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6.1
Introduction
6.2
We look at the p chart in this section. The p chart is used when we are investigating
the number of defectives in a collection of items. The binomial distribution is used
as the underlying model; although either the normal or poisson approximation to the
binomial is often used in the analyses associated with the p chart.
Exercise 6.1 (Control Charts For Fraction Nonconforming)
1. Book binding defectives, Raw Data
The number and proportion of defective (nonconforming) book bindings, of
forty samples (lots) of n = 50 books each, is given below.
93
94
pi
0.14
0.18
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.24
0.32
0.12
0.16
0.30
0.14
0.10
0.32
0.16
0.22
0.30
0.20
0.32
0.16
0.30
sample
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Di
12
5
11
5
11
9
10
11
10
9
13
8
13
9
11
10
11
11
10
10
pi
0.24
0.10
0.22
0.10
0.22
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.26
0.16
0.26
0.18
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.20
95
pi
0.34
0.38
0.34
0.36
0.34
sample Di
46
22
47
25
48
21
49
15
50
21
pi
0.44
0.50
0.42
0.30
0.42
From SAS, it appears the book binding process has gone out of control
and, more specifically, has shifted (choose one) downwards / upwards.
The upper control limit and the lower control limit for p chart (based on
these ten lots) are,
r
r
p(1 p)
0.38(1 0.38)
p 3
= 0.38 3
=
n
50
(choose one)
i. (0.01, 0.59)
ii. (0.03, 0.59)
iii. (0.18, 0.59)
(g) New (ten) lots in process control?, by test, normal approximation
Test if the proportion defective has changed from the old group of forty
lots to the new group of ten lots at = 0.05.
1
The p control chart is based on a normal approximation to the underlying binomial distribution.
As we find out, some questions about the p chart involve using the binomial directly, some use
the normal approximation to the binomial and others still use the poisson approximation to the
binomial.
96
Statement
H0 : p1 = p2 versus
Ha : p1 6= p2
Test
Since p1 = 0.20, p2 = 0.38,
2
2p
and p = n1np11 +n
= (40)(0.20)+(10)(0.38)
= 0.236
+n2
40+10
and so
Z=r
p1 p2
p(1 p) n11 +
1
n2
0.20 0.38
=q
1
+
0.236(1 0.236) 40
1
10
= 1.199
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
We will use the (exact) binomial distribution in this case; notice, in particular, that
P {n
p 18.5|p = 0.38} = P {n
p 18|0.38} = 0.447 using 2nd DISTR binomcdf(50,0.38,18)
and P {n
p < 1.5|p = 0.38} = P {n
p 1|p = 0.38} 0 using 2nd DISTR binomcdf(50,0.38,1).
3
We will use a poisson approximation to the binomial distribution in this case; notice, in particular, that P {n
p 18.5| = 19} = P {n
p 18| = 19} = 0.469 using 2nd DISTR poissoncdf(19,18)
and P {n
p < 1.5| = 19} = P {n
p 1| = 19} 0 using 2nd DISTR poissoncdf(19,1).
97
on the first subsequent sample (lot), after the initial forty (40) lots, where,
recall each lot is of size n = 50, is
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
We will use a normal approximation to the binomial distribution in this case; notice, in par} = P {Z 0.146} 0.442 using the TI83 function,
ticular, that P {Z 0.370.38
0.38(10.38)/50
normalcdf(E99, 0.146).
98
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
99
1
1
=
= 1.432
1
1 0.302
We will use a normal approximation to the binomial distribution in this case; notice, in par} = P {Z 0.146} 0.442 using the TI83 function,
ticular, that P {Z 0.370.38
0.38(10.38)/50
normalcdf(E99, 0.146).
100
p(1 p)
n
p(1p)
n
0.1725(10.1725)
350
p(1 p)
n
0.1725(10.1725)
350
101
(choose one)
i. (0, 120.50)
ii. (0, 120.75)
iii. (0, 121)
6.3
We look at the c chart and the u chart in this section. The c chart and u charts are
both used when we investigate the number of defects for one unit, as compared to
many units, as was the case for the p chart above. The poisson distribution is used
as the underlying model for both of the c chart and the u chart.
Exercise 6.2 (Control Charts for Nonconformities)
1. c chart: letter misprints per book page, raw data
The number of letter misprints (nonconformities, defects) per page of a book,
where 24 pages have been taken at random from this book, is given below.
page
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
c i = Di
7
0
7
8
17
2
6
6
8
5
3
5
page
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
c i = Di
2
5
1
5
1
9
0
1
0
9
3
8
This data could also be described by a binomial distribution with parameters p and n, but as n
becomes larger and larger, the calculations involved become increasingly difficult. Try it: use your
calculator to determine a binomial distribution where n = 100, then n = 1000, then n = 10000
where p = 0.01 and x = 3, say. We use the poisson distribution instead of the binomial in this
section because n is very large.
102
Notice that n is assumed to be so large, it is not even specified in the book data here, unlike
previously, for the book binding data, where it was specified.
8
Use SAS output.
9
Out of control means in this case the typical constant number of letter misprints is different for
the one page as compared to the other pages.
103
1
1
=
1
1 0.999
n xi
5 7
5 0
5 7
5 8
5 7
5 2
5 6
5 6
5 8
ui
1.4
0
1.4
1.6
1.4
0.4
1.2
1.2
1.6
5page sample
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
n xi
5 2
5 5
5 1
5 5
5 1
5 9
5 0
5 1
5 0
ui
0.4
1.0
0.2
1.0
0.2
1.8
0
0.2
0
104
Section 4. Choice between Attributes and Variables Control Charts (ATTENDANCE 5)105
(g) Average run length, poisson approximation
The average run until the process goes out of control, since = 0.596, is
ARL1 =
1
1
=
= 2.47
1
1 0.596
(choose one) 2 / 3 / 5
6.4
Attribute charts are used if attributes (qualitative data) is involved; variable charts
are used if variable (quantitative data) is involved.
6.5
This section discusses how to implement control charts; in particular, which processes
to control, where the charts should be implemented and the type of control charts to
use.