between a crime scene and
suspect
Physical Evidence
Fibers
Weapons
Fingerprints
Bullets
Shell casings

24

Biological Evidence
Body Fluid
Hair
Plant Parts

Types of Evidence
Class Evidence
Narrows the identity of a suspect to a smaller group
EXAMPLE: Knowing a blood sample is type O narrows the
pool of suspects to those with type O blood.
Individual Evidence
Narrows the identity of a suspect to a single person or thing
EXAMPLE: Fingerprint

25

Types of Evidence
Evidence taken
from a crime
scene:

Would this be
1.
Direct or circumstantial evidence?
2.
Class or individual?
3.
Explain why this would be or would not be trace
evidence.
Circumstantial, Individual, Trace because it was an exchange

26

Class or Individual Evidence

GALLERY WALK!
practice only
(15 MIN)

27

DiscoveryEd: The Value of Evidence

Directions:

Read over the worksheet

Watch the video segment, fill in information as you go along.
Remember: anything shown in class can be considered testable
material.

29

Kahoot!

30

Homework- Power of Evidence Cards

A great study tool for your tests and
quizzes and will go into more depth of
the different types of evidence
Graded for completion- Due Friday

Types of Evidence Analysis

Testimonial- eyewitness accounts of a
crime
Physical evidence- any material items
that are present at the crime scene or on
the victims
Trace evidence- physical- physical
evidence that is found at a crime scene in
small measurable amounts
31

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

32

Documents- Any
document, hand- or
typewritten, will be
submitted so that
authenticity and source
can be determined

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

33

Glass- Such evidence,

whether broken by a bullet
or other means, may link a
suspect or piece of
evidence to a crime scene,
and be used to deduce
cause of breakage or
direction of penetration.

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

Soil- Any items containing soil, minerals,

wood, or other vegetative matter could link a
person or object to a particular location
Often such types of evidence are considered
circumstantial, but are useful in supporting
other evidence in a case.

34

What is circumstantial evidence?

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

Fingerprints- when a
person touches an
article with their bare
hands that a print is left
behind

35

such prints are called

latent prints

Common Types of Physical

Evidence
Hair- Hairs are often found
at a crime scene and are
fairly easy to compare and
identify with the use of a
microscope. Any animal or
human hair present at the
scene could link a person
or animal with a crime.
36

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

37

Fibers- any natural or synthetic fiber

transferred which may be useful in
establishing a relationship between objects
and/or persons.

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

Firearms and Ammunitionoften impossible to get a

conviction in shooting cases
without the discovery of such
evidence

38

a fired bullet or spent cartridge

may be matched to a weapon
as well as a fingerprint is
matched to a finger

39

Evidence is not always as it seems. Below left, a lipstick holder

and ink pen are more than they appear to be, as revealed at
right.

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

Impressions- Impressions include tire

markings, shoe prints, depressions in soft
soils, and all other forms of tracks, glove and
fabric impressions, and bite marks in skin or
foodstuffs.

40

With examination of the suspect tool, matches

may be made to near certainty

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

41

Paint- Any paint, wet or

dry, may be transferred
from the surface of one
object to another
during the perpetration
of a crime. Most paint
evidence originates
from crimes involving
hit-and-runs.

Common Types of Physical

Evidence

42

Blood, Semen, Saliva, Organs, and other

Physiological Fluids- All body fluids, animal
or human, will be subjected to biochemical
analysis for determination of identity and
origin

43

44

What can evidence do for investigators?

45

May prove that a crime has been committed

Establish key elements of a crime
Link a suspect with a crime scene or a victim
Establish the identity of a victim or suspect
Corroborate verbal witness testimony
Exonerate the innocent.
Give detectives leads to work with in the case

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 2

. . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . .
Locards exchange principle: contact between

people and objects can transfer material that can

determine the nature and duration of the transfer.
Evidence can be direct or indirect (physical or
biological traces).
A crime scene investigation team consists of
police, detectives, crime scene investigators,
medical investigators, and specialists.
The investigation consists of recognizing,
documenting, and collecting evidence.
46

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary
First responding officers identify the extent of the

crime scene, secure it, and segregate witnesses.

Crime scene investigators document the crime
scene.
Evidence must be collected, packaged, and
labeled.
The evidence then is analyzed and interpreted to
fit the crime scenario.
47

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 2